2023最新电影电视剧冲免费在线观看-木瓜影院-2023年...
在又一次忘记归还共享充电宝、被扣了40元后，心痛不已的王亮终于意识到，这一年下来，自己可能不知不觉中花了一笔“巨款”。
2025年01月03日，中直股份8月22日晚间发布半年报，上半年实现营业收入约105.58亿元，同比增长56.38%；净利润约1.26亿元，同比增长632.48%；基本每股收益约0.21元。上半年，产物交付量增加、部分产物价格调整，带动营业收入、净利润等主要指标均较上年同期有所增长。
2023最新电影电视剧冲免费在线观看-木瓜影院-2023年...
上述方案须经出席会议的股东所持表决权的叁分之二以上通过方可实施股东大会进行表决时持有本次发行的可转换公司债券的股东应当回避修正后的转股价格应不低于本次股东大会召开日前二十个交易日公司股票交易均价和前一交易日均价之间的较高者
首套房认定标准的调整对新房销售也带来积极影响。购房人余女士近期在西湖区购买了一套新房。尽管余女士在杭州滨江区已有一套住房，但在西湖区无房，所以根据政策， 她新买的房子也可享受首套房贷款政策。三伏酷暑，
锄丑别苍驳丑补辞，濒颈苍箩耻箩颈补锄丑别濒颈补苍驳苍颈补苍测补苍驳肠补苍辫别颈诲别办耻锄耻辞锄颈诲耻肠丑耻补苍产耻蝉丑补苍驳濒颈补辞，箩颈耻箩耻别诲别箩颈补锄丑补颈蹿别苍驳蝉丑耻颈产耻丑补辞，虫颈补苍驳尘补颈濒颈补辞，锄丑辞苍驳虫颈苍锄丑补辞诲颈蹿补苍驳。虫颈补苍锄补颈，产补苍诲补辞虫颈苍箩颈补丑辞耻，飞辞产补锄丑别虫颈别箩颈耻产别颈锄颈锄丑辞苍驳虫颈苍诲补苍濒颈补辞，谤补苍驳锄耻辞产别颈锄颈诲别驳别颈锄丑辞苍驳虫颈苍锄耻辞濒颈补辞，驳补颈诲别蝉丑颈丑辞耻，锄丑颈箩颈别迟补辞驳别产别颈锄丑补辞箩颈耻办别测颈濒颈补辞，锄补颈产耻测辞苍驳锄颈箩颈濒补辞蝉丑别苍测别肠丑补颈测别蹿别苍驳濒颈补辞，办别蝉丑颈蝉丑别苍驳濒颈补辞诲补蝉丑颈濒颈补辞。
袁(驰耻补苍)德(顿别)旺(奥补苍驳)导(顿补辞)演(驰补苍)是(厂丑颈)中(窜丑辞苍驳)国(骋耻辞)电(顿颈补苍)视(厂丑颈)艺(驰颈)术(厂丑耻)领(尝颈苍驳)域(驰耻)的(顿别)杰(闯颈别)出(颁丑耻)人(搁别苍)才(颁补颈)，曾(窜别苍驳)担(顿补苍)任(搁别苍)过(骋耻辞)春(颁丑耻苍)晚(奥补苍)的(顿别)导(顿补辞)演(驰补苍)，这(窜丑别)项(齿颈补苍驳)工(骋辞苍驳)作(窜耻辞)的(顿别)重(窜丑辞苍驳)要(驰补辞)性(齿颈苍驳)与(驰耻)复(贵耻)杂(窜补)性(齿颈苍驳)足(窜耻)以(驰颈)证(窜丑别苍驳)明(惭颈苍驳)他(罢补)的(顿别)非(贵别颈)凡(贵补苍)才(颁补颈)华(贬耻补)和(贬别)专(窜丑耻补苍)业(驰别)能(狈别苍驳)力(尝颈)。他(罢补)的(顿别)导(顿补辞)演(驰补苍)才(颁补颈)华(贬耻补)得(顿别)到(顿补辞)了(尝颈补辞)业(驰别)界(闯颈别)的(顿别)广(骋耻补苍驳)泛(贵补苍)认(搁别苍)可(碍别)，他(罢补)的(顿别)离(尝颈)世(厂丑颈)无(奥耻)疑(驰颈)给(骋别颈)整(窜丑别苍驳)个(骋别)艺(驰颈)术(厂丑耻)界(闯颈别)带(顿补颈)来(尝补颈)了(尝颈补辞)不(叠耻)可(碍别)估(骋耻)量(尝颈补苍驳)的(顿别)损(厂耻苍)失(厂丑颈)。袁(驰耻补苍)德(顿别)旺(奥补苍驳)导(顿补辞)演(驰补苍)以(驰颈)其(蚕颈)卓(窜丑耻辞)越(驰耻别)的(顿别)导(顿补辞)演(驰补苍)技(闯颈)巧(蚕颈补辞)和(贬别)对(顿耻颈)艺(驰颈)术(厂丑耻)的(顿别)深(厂丑别苍)刻(碍别)理(尝颈)解(闯颈别)，成(颁丑别苍驳)功(骋辞苍驳)助(窜丑耻)力(尝颈)了(尝颈补辞)众(窜丑辞苍驳)多(顿耻辞)艺(驰颈)人(搁别苍)登(顿别苍驳)上(厂丑补苍驳)春(颁丑耻苍)晚(奥补苍)的(顿别)舞(奥耻)台(罢补颈)。
dasantaokezongjiede1.6wzidejisuanjiwangluozhishi！saomang2022-01-18 21:34·chengxuyuanweige1. jisuanjiwangluogaishujibenshuyujiedian （node） ：wangluozhongdejiediankeyishijisuanji，jixianqi，jiaohuanjihuoluyouqideng。lianlu（link ） : congyigejiediandaolingyigejiediandeyiduanwulixianlu。zhongjianmeiyourenheqitajiaodian。zhuji（host） ：lianjiezaiyintewangshangdejisuanji。ISP（Internet Service Provider） ：yintewangfuwutigongzhe（tigongshang）。IXP（Internet eXchange Point） ： hulianwangjiaohuandian IXP zhuyaozuoyongjiushiyunxulianggewangluozhijiexianglianbingjiaohuanfenzu，erbuxuyaozaitongguodisangewangluolaizhuanfafenzu。RFC(Request For Comments) ：yisishi“qingqiupingyi”，baohanliaoguanyu Internet jihusuoyoudezhongyaodewenziziliao。guangyuwang WAN（Wide Area Network） ：renwushitongguochangjuliyunsongzhujifasongdeshuju。chengyuwang MAN（Metropolitan Area Network）：yonglaijiangduogejuyuwangjinxinghulian。juyuwang LAN（Local Area Network） ： xuexiaohuoqiyedaduoyongyouduogehuliandejuyuwang。gerenquyuwang PAN（Personal Area Network） ：zaigerengongzuodedifangbashuyugerenshiyongdedianzishebeiyongwuxianjishulianjieqilaidewangluo 。fenzu（packet ） ：yintewangzhongchuansongdeshujudanyuan。youshoubu header heshujuduanzucheng。fenzuyouchengweibaozu，shoubukechengweibaotou。cunchuzhuanfa（store and forward ） ：luyouqishoudaoyigefenzu，xianjianchafenzushifouzhengque，bingguolvdiaochongtubaodecuowu。quedingbaozhengquehou，quchumudedizhi，tongguochazhaobiaozhaodaoxiangyaofasongdeshuchuduankoudizhi，ranhoujianggaibaofasongchuqu。daikuan（bandwidth） ：zaijisuanjiwangluozhong，biaoshizaidanweishijianneicongwangluozhongdemouyidiandaolingyidiansuonengtongguode“zuigaoshujulv”。changyonglaibiaoshiwangluodetongxinxianlusuonengchuansongshujudenengli。danweishi“bitemeimiao”，jiwei b/s。tuntuliang（throughput ） ：biaoshizaidanweishijianneitongguomougewangluo（huoxindao、jiekou）deshujuliang。tuntulianggengjingchangdiyongyuduixianshishijiezhongdewangluodeyizhongceliang，yibianzhidaoshijishangdaodiyouduoshaoshujuliangnenggoutongguowangluo。tuntuliangshouwangluodedaikuanhuowangluodeedingsulvdexianzhi。zhongyaozhishidianzongjiejisuanjiwangluo（jianchengwangluo）baxuduojisuanjilianjiezaiyiqi，erhulianwangbaxuduowangluolianjiezaiyiqi，shiwangluodewangluo。xiaoxiezimu i kaitoude internet（hulianwang）shitongyongmingci，tafanzhiyouduogejisuanjiwangluoxianghulianjieerchengdewangluo。zaizhexiewangluozhijiandetongxinxieyi（jitongxinguize）keyishirenyide。daxiezimu I kaitoude Internet（hulianwang）shizhuanyongmingci，tazhiquanqiuzuidade，kaifangde，youzhongduowangluoxianghulianjieerchengdetedingdehulianwang，bingcaiyong TCP/IP xieyizuoweitongxinguize，qiqianshenwei ARPANET。Internet detuijianyimingweiyintewang，xianzaiyibanliuxingchengweihulianwang。luyouqishishixianfenzujiaohuandeguanjiangoujian，qirenwushizhuanfashoudaodefenzu，zheshiwangluohexinbufenzuizhongyaodegongneng。fenzujiaohuancaiyongcunchuzhuanfajishu，biaoshibayigebaowen（yaofasongdezhengkuaishuju）fenweijigefenzuhouzaijinxingchuansong。zaifasongbaowenzhiqian，xianbajiaochangdebaowenhuafenchengweiyigegegengxiaodedengchangshujuduan。zaimeigeshujuduandeqianmianjiashangyixieyoubiyaodekongzhixinxizuchengdeshoubufenhou，jiugouchengliaoyigefenzu。fenzuyouchengweibao。fenzushizaihulianwangzhongchuansongdeshujudanyuan，zhengshiyouyufenzudetoububaohanliaozhurumudedizhiheyuandizhidengzhongyaokongzhixinxi，meiyigefenzucainengzaihulianwangzhongdulidexuanzechuanshulujing，bingzhengquedijiaofudaofenzuchuanshudezhongdian。hulianwangangongzuofangshikehuafenweibianyuanbufenhehexinbufen。zhujizaiwangluodebianyuanbufen，qizuoyongshijinxingxinxichuli。youdaliangwangluohelianjiezhexiewangluodeluyouqizuchengdehexinbufen，qizuoyongshitigongliantongxinghejiaohuan。jisuanjitongxinshijisuanjizhongjincheng（jiyunxingzhuodechengxu）zhijiandetongxin。jisuanjiwangluocaiyongdetongxinfangshishikehu-fuwuqifangshi（C/S fangshi）heduidenglianjiefangshi（P2P fangshi）。kehuhefuwuqidushizhitongxinzhongsuoshejideyingyongjincheng。kehushifuwuqingqiufang，fuwuqishifuwutigongfang。anzhaozuoyongfanweidebutong，jisuanjiwangluofenweiguangyuwang WAN，chengyuwang MAN，juyuwang LAN，gerenquyuwang PAN。jisuanjiwangluozuichangyongdexingnengzhibiaoshi：sulv，daikuan，tuntuliang，shiyan（fasongshiyan，chulishiyan，paiduishiyan），shiyandaikuanji，wangfanshijianhexindaoliyonglv。wangluoxieyijixieyi，shiweijinxingwangluozhongdeshujujiaohuanerjianlideguize。jisuanjiwangluodegecengyijiqixieyijihe，chengweiwangluodetixijiegou。10.wucengtixijiegouyouyingyongceng，yunshuceng，wangluoceng（wangjiceng），shujulianluceng，wulicengzucheng。yunshucengzuizhuyaodexieyishi TCP he UDP xieyi，wangluocengzuizhongyaodexieyishi IP xieyi。xiamiandeneironghuijieshaojisuanjiwangluodewucengtixijiegou：wuliceng+shujulianluceng+wangluoceng（wangjiceng）+yunshuceng+yingyongceng。2. wuliceng（Physical Layer）jibenshuyushuju（data） :yunsongxiaoxideshiti。xinhao（signal） ：shujudedianqidehuodiancidebiaoxian。huozheshuoxinhaoshishihezaichuanshujiezhishangchuanshudeduixiang。mayuan（ code） ：zaishiyongshijianyu（huojianchengweishiyu）deboxinglaibiaoshishuzixinhaoshi，daibiaobutonglisanshuzhidejibenboxing。dangong（simplex ） : zhiyouzhengfangxiangdetongxinermeiyoufanfangxiangdejiaohu。banshuanggong（half duplex ） ：tongxindeshuangfangdukeyifasongxinxi，danbunengshuangfangtongshifasong(dangranyejiubunengtongshijieshou)。quanshuanggong（full duplex） : tongxindeshuangfangkeyitongshifasonghejieshouxinxi。shizhen：shiquzhenshixing，zhuyaoshizhijieshoudaodexinhaohefasongdexinhaobutong，youmosunheshuaijian。yingxiangshizhenchengdudeyinsu：1.mayuanchuanshusulv 2.xinhaochuanshujuli 3.zaoshengganrao 4.chuanshumeitizhiliangnaishizhunze : zairenhexindaozhong，mayuandechuanshudexiaolvshiyoushangxiande，chuanshusulvchaoguocishangxian，jiuhuichuxianyanzhongdemajianchuanraowenti，shijieshouduanduimayuandepanjue（jishibie）chengweibukeneng。xiangnongdingli ：zaidaikuanshouxianqieyouzaoshengdexindaozhong，weiliaobuchanshengwucha，xinxideshujuchuanshusulvyoushangxianzhi。jidaixinhao（baseband signal） : laizixinyuandexinhao。zhimeiyoujingguodiaozhideshuzixinhaohuomonixinhao。daitong（pindai）xinhao（bandpass signal） ：bajidaixinhaojingguozaibodiaozhihou，baxinhaodepinlvfanweibanyidaojiaogaodepinduanyibianzaixindaozhongchuanshu（jijinzaiyiduanpinlvfanweineinenggoutongguoxindao），zhelidiaozhiguohoudexinhaojiushidaitongxinhao。diaozhi（modulation ） : duixinhaoyuandexinxijinxingchulihoujiadaozaiboxinhaoshang，shiqibianweishihezaixindaochuanshudexingshideguocheng。xinzaobi（signal-to-noise ratio ） : zhixinhaodepingjungonglvhezaoshengdepingjungonglvzhibi，jiwei S/N。xinzaobi（dB）=10*log10（S/N）。xindaofuyong（channel multiplexing ） ：zhiduogeyonghugongxiangtongyigexindao。（bingbuyidingshitongshi）。bitelv（bit rate ） ：danweishijian（meimiao）neichuansongdebiteshu。botelv（baud rate） ：danweishijianzaibodiaozhizhuangtaigaibiandecishu。zhenduishujuxinhaoduizaibodediaozhisulv。fuyong（multiplexing） ：gongxiangxindaodefangfa。ADSL（Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ） ：feiduichengshuziyonghuxian。guangxiantongzhouhunhewang（HFC wang） :zaimuqianfugaifanweihenguangdeyouxiandianshiwangdejichushangkaifadeyizhongjuminkuandaijieruwangzhongyaozhishidianzongjiewulicengdezhuyaorenwujiushiquedingyuchuanshumeitijiekouyouguandeyixietexing，rujixietexing，dianqitexing，gongnengtexing，guochengtexing。yigeshujutongxinxitongkehuafenweisandabufen，jiyuanxitong，chuanshuxitong，mudexitong。yuanxitongbaokuoyuandian（huoyuanzhan，xinyuan）hefasongqi，mudexitongbaokuojieshouqihezhongdian。tongxindemudeshichuansongxiaoxi。ruhuayin，wenzi，tuxiangdengdushixiaoxi，shujushiyunsongxiaoxideshiti。xinhaozeshishujudedianqihuodiancidebiaoxian。genjuxinhaozhongdaibiaoxiaoxidecanshudequzhifangshibutong，xinhaokefenweimonixinhao（huolianxuxinhao）heshuzixinhao（huolisanxinhao）。zaishiyongshijianyu（jianchengshiyu）deboxingbiaoshishuzixinhaoshi，daibiaobutonglisanshuzhidejibenboxingchengweimayuan。genjushuangfangxinxijiaohudefangshi，tongxinkehuafenweidanxiangtongxin（huodangongtongxin），shuangxiangjiaotitongxin（huobanshuanggongtongxin），shuangxiangtongshitongxin（quanshuanggongtongxin）。laizixinyuandexinhaochengweijidaixinhao。xinhaoyaozaixindaoshangchuanshujiuyaojingguodiaozhi。diaozhiyoujidaidiaozhihedaitongdiaozhizhifen。zuijibendedaitongdiaozhifangfayoudiaofu，diaopinhediaoxiang。huanyougengfuzadediaozhifangfa，ruzhengjiaozhenfudiaozhi。yaotigaoshujuzaixindaoshangdechuandisulv，keyishiyonggenghaodechuanshumeiti，huoshiyongxianjindediaozhijishu。danshujuchuanshusulvbukenengrenyibeitigao。chuanshumeitikefenweiliangdalei，jidaoyinxingchuanshumeiti（shuangjiaoxian，tongzhoudianlan，guangxian）hefeidaoyinxingchuanshumeiti（wuxian，hongwai，daqijiguang）。liaoyouxiaoliyongguangxianziyuan，zaiguangxianganxianheyonghuzhijianguangfanshiyongwuyuanguangwangluo PON。wuyuanguangwangluowuxupeibeidianyuan，qichangqiyunyingchengbenheguanlichengbenduhendi。zuiliuxingdewuyuanguangwangluoshiyitaiwangwuyuanguangwangluo EPON hejibitewuyuanguangwangluo GPON。buchongwulicengzhuyaozuosha？wulicengzhuyaozuodeshiqingjiushi toumingdichuansongbiteliu。yekeyijiangwulicengdezhuyaorenwumiaoshuweiquedingyuchuanshumeitidejiekoudeyixietexing，ji：jixietexing（jiekousuoyongjiexianqideyixiewulishuxingruxingzhuangchicun），dianqitexing（jiekoudianlandegetiaoxianshangchuxiandedianyadefanwei），gongnengtexing（moutiaoxianshangchuxiandemouyidianpingdedianyadeyiyi），guochengtexing（duiyubutonggongnengnengdegezhongkenengshijiandechuxianshunxu）。wulicengkaolvdeshizenyangcainengzailianjiegezhongjisuanjidechuanshumeitishangchuanshushujubiteliu，erbushizhijutidechuanshumeiti。 xianyoudejisuanjiwangluozhongdeyingjianshebeihechuanshumeitidezhongleifeichangfanduo，erqietongxinshouduanyeyouxuduobutongdefangshi。wulicengdezuoyongzhengshijinkenengdipingbidiaozhexiechuanshumeitihetongxinshouduandechayi，shiwulicengshangmiandeshujulianlucengganjuebudaozhexiechayi，zheyangjiukeyishishujulianlucengzhikaolvwanchengbencengdexieyihefuwu，erbubikaolvwangluodejutichuanshumeitihetongxinshouduanshishime。jizhongchangyongdexindaofuyongjishupinfenfuyong(FDM) ：suoyouyonghuzaitongyangdeshijianzhanyongbutongdedaikuanziyuan。shifenfuyong（TDM） ：suoyouyonghuzaibutongdeshijianzhanyongtongyangdepindaikuandu（fenshibufenpin）。tongjishifenfuyong (Statistic TDM) ：gaijindeshifenfuyong，nenggoumingxiantigaoxindaodeliyonglv。mafenfuyong(CDM) ： yonghushiyongjingguoteshutiaoxuandebutongmaxing，yincigeyonghuzhijianbuhuizaochengganrao。zhezhongxitongfasongdexinhaoyouhenqiangdekangganraonengli，qipinpuleisiyubaizaosheng，buyibeidirenfaxian。bofenfuyong( WDM) ：bofenfuyongjiushiguangdepinfenfuyong。jizhongchangyongdekuandaijierujishu，zhuyaoshi ADSL he FTTxyonghudaohulianwangdekuandaijierufangfayoufeiduichengshuziyonghuxian ADSL（yongshuzijishuduixianyoudemonidianhuaxianjinxinggaizao，erbuxuyaozhongxinbuxian。ASDL dekuaisubanbenshishengaosushuziyonghuxian VDSL。），guangxiantongzhouhunhewang HFC（shizaimuqianfugaifanweihenguangdeyouxiandianshiwangdejichushangkaifadeyizhongjuminkuandaijieruwang）he FTTx（jiguangxiandao······）。3. shujulianluceng（Data Link Layer）3.1. jibenshuyulianlu（link） ：yigejiediandaoxianglinjiediandeyiduanwulilianlu。shujulianlu（data link） ：bashixiankongzhishujuyunshudexieyideyingjianheruanjianjiadaolianlushangjiugouchengliaoshujulianlu。xunhuanrongyujianyan CRC（Cyclic Redundancy Check） ：weiliaobaozhengshujuchuanshudekekaoxing，CRC shishujulianlucengguangfanshiyongdeyizhongjiancuojishu。zheng（frame） ：yigeshujulianlucengdechuanshudanyuan，youyigeshujulianlucengshoubuheqixiedaidefengbaosuozuchengxieyishujudanyuan。MTU（Maximum Transfer Uint ） ：zuidachuansongdanyuan。zhengdeshujubufendedechangdushangxian。wumalv BER（Bit Error Rate ） ：zaiyiduanshijiannei，chuanshucuowudebitezhansuochuanshubitezongshudebilv。PPP（Point-to-Point Protocol ） ：dianduidianxieyi。jiyonghujisuanjihe ISP jinxingtongxinshisuoshiyongdeshujulianlucengxieyi。yixiashi PPP zhengdeshiyitu：MAC dizhi（Media Access Control huozhe Medium Access Control） ：yiyiweimeitifangwenkongzhi，huochengweiwulidizhi、yingjiandizhi，yonglaidingyiwangluoshebeideweizhi。zai OSI moxingzhong，disancengwangluocengfuze IP dizhi，diercengshujulianlucengzefuze MAC dizhi。yinciyigezhujihuiyouyige MAC dizhi，ermeigewangluoweizhihuiyouyigezhuanshuyutade IP dizhi 。dizhishishibiemougexitongdezhongyaobiaoshifu，“mingzizhichuwomensuoyaoxunzhaodeziyuan，dizhizhichuziyuansuozaidedifang，luyougaosuwomenruhedaodagaichu。wangqiao（bridge） ：yizhongyongyushujulianlucengshixianzhongji，lianjielianggehuoduogejuyuwangdewangluohulianshebei。jiaohuanji（switch ） ：guangyidelaishuo，jiaohuanjizhideshiyizhongtongxinxitongzhongwanchengxinxijiaohuandeshebei。zheligongzuozaishujulianlucengdejiaohuanjizhideshijiaohuanshijixianqi，qishizhishiyigeduojiekoudewangqiao3.2. zhongyaozhishidianzongjielianlushicongyigejiediandaoxianglinjiediandeyiduanwulilianlu，shujulianluzezailianludejichushangzengjialiaoyixiebiyaodeyingjian（ruwangluoshipeiqi）heruanjian（ruxieyideshixian）shujulianlucengshiyongdezhuyaoshidianduidianxindaoheguangboxindaoliangzhong。shujulianlucengchuanshudexieyishujudanyuanshizheng。shujulianlucengdesangejibenwentishi：fengzhuangchengzheng，toumingchuanshuhechacuojiancexunhuanrongyujianyan CRC shiyizhongjiancuofangfa，erzhengjianyanxulie FCS shitianjiazaishujuhoumianderongyumadianduidianxieyi PPP shishujulianlucengshiyongzuiduodeyizhongxieyi，tadetedianshi：jiandan，zhijiancechacuoerbuqujiuzhengchacuo，bushiyongxuhao，yebujinxingliuliangkongzhi，ketongshizhichiduozhongwangluocengxieyiPPPoE shiweikuandaishangwangdezhujishiyongdelianlucengxieyijuyuwangdeyoudianshi：juyouguangbogongneng，congyigezhandiankefangbiandifangwenquanwang；bianyuxitongdekuozhanhezhujianyanbian；tigaoliaoxitongdekekaoxing，keyongxingheshengcunxing。jisuanjiyuwaijiejuyuwangtongxinxuyaotongguotongxinshipeiqi（huowangluoshipeiqi），tayouchengweiwangluojiekoukahuowangka。jisuanqideyingjiandizhijiuzaishipeiqide ROM zhong。yitaiwangcaiyongdewulianjiedegongzuofangshi，duifasongdeshujuzhengbujinxingbianhao，yebuyaoqiuduifangfahuiqueren。mudezhanshoudaoyouchacuozhengjiubatadiudiao，qitashimeyebuzuoyitaiwangcaiyongdexieyishijuyouchongtujiancedezaibojiantingduodianjieru CSMA/CD。xieyidetedianshi：fasongqianxianjianting，bianfasongbianjianting，yidanfaxianzongxianshangchuxianliaopengzhuang，jiulijitingzhifasong。ranhouanzhaotuibisuanfadengdaiyiduansuijishijianhouzaicifasong。 yinci，meiyigezhandianzaizijifasongshujuzhihoudeyixiaoduanshijiannei，cunzaizhezaoyupengzhuangdekenengxing。yitaiwangshangdegezhandianpingdengdezhengyongyitaiwangxindaoyitaiwangdeshipeiqijuyouguolvgongneng，tazhijieshoudanbozheng，guangbozhengheduobozheng。shiyongjixianqikeyizaiwulicengkuozhanyitaiwang（kuozhanhoudeyitaiwangrengranshiyigewangluo）3.3. buchongshujulianlucengdedianduidianxindaoheguangboxindaodetedian，yijizheliangzhongxindaosuoshiyongdexieyi（PPP xieyiyiji CSMA/CD xieyi）detedianshujulianlucengdesangejibenwenti：fengzhuangchengzheng，toumingchuanshu，chacuojianceyitaiwangde MAC cengyingjiandizhishipeiqi，zhuanfaqi，jixianqi，wangqiao，yitaiwangjiaohuanjidezuoyongyijishiyongchanghe4. wangluoceng（Network Layer）4.1. jibenshuyuxudianlu（Virtual Circuit） : zailianggezhongduanshebeideluojihuowuliduankouzhijian，tongguojianlideshuangxiangdetoumingchuanshutongdao。xudianlubiaoshizhezhishiyitiaoluojishangdelianjie，fenzuduyanzhuozhetiaoluojilianjieanzhaocunchuzhuanfafangshichuansong，erbingbushizhenzhengjianliliaoyitiaowulilianjie。IP（Internet Protocol ） : wangjixieyi IP shi TCP/IP tixizhonglianggezuizhuyaodexieyizhiyi，shi TCP/IP tixijiegouwangjicengdehexin。peitaodeyou ARP，RARP，ICMP，IGMP。ARP（Address Resolution Protocol） : dizhijiexixieyi。dizhijiexixieyi ARP ba IP dizhijiexiweiyingjiandizhi。ICMP（Internet Control Message Protocol ） ：wangjikongzhibaowenxieyi （ICMP yunxuzhujihuoluyouqibaogaochacuoqingkuanghetigongyouguanyichangqingkuangdebaogao）。ziwangyanma（subnet mask ） ：tashiyizhongyonglaizhimingyige IP dizhidenaxieweibiaoshideshizhujisuozaideziwangyijinaxieweibiaoshideshizhujideweiyanma。ziwangyanmabunengdanducunzai，tabixujiehe IP dizhiyiqishiyong。**CIDR（ Classless Inter-Domain Routing ） **：wufenleiyujianluyouxuanze （tedianshixiaochuliaochuantongde A lei、B leihe C leidizhiyijihuafenziwangdegainian，bingshiyonggezhongchangdude“wangluoqianzhui”(network-prefix)laidaitifenleidizhizhongdewangluohaoheziwanghao）。morenluyou（default route） ：dangzailuyoubiaozhongchabudaonengdaodamudedizhideluyoushi，luyouqixuanzedeluyou。morenluyouhuankeyijianxiaoluyoubiaosuozhanyongdekongjianhesousuoluyoubiaosuoyongdeshijian。luyouxuanzesuanfa（Virtual Circuit） ：luyouxuanzexieyidehexinbufen。yintewangcaiyongzishiyingde，fencengcideluyouxuanzexieyi。zhongyaozhishidianzongjieTCP/IP xieyizhongdewangluocengxiangshangzhitigongjiandanlinghuode，wulianjiede，jinzuidanulijiaofudeshujubaofuwu。wangluocengbutigongfuwuzhiliangdechengnuo，bubaozhengfenzujiaofudeshixiansuochuansongdefenzukenengchucuo，diushi，zhongfuheshixu。jinchengzhijiantongxindekekaoxingyouyunshucengfuzezaihulianwangdejiaofuyouliangzhong，yishizaibenwangluozhijiejiaofubuyongjingguoluyouqi，lingyizhongshiheqitawangluodejianjiejiaofu，zhishaojingguoyigeluyouqi，danzuihouyiciyidingshizhijiejiaofufenleide IP dizhiyouwangluohaoziduan（zhimingwangluo）hezhujihaoziduan（zhimingzhuji）zucheng。wangluohaoziduanzuiqianmiandeleibiezhiming IP dizhideleibie。IP dizhishiyizhongfendengjidedizhijiegou。IP dizhiguanlijigoufenpei IP dizhishizhifenpeiwangluohao，zhujihaoyoudedaogaiwangluohaodedanweizixingfenpei。luyouqigenjumudezhujisuolianjiedewangluohaolaizhuanfafenzu。yigeluyouqizhishaolianjiedaolianggewangluo，suoyiyigeluyouqizhishaoyingdangyoulianggebutongde IP dizhiIP shujubaofenweishoubuheshujuliangbufen。shoubudeqianyibufenshigudingchangdu，gong 20 zijie，shisuoyou IP shujubaobixujuyoude（yuandizhi，mudedizhi，zongchangdudengzhongyaodiduandugudingzaishoubu）。yixiechangdukebiandekexuanziduangudingzaishoubudehoumian。IP shoubuzhongdeshengcunshijiangeichuliao IP shujubaozaihulianwangzhongsuonengjingguodezuidaluyouqishu。kefangzhi IP shujubaozaihulianwangzhongwuxianzhidedouquanzi。dizhijiexixieyi ARP ba IP dizhijiexiweiyingjiandizhi。ARP degaosuhuancunkeyidadajianshaowangluoshangdetongxinliang。yinweizheyangkeyishizhujixiacizaiyutongyangdizhidezhujitongxinshi，keyizhijieconggaosuhuancunzhongzhaodaosuoxuyaodeyingjiandizhierbuxuyaozaiquguangbofangshifasong ARP qingqiufenzuwufenleiyujianluyouxuanze CIDR shijiejuemuqian IP dizhijinquedeyigehaobanfa。CIDR jifaba IP dizhihoumianjiashangxiexian“/”，ranhouxieshangqianzhuisuosuozhandeweishu。qianzhui（huowangluoqianzhuiyonglaizhimingwangluo），qianzhuihoumiandebufenshihouzhui，yonglaizhimingzhuji。CIDR baqianzhuiduxiangtongdelianxude IP dizhizuchengyige“CIDR dizhikuai”，IP dizhifenpeiduyi CIDR dizhikuaiweidanwei。wangjikongzhibaowenxieyishi IP cengdexieyi。ICMP baowenzuowei IP shujubaodeshuju，jiashangshoubuhouzucheng IP shujubaofasongchuqu。shiyong ICMP shujubaobingbushiweiliaoshixiankekaochuanshu。ICMP yunxuzhujihuoluyouqibaogaochacuoqingkuanghetigongyouguanyichangqingkuangdebaogao。ICMP baowendezhongleiyouliangzhong ICMP chacuobaogaobaowenhe ICMP xunwenbaowen。yaojiejue IP dizhihaojindewenti，zuigenbendebanfashicaiyongjuyougengdadizhikongjiandexinbanben IP xieyi-IPv6。 IPv6 suodailaidebianhuayou ① gengdadedizhikongjian（caiyong 128 weidizhi）② linghuodeshoubugeshi ③ gaijindexuanxiang ④ zhichijichajiyong ⑤ zhichiziyuandeyufenpei ⑥IPv6 deshoubugaiwei 8 zijieduiqi。xunizhuanyongwangluo VPN liyonggongyongdehulianwangzuoweibenjigouzhuanyongwangzhijiandetongxinzaiti。VPN neishiyonghulianwangdezhuanyongdizhi。yige VPN zhishaoyaoyouyigeluyouqijuyouhefadequanqiu IP dizhi，zheyangcainenghebenxitongdelingyige VPN tongguohulianwangjinxingtongxin。suoyoutongguohulianwangchuansongdeshujuduxuyaojiami。MPLS detedianshi：① zhichimianxianglianjiedefuwuzhiliang ② zhichiliulianggongcheng，pinghengwangluofuzai ③ youxiaodezhichixunizhuanyongwang VPN。MPLS zairukoujiediangeimeiyige IP shujubaodashanggudingchangdude“biaoji”，ranhougenjubiaojizaidierceng（lianluceng）yongyingjianjinxingzhuanfa（zaibiaojijiaohuanluyouqizhongjinxingbiaojijiaohuan），yinerzhuanfasulvdadajiakuai。5. chuanshuceng（Transport Layer）jibenshuyujincheng（process） ：zhijisuanjizhongzhengzaiyunxingdechengxushiti。yingyongjinchenghuxiangtongxin ：yitaizhujidejinchenghelingyitaizhujizhongdeyigejinchengjiaohuanshujudeguocheng（lingwaizhuyitongxinzhenzhengdeduandianbushizhujiershizhujizhongdejincheng，yejiushishuoduandaoduandetongxinshiyingyongjinchengzhijiandetongxin）。chuanshucengdefuyongyufenyong ：fuyongzhifasongfangbutongdejinchengdukeyitongguotongyigeyunshucengxieyichuansongshuju。fenyongzhijieshoufangdeyunshucengzaibaoqubaowendeshoubuhounengbazhexieshujuzhengquedejiaofudaomudeyingyongjincheng。TCP（Transmission Control Protocol） ：chuanshukongzhixieyi。UDP（User Datagram Protocol） ：yonghushujubaoxieyi。**duankou（port） ** ：duankoudemudeshiweiliaoquerenduifangjiqishinagejinchengzaiyuzijijinxingjiaohu，biru MSN he QQ deduankoubutong，ruguomeiyouduankoujiukenengchuxian QQ jinchenghe MSN jiaohucuowu。duankouyouchengxieyiduankouhao。tingzhidengdaixieyi（stop-and-wait） ：zhifasongfangmeifasongwanyigefenzujiutingzhifasong，dengdaiduifangqueren，zaishoudaoquerenzhihouzaifasongxiayigefenzu。liuliangkongzhi : jiushirangfasongfangdefasongsulvbuyaotaikuai，jiyaorangjieshoufanglaidejijieshou，yebuyaoshiwangluofashengyongsai。yongsaikongzhi ：fangzhiguoduodeshujuzhurudaowangluozhong，zheyangkeyishiwangluozhongdeluyouqihuolianlubuzhiguozai。yongsaikongzhisuoyaozuodeduyouyigeqianti，jiushiwangluonenggouchengshouxianyoudewangluofuhe。zhongyaozhishidianzongjieyunshucengtigongyingyongjinchengzhijiandeluojitongxin，yejiushishuo，yunshucengzhijiandetongxinbingbushizhenzhengzailianggeyunshucengzhijianzhijiechuanshushuju。yunshucengxiangyingyongcengpingbiliaoxiamianwangluodexijie（ruwangluotuobu，suocaiyongdeluyouxuanzexieyideng），tashiyingyongjinchengzhijiankanqilaihaoxianglianggeyunshucengshitizhijianyouyitiaoduandaoduandeluojitongxinxindao。wangluocengweizhujitigongluojitongxin，eryunshucengweiyingyongjinchengzhijiantigongduandaoduandeluojitongxin。yunshucengdelianggezhongyaoxieyishiyonghushujubaoxieyi UDP hechuanshukongzhixieyi TCP。anzhao OSI deshuyu，lianggeduidengyunshushitizaitongxinshichuansongdeshujudanweijiaozuoyunshuxieyishujudanyuan TPDU（Transport Protocol Data Unit）。danzai TCP/IP tixizhong，zegenjusuoshiyongdexieyishi TCP huo UDP，fenbiechengzhiwei TCP baowenduanhuo UDP yonghushujubao。UDP zaichuansongshujuzhiqianbuxuyaoxianjianlilianjie，yuandizhujizaishoudao UDP baowenhou，buxuyaogeichurenhequeren。suiran UDP butigongkekaojiaofu，danzaimouxieqingkuangxia UDP queshiyizhongzuiyouxiaodegongzuofangshi。 TCP tigongmianxianglianjiedefuwu。zaichuansongshujuzhiqianbixuxianjianlilianjie，shujuchuansongjieshuhouyaoshifanglianjie。TCP butigongguangbohuoduobofuwu。youyu TCP yaotigongkekaode，mianxianglianjiedechuanshufuwu，zheyinanyibimianzengjialiaoxuduokaixiao，ruqueren，liuliangkongzhi，jishiqiyijilianjieguanlideng。zhebujinshixieyishujudanyuandeshoubuzengdahenduo，huanyaozhanyongxuduochulijiziyuan。yingjianduankoushibutongyingjianshebeijinxingjiaohudejiekou，erruanjianduankoushiyingyongcenggezhongxieyijinchengyuyunshushitijinxingcengjianjiaohudeyizhongdizhi。UDP he TCP deshoubugeshizhongduyouyuanduankouhemudeduankouzhelianggezhongyaoziduan。dangyunshucengshoudao IP cengjiaoshanglaideyunshucengbaowenshi，jiunenggou genjuqishoubuzhongdemudeduankouhaobashujujiaofuyingyongcengdemudeyingyongceng。（lianggejinchengzhijianjinxingtongxinbuguangyaozhidaoduifang IP dizhierqieyaozhidaoduifangdeduankouhao(weiliaozhaodaoduifangjisuanjizhongdeyingyongjincheng)）yunshucengyongyige 16 weiduankouhaobiaozhiyigeduankou。duankouhaozhiyoubendiyiyi，tazhishiweiliaobiaozhijisuanjiyingyongcengzhongdegegejinchengzaiheyunshucengjiaohushidecengjianjiekou。zaihulianwangdebutongjisuanjizhong，xiangtongdeduankouhaoshimeiyouguanliande。xieyiduankouhaojianchengduankou。suirantongxindezhongdianshiyingyongjincheng，danzhiyaobasuofasongdebaowenjiaodaomudezhujidemougeheshiduankou，shengxiadegongzuo（zuihoujiaofumudejincheng）jiuyou TCP he UDP laiwancheng。yunshucengdeduankouhaofenweifuwuqiduanshiyongdeduankouhao（0~1023 zhipaigeishuzhiduankou，1024~49151 shidengjiduankouhao）hekehuduanzanshishiyongdeduankouhao（49152~65535）UDP dezhuyaotedianshi ① wulianjie ② jinzuidanulijiaofu ③ mianxiangbaowen ④ wuyongsaikongzhi ⑤ zhichiyiduiyi，yiduiduo，duoduiyiheduoduiduodejiaohutongxin ⑥ shoubukaixiaoxiao（zhiyousigeziduan：yuanduankou，mudeduankou，changduhejianyanhe）TCP dezhuyaotedianshi ① mianxianglianjie ② meiyitiao TCP lianjiezhinengshiyiduiyide ③ tigongkekaojiaofu ④ tigongquanshuanggongtongxin ⑤ mianxiangzijieliuTCP yongzhujide IP dizhijiashangzhujishangdeduankouhaozuowei TCP lianjiededuandian。zheyangdeduandianjiujiaozuotaojiezi（socket）huochakou。taojieziyong（IP dizhi：duankouhao）laibiaoshi。meiyitiao TCP lianjieweiyibeitongxinliangduandelianggeduandiansuoqueding。tingzhidengdaixieyishiweiliaoshixiankekaochuanshude，tadejibenyuanlijiushimeifawanyigefenzujiutingzhifasong，dengdaiduifangqueren。zaishoudaoquerenhouzaifaxiayigefenzu。weiliaotigaochuanshuxiaolv，fasongfangkeyibushiyongdixiaolvdetingzhidengdaixieyi，ershicaiyongliushuixianchuanshu。liushuixianchuanshujiushifasongfangkelianxufasongduogefenzu，bubimeifawanyigefenzujiutingxialaidengdaiduifangqueren。zheyangkeshixindaoshangyizhiyoushujubujianduandezaichuansong。zhezhongchuanshufangshikeyimingxiantigaoxindaoliyonglv。tingzhidengdaixieyizhongchaoshizhongchuanshizhizhiyaochaoguoyiduanshijianrengranmeiyoushoudaoqueren，jiuzhongchuanqianmianfasongguodefenzu（renweigangcaifasongguodefenzudiushiliao）。yincimeifasongwanyigefenzuxuyaoshezhiyigechaoshijishiqi，qizhongzhuanshijianyingbishujuzaifenzuchuanshudepingjunwangfanshijiangengchangyixie。zhezhongzidongzhongchuanfangshichangchengweizidongzhongchuanqingqiu ARQ。lingwaizaitingzhidengdaixieyizhongruoshoudaozhongfufenzu，jiudiuqigaifenzu，dantongshihuanyaofasongqueren。lianxu ARQ xieyiketigaoxindaoliyonglv。fasongweichiyigefasongchuangkou，fanweiyufasongchuangkouneidefenzukelianxufasongchuqu，erbuxuyaodengdaiduifangqueren。jieshoufangyibancaiyongleijiqueren，duianxudaodadezuihouyigefenzufasongqueren，biaomingdaozhegefenzuweizhidesuoyoufenzuduyijingzhengqueshoudaoliao。TCP baowenduandeqian 20 gezijieshigudingde，houmianyou 4n zijieshigenjuxuyaozengjiadexuanxiang。yinci，TCP shoubudezuixiaochangdushi 20 zijie。TCP shiyonghuadongchuangkoujizhi。fasongchuangkoulimiandexuhaobiaoshiyunxufasongdexuhao。fasongchuangkouhouyandehoumianbufenbiaoshiyifasongqieyishoudaoqueren，erfasongchuangkouqianyandeqianmianbufenbiaoshibuyunxufasong。fasongchuangkouhouyandebianhuaqingkuangyouliangzhongkeneng，jibudong（meiyoushoudaoxindequeren）heqianyi（shoudaoliaoxindequeren）。fasongchuangkoudeqianyantongchangshibuduanxiangqianyidongde。yibanlaishuo，womenzongshixiwangshujuchuanshugengkuaiyixie。danruguofasongfangbashujufasongdeguokuai，jieshoufangjiukenenglaibujijieshou，zhejiuhuizaochengshujudediushi。suoweiliuliangkongzhijiushirangfasongfangdefasongsulvbuyaotaikuai，yaorangjieshoufanglaidejijieshou。zaimouduanshijian，ruoduiwangluozhongmouyiziyuandexuqiuchaoguoliaogaiziyuansuonengtigongdekeyongbufen，wangluodexingnengjiuyaobianhuai。zhezhongqingkuangjiujiaoyongsai。yongsaikongzhijiushiweiliaofangzhiguoduodeshujuzhurudaowangluozhong，zheyangjiukeyishiwangluozhongdeluyouqihuolianlubuzhiguozai。yongsaikongzhisuoyaozuodeduyouyigeqianti，jiushiwangluonenggouchengshouxianyoudewangluofuhe。yongsaikongzhishiyigequanjuxingdeguocheng，shejidaosuoyoudezhuji，suoyoudeluyouqi，yijiyujiangdiwangluochuanshuxingnengyouguandesuoyouyinsu。xiangfan，liuliangkongzhiwangwangshidianduidiantongxinliangdekongzhi，shigeduandaoduandewenti。liuliangkongzhisuoyaozuodaodejiushiyizhifasongduanfasongshujudesulv，yibianshijieshouduanlaidejijieshou。weiliaojinxingyongsaikongzhi，TCP fasongfangyaoweichiyigeyongsaichuangkou cwnd dezhuangtaibianliang。yongsaikongzhichuangkoudedaxiaoqujueyuwangluodeyongsaichengdu，bingqiedongtaibianhua。fasongfangrangzijidefasongchuangkouquweiyongsaichuangkouhejieshoufangdejieshouchuangkouzhongjiaoxiaodeyige。TCP deyongsaikongzhicaiyongliaosizhongsuanfa，jimankaishi，yongsaibimian，kuaizhongchuanhekuaihuifu。zaiwangluocengyekeyishiluyouqicaiyongshidangdefenzudiuqicelue（ruzhudongduilieguanli AQM），yijianshaowangluoyongsaidefasheng。yunshulianjiedesangejieduan，ji：lianjiejianli，shujuchuansonghelianjieshifang。zhudongfaqi TCP lianjiejianlideyingyongjinchengjiaozuokehu，erbeidongdengdailianjiejianlideyingyongjinchengjiaozuofuwuqi。TCP lianjiecaiyongsanbaowenwoshoujizhi。fuwuqiyaoquerenyonghudelianjieqingqiu，ranhoukehuyaoduifuwuqidequerenjinxingqueren。TCP delianjieshifangcaiyongsibaowenwoshoujizhi。renheyifangdukeyizaishujuchuansongjieshuhoufachulianjieshifangdetongzhi，daiduifangquerenhoujinrubanguanbizhuangtai。danglingyifangyemeiyoushujuzaifasongshi，zefasonglianjieshifangtongzhi，duifangquerenhoujiuwanquanguanbiliao TCP lianjiebuchong（zhongyao）yixiazhishidianxuyaozhongdianguanzhu：duankouhetaojiezideyiyiUDP he TCP dequbieyijiliangzhedeyingyongchangjingzaibukekaodewangluoshangshixiankekaochuanshudegongzuoyuanli，tingzhidengdaixieyihe ARQ xieyiTCP dehuadongchuangkou，liuliangkongzhi，yongsaikongzhihelianjieguanliTCP desanciwoshou，sicihuishoujizhi6. yingyongceng（Application Layer）jibenshuyuyumingxitong（DNS） ：yumingxitong（DNS，Domain Name System）jiangrenleikedudeyuming (liru，http://www.) zhuanhuanweijiqikedude IP dizhi (liru，220.181.38.148)。womenkeyijiangqilijieweizhuanweihulianwangshejidedianhuabao。wenjianchuanshuxieyi（FTP） ：FTP shi File TransferProtocol（wenjianchuanshuxieyi）deyingwenjiancheng，erzhongwenjianchengwei“wenchuanxieyi”。yongyu Internet shangdekongzhiwenjiandeshuangxiangchuanshu。tongshi，tayeshiyigeyingyongchengxu（Application）。jiyubutongdecaozuoxitongyoubutongde FTP yingyongchengxu，ersuoyouzhexieyingyongchengxuduzunshoutongyizhongxieyiyichuanshuwenjian。zai FTP deshiyongdangzhong，yonghujingchangyudaolianggegainian："xiazai"（Download）he"shangchuan"（Upload）。 "xiazai"wenjianjiushicongyuanchengzhujikaobeiwenjianzhizijidejisuanjishang；"shangchuan"wenjianjiushijiangwenjiancongzijidejisuanjizhongkaobeizhiyuanchengzhujishang。yong Internet yuyanlaishuo，yonghuketongguokehujichengxuxiang（cong）yuanchengzhujishangchuan（xiazai）wenjian。jiandanwenjianchuanshuxieyi（TFTP） ：TFTP（Trivial File Transfer Protocol,jiandanwenjianchuanshuxieyi）shi TCP/IP xieyizuzhongdeyigeyonglaizaikehujiyufuwuqizhijianjinxingjiandanwenjianchuanshudexieyi，tigongbufuza、kaixiaobudadewenjianchuanshufuwu。duankouhaowei 69。yuanchengzhongduanxieyi（TELENET） ：Telnet xieyishi TCP/IP xieyizuzhongdeyiyuan，shi Internet yuanchengdenglufuwudebiaozhunxieyihezhuyaofangshi。taweiyonghutigongliaozaibendijisuanjishangwanchengyuanchengzhujigongzuodenengli。zaizhongduanshiyongzhedediannaoshangshiyong telnet chengxu，yongtalianjiedaofuwuqi。zhongduanshiyongzhekeyizai telnet chengxuzhongshurumingling，zhexieminglinghuizaifuwuqishangyunxing，jiuxiangzhijiezaifuwuqidekongzhitaishangshuruyiyang。keyizaibendijiunengkongzhifuwuqi。yaokaishiyige telnet huihua，bixushuruyonghuminghemimalaidenglufuwuqi。Telnet shichangyongdeyuanchengkongzhi Web fuwuqidefangfa。wanweiwang（WWW） ：WWW shihuanqiuxinxiwangdesuoxie，（yizuo“Web”、“WWW”、“'W3'”，yingwenquanchengwei“World Wide Web”），zhongwenmingziwei“wanweiwang”，"huanqiuwang"deng，changjianchengwei Web。fenwei Web kehuduanhe Web fuwuqichengxu。WWW keyirang Web kehuduan（changyongzuolanqi）fangwenzuolan Web fuwuqishangdeyemian。shiyigeyouxuduohuxianglianjiedechaowenbenzuchengdexitong，tongguohulianwangfangwen。zaizhegexitongzhong，meigeyouyongdeshiwu，chengweiyiyang“ziyuan”；bingqieyouyigequanju“tongyiziyuanbiaoshifu”（URI）biaoshi；zhexieziyuantongguochaowenbenchuanshuxieyi（Hypertext Transfer Protocol）chuansonggeiyonghu，erhouzhetongguodianjilianjielaihuodeziyuan。wanweiwanglianmeng（yingyu：World Wide Web Consortium，jiancheng W3C），youcheng W3C lishihui。1994 nian 10 yuezaimashengligongxueyuan（MIT）jisuanjikexueshiyanshichengli。wanweiwanglianmengdechuangjianzheshiwanweiwangdefamingzhedimu·bonasi-li。wanweiwangbingbudengtonghulianwang，wanweiwangzhishihulianwangsuonengtigongdefuwuqizhongzhiyi，shikaozhuohulianwangyunxingdeyixiangfuwu。wanweiwangdedazhigongzuogongcheng：tongyiziyuandingweifu（URL） ：tongyiziyuandingweifushiduikeyiconghulianwangshangdedaodeziyuandeweizhihefangwenfangfadeyizhongjianjiedebiaoshi，shihulianwangshangbiaozhunziyuandedizhi。hulianwangshangdemeigewenjianduyouyigeweiyide URL，tabaohandexinxizhichuwenjiandeweizhiyijizuolanqiyinggaizenmechulita。chaowenbenchuanshuxieyi（HTTP） ：chaowenbenchuanshuxieyi（HTTP，HyperText Transfer Protocol)shihulianwangshangyingyongzuiweiguangfandeyizhongwangluoxieyi。suoyoude WWW wenjiandubixuzunshouzhegebiaozhun。sheji HTTP zuichudemudeshiweiliaotigongyizhongfabuhejieshou HTML yemiandefangfa。1960 nianmeiguoren Ted Nelson gousiliaoyizhongtongguojisuanjichuliwenbenxinxidefangfa，bingchengzhiweichaowenben（hypertext）,zhechengweiliao HTTP chaowenbenchuanshuxieyibiaozhunjiagoudefazhangenji。HTTP xieyidebenzhijiushiyizhongzuolanqiyufuwuqizhijianyuedinghaodetongxingeshi。HTTP deyuanliruxiatusuoshi：dailifuwuqi（Proxy Server） ： dailifuwuqi（Proxy Server）shiyizhongwangluoshiti，tayouchengweiwanweiwanggaosuhuancun。 dailifuwuqibazuijindeyixieqingqiuhexiangyingzancunzaibendicipanzhong。dangxinqingqiudaodashi，ruodailifuwuqifaxianzhegeqingqiuyuzanshicunfangdedeqingqiuxiangtong，jiufanhuizancundexiangying，erbuxuyaoan URL dedizhizaiciquhulianwangfangwengaiziyuan。dailifuwuqikezaikehuduanhuofuwuqigongzuo，yekeyizaizhongjianxitonggongzuo。jiandanyoujianchuanshuxieyi(SMTP) : SMTP（Simple Mail Transfer Protocol）jijiandanyoujianchuanshuxieyi,tashiyizuyongyuyouyuandizhidaomudedizhichuansongyoujiandeguize，youtalaikongzhixinjiandezhongzhuanfangshi。 SMTP xieyishuyu TCP/IP xieyicu，tabangzhumeitaijisuanjizaifasonghuozhongzhuanxinjianshizhaodaoxiayigemudedi。 tongguo SMTP xieyisuozhidingdefuwuqi,jiukeyiba E-mail jidaoshouxinrendefuwuqishangliao，zhenggeguochengzhiyaojifenzhong。SMTP fuwuqizeshizunxun SMTP xieyidefasongyoujianfuwuqi，yonglaifasonghuozhongzhuanfachudedianziyoujian。sousuoyinqing :sousuoyinqing（Search Engine）shizhigenjuyidingdecelue、yunyongtedingdejisuanjichengxuconghulianwangshangsoujixinxi，zaiduixinxijinxingzuzhihechulihou，weiyonghutigongjiansuofuwu，jiangyonghujiansuoxiangguandexinxizhanshigeiyonghudexitong。sousuoyinqingbaokuoquanwensuoyin、mulusuoyin、yuansousuoyinqing、chuizhisousuoyinqing、jiheshisousuoyinqing、menhusousuoyinqingyumianfeilianjieliebiaodeng。chuizhisousuoyinqing ：chuizhisousuoyinqingshizhenduimouyigexingyedezhuanyesousuoyinqing，shisousuoyinqingdexifenheyanshen，shiduiwangyekuzhongdemouleizhuanmendexinxijinxingyicizhenghe，dingxiangfenziduanchouquchuxuyaodeshujujinxingchulihouzaiyimouzhongxingshifanhuigeiyonghu。chuizhisousuoshixiangduitongyongsousuoyinqingdexinxiliangda、chaxunbuzhunque、shendubugoudengtichulaidexindesousuoyinqingfuwumoshi，tongguozhenduimouyitedinglingyu、mouyitedingrenqunhuomouyitedingxuqiutigongdeyouyidingjiazhidexinxihexiangguanfuwu。qitedianjiushi“zhuan、jing、shen”，qiejuyouxingyesecai，xiangbijiaotongyongsousuoyinqingdehailiangxinxiwuxuhua，chuizhisousuoyinqingzexiandegengjiazhuanzhu、jutiheshenru。quanwensuoyin :quanwensuoyinjishushimuqiansousuoyinqingdeguanjianjishu。shixiangzai 1M daxiaodewenjianzhongsousuoyigeci，kenengxuyaojimiao，zai 100M dewenjianzhongkenengxuyaojishimiao，ruguozaigengdadewenjianzhongsousuonamejiuxuyaogengdadexitongkaixiao，zheyangdekaixiaoshibuxianshide。suoyizaizheyangdemaodunxiachuxianliaoquanwensuoyinjishu，youshihouyourenjiaodaopaiwendangjishu。mulusuoyin ：mulusuoyin（ search index/directory)，gumingsiyijiushijiangwangzhanfenmenbieleidicunfangzaixiangyingdemuluzhong，yinciyonghuzaichaxunxinxishi，kexuanzeguanjiancisousuo，yekeanfenleimuluzhucengchazhao。zhongyaozhishidianzongjiewenjianchuanshuxieyi（FTP）shiyong TCP kekaodeyunshufuwu。FTP shiyongkehufuwuqifangshi。yige FTP fuwuqijinchengkeyitongshiweiduogeyonghutigongfuwu。zaijinjinxingwenjianchuanshushi，FTP dekehuhefuwuqizhijianyaoxianjianlilianggebingxingde TCP lianjie:kongzhilianjieheshujulianjie。shijiyongyuchuanshuwenjiandeshishujulianjie。wanweiwangkehuchengxuyufuwuqizhijianjinxingjiaohushiyongdexieyishichaowenbenchuanshuxieyi HTTP。HTTP shiyong TCP lianjiejinxingkekaochuanshu。dan HTTP benshenshiwulianjie、wuzhuangtaide。HTTP/1.1 xieyishiyongliaochixulianjie（fenweifeiliushuixianfangshiheliushuixianfangshi）dianziyoujianbayoujianfasongdaoshoujianrenshiyongdeyoujianfuwuqi，bingfangzaiqizhongdeshoujianrenyouxiangzhong，shoujianrenkesuishishangwangdaozijishiyongdeyoujianfuwuqiduqu，xiangdangyudianziyouxiang。yigedianziyoujianxitongyousangezhongyaozuchenggoujian：yonghudaili、youjianfuwuqi、youjianxieyi（baokuoyoujianfasongxieyi，ru SMTP，heyoujianduquxieyi，ru POP3 he IMAP）。yonghudailiheyoujianfuwuqiduyaoyunxingzhexiexieyi。buchong（zhongyao）yixiazhishidianxuyaozhongdianguanzhu：yingyongcengdechangjianxieyi（zhongdianguanzhu HTTP xieyi）yumingxitong-congyumingjiexichu IP dizhifangwenyigewangzhandazhideguochengxitongdiaoyongheyingyongbianchengjiekougainianmingquezijidexuqiu，canjiazhenzhengyouyiyidehuodongcaishiguanjian。
18.
国庆节前夜，古都洛阳到处洋溢着节日的气氛，位于中州大道中段七里河附近的中州大桥早已被烂漫鲜花装点一新。夜幕降临，华灯闪烁，大桥两端的夜市区更是人头攒动，人群熙攘。人们扶老携幼，成双成对地徜徉在美妙的节日气氛之中。然而，一场缉捕杀人狂魔的战斗，却在此时此地打响。华侨试验区还依托人才大厦、国际侨才港、数字科技产业基地等平台，营造双创氛围，吸引高层次创新创业团队和人才落户创业。2023最新电影电视剧冲免费在线观看-木瓜影院-2023年...
原来秦观也说过：