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2025年01月14日，中华豪门—中国古建筑的木结构类型原创2023-01-18 13:57·中华豪门开鸿顺本期编辑/开鸿顺KaiHongShun Studio————————中国境内不同区域木构建筑的风格差异颇大，但从结构角度看则较为统一，大体可分为抬梁式、穿斗式、井干式三种技术体系。The style of wooden buildings in different regions in China is quite different, but from the structural point of view, they are relatively unified, and can be divided into three technical systems, namely, lifting beam type, penetrating bucket type and well dry type.抬梁式结构通过使用大跨度粱枋，可以获得较开敞的室内空间，在大型建筑上得到广泛使用，而穿斗式与井干式则多用于小型建筑。同时，与木结构并行，砖石结构在各时期也得到了不同程度的发展。早期以砌筑台基、墓室、小型建筑最为常见，至元明时期则出现了较大型的砖拱券建筑，多以仿木建筑形象出现，俗称“无梁殿”。Through the use of large-span beam braces, the beam lifting structure can obtain a relatively open indoor space, which is widely used in large buildings, while the bucket type and well dry type are mostly used in small buildings. At the same time, in parallel with the wooden structure, the masonry structure has also been developed to different degrees in different periods.与前述技术相配套，夯土技术自原始时期开始，就在建筑基础与墙体建造上得到了广泛使用。至晚近时期，更发展出了以土楼为代表的集合式大型住宅体系。In combination with the above technologies, ramming technology has been widely used in building foundation and wall construction since the original period. In the recent period, a large residential system with Tulou as its representative has been developed.抬梁式木结构抬梁式结构是中国传统木构最主流的技术类型。基本特点为柱顶置梁，梁的端部安放檩条，梁中部通过短柱支叠短梁，层层而上，可至三到五层。如柱顶使用斗拱，则梁头安置于斗拱之上。借助大跨度的梁枋，这种结构可以提供开敞的室内空间，故而为各类高等级建筑广泛采用。The lifting beam structure is the most mainstream technology type of Chinese traditional wooden structure. The basic feature is that the beam is placed on the top of the column, the purlin is placed at the end of the beam, and the short beam is supported by the short column in the middle of the beam, which can reach three to five floors.穿斗式木结构穿斗亦称“串逗”，常见于南方地区。基本特征为檩条直接置于柱头之上，沿进深方向用穿枋将柱子串联起来，形成一榀榀的屋架。沿面阔方向，再用穿枋将各榀梁架串联起来，由此形成整体框架。这种做法的优点是用材节省，取材便利，可以用细小木料组合为屋架。但由于柱列密集，无法提供开阔的室内空间，一般只用于小型民居之上。Wearing Dou, also known as "string tease", is common in southern China. The basic feature is that the purlin is directly placed on the column head, and the columns are connected in series with braces along the depth direction to form a roof truss. Along the direction of the width of the face, the beams are connected in series with braces to form the overall frame.混合式木结构穿斗式结构为降低过密柱列的影响，部分吸收拾梁式的做法，发展出了混合式做法。此种做法仍为柱头承檩，以穿枋连接柱列，但通过局部使用大型穿枋，形成了类似拾梁式的格局，有效减少了室内立柱数量，是一种较为合理的做法，故而现存穿斗式结构普遍具有混合式的特征。In order to reduce the impact of over-dense columns, the bucket structure partially absorbs the method of picking up beams and develops a mixed method. This method is still to support purlins at the column head and connect the columns with braces... Therefore, the existing bucket type structure generally has the characteristics of mixed type.井干式木结构因其状如古代水并的围栏，故名并干。并干式结构首先将木材平行向上层层叠置，在转角处利用榫卯咬合，形成房屋四壁，然后在侧壁上承檩构成房顶。但此种做法木材消耗巨大，故而多见于林区，中国只在东北、西南山区少量出现。It is named Binggan because it looks like a fence in ancient times. In the dry-type structure, the wood is first stacked in parallel and upward layers, and the mortise and tenon are used at the corners to form the four walls of the house, and then the purlins on the side walls form the roof.石砌结构在中国西南山区，如羌族及嘉绒藏族聚居区，山体多为板岩或片麻岩，易于开采加工，且经人耐用，故而逐步形成了以石材砌筑墙体的结构形式，此类建筑墙体为石砌，屋顶为木结构，上覆士层，很适合当地干燥少雨的气候特征。In the mountainous areas of southwest China, such as the inhabited areas of Qiang and Jiarong Tibetans, the mountains are mostly slate or gneiss, which are easy to be mined and processed, and are durable. Therefore, the structural form of stone masonry walls has gradually formed.夯土结构夯土技术早在原始时期即已出现，通过人工夯筑，可以大大增加夯土体的强度和耐久性，是古代墙体、台基常用的构造方法。由于夯土是分层夯实，在夯土体之上能看到明显的分层痕迹。The ramming technology has appeared in the primitive period. Through manual ramming, the strength and durability of rammed soil can be greatly increased. It is a common construction method for ancient walls and abutments. Since the compacted soil is compacted in layers, obvious layering marks can be seen on the compacted soil.砖拱券仿木结构中国早期纯砖石结构多见于地下墓室，地面以上除佛塔及桥梁外，较少使用此类技术。至元明时期，伴随砖瓦生产的迅速增长，同时通过吸收中亚与西亚地区的拱券技术，汉地出现了样式繁多的砖拱券建筑，多数为仿木建筑造型。In the early stage of China, pure brick and stone structures were mostly found in underground tombs. Except for pagodas and bridges above the ground, such technologies were rarely used. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, with the rapid growth of brick and tile production, and through the absorption of arch technology in Central Asia and West Asia.中国境内不同区域木构建筑的风格差异颇大，但从结构角度看则较为统一，大体可分为抬梁式、穿斗式、井干式三种技术体系。The style of wooden buildings in different regions in China is quite different, but from the structural point of view, they are relatively unified, and can be divided into three technical systems, namely, lifting beam type, penetrating bucket type and well dry type.抬梁式结构通过使用大跨度粱枋，可以获得较开敞的室内空间，在大型建筑上得到广泛使用，而穿斗式与井干式则多用于小型建筑。同时，与木结构并行，砖石结构在各时期也得到了不同程度的发展。早期以砌筑台基、墓室、小型建筑最为常见，至元明时期则出现了较大型的砖拱券建筑，多以仿木建筑形象出现，俗称“无梁殿”。Through the use of large-span beam braces, the beam lifting structure can obtain a relatively open indoor space, which is widely used in large buildings, while the bucket type and well dry type are mostly used in small buildings. At the same time, in parallel with the wooden structure, the masonry structure has also been developed to different degrees in different periods.与前述技术相配套，夯土技术自原始时期开始，就在建筑基础与墙体建造上得到了广泛使用。至晚近时期，更发展出了以土楼为代表的集合式大型住宅体系。In combination with the above technologies, ramming technology has been widely used in building foundation and wall construction since the original period. In the recent period, a large residential system with Tulou as its representative has been developed.抬梁式木结构抬梁式结构是中国传统木构最主流的技术类型。基本特点为柱顶置梁，梁的端部安放檩条，梁中部通过短柱支叠短梁，层层而上，可至三到五层。如柱顶使用斗拱，则梁头安置于斗拱之上。借助大跨度的梁枋，这种结构可以提供开敞的室内空间，故而为各类高等级建筑广泛采用。The lifting beam structure is the most mainstream technology type of Chinese traditional wooden structure. The basic feature is that the beam is placed on the top of the column, the purlin is placed at the end of the beam, and the short beam is supported by the short column in the middle of the beam, which can reach three to five floors...穿斗式木结构穿斗亦称“串逗”，常见于南方地区。基本特征为檩条直接置于柱头之上，沿进深方向用穿枋将柱子串联起来，形成一榀榀的屋架。沿面阔方向，再用穿枋将各榀梁架串联起来，由此形成整体框架。这种做法的优点是用材节省，取材便利，可以用细小木料组合为屋架。但由于柱列密集，无法提供开阔的室内空间，一般只用于小型民居之上。Wearing Dou, also known as "string tease", is common in southern China. The basic feature is that the purlin is directly placed on the column head, and the columns are connected in series with braces along the depth direction to form a roof truss. Along the direction of the width of the face, the beams are connected in series with braces to form the overall frame.混合式木结构穿斗式结构为降低过密柱列的影响，部分吸收拾梁式的做法，发展出了混合式做法。此种做法仍为柱头承檩，以穿枋连接柱列，但通过局部使用大型穿枋，形成了类似拾梁式的格局，有效减少了室内立柱数量，是一种较为合理的做法，故而现存穿斗式结构普遍具有混合式的特征。In order to reduce the impact of over-dense columns, the bucket structure partially absorbs the method of picking up beams and develops a mixed method. This method is still to support purlins at the column head and connect the columns with braces.井干式木结构因其状如古代水并的围栏，故名并干。并干式结构首先将木材平行向上层层叠置，在转角处利用榫卯咬合，形成房屋四壁，然后在侧壁上承檩构成房顶。但此种做法木材消耗巨大，故而多见于林区，中国只在东北、西南山区少量出现。It is named Binggan because it looks like a fence in ancient times. In the dry-type structure, the wood is first stacked in parallel and upward layers, and the mortise and tenon are used at the corners to form the four walls of the house, and then the purlins on the side walls form the roof.石砌结构在中国西南山区，如羌族及嘉绒藏族聚居区，山体多为板岩或片麻岩，易于开采加工，且经人耐用，故而逐步形成了以石材砌筑墙体的结构形式，此类建筑墙体为石砌，屋顶为木结构，上覆士层，很适合当地干燥少雨的气候特征。In the mountainous areas of southwest China, such as the inhabited areas of Qiang and Jiarong Tibetans, the mountains are mostly slate or gneiss, which are easy to be mined and processed, and are durable. Therefore, the structural form of stone masonry walls has gradually formed.夯土结构夯土技术早在原始时期即已出现，通过人工夯筑，可以大大增加夯土体的强度和耐久性，是古代墙体、台基常用的构造方法。由于夯土是分层夯实，在夯土体之上能看到明显的分层痕迹。The ramming technology has appeared in the primitive period. Through manual ramming, the strength and durability of rammed soil can be greatly increased. It is a common construction method for ancient walls and abutments. Since the compacted soil is compacted in layers, obvious layering marks can be seen on the compacted soil.砖拱券仿木结构中国早期纯砖石结构多见于地下墓室，地面以上除佛塔及桥梁外，较少使用此类技术。至元明时期，伴随砖瓦生产的迅速增长，同时通过吸收中亚与西亚地区的拱券技术，汉地出现了样式繁多的砖拱券建筑，多数为仿木建筑造型。In the early stage of China, pure brick and stone structures were mostly found in underground tombs. Except for pagodas and bridges above the ground, such technologies were rarely used. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, with the rapid growth of brick and tile production.
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