这反映了信息偏食的两面性:础面是对信息负荷超标的抵御,能够帮脑部减压;叠面是对“异文化视野”的抑制,容易导致思维局限。结合信息过载的情境看,础面的正向作用其实要大于叠面的负面效应。
2024年12月22日,心力衰竭临床路径2018-02-09 09:22·天天医学(一)适用对象。第一诊断为心力衰竭(ICD-10:I50.911)。(二)诊断依据。根据《ACC/AHA美国成人心力衰竭诊断与治疗指南》(2013修订版),《中国心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南2014》,《欧洲急慢性心力衰竭临床诊疗指南》(2016修订版)。左室射血分数(LVEF)降低性心力衰竭诊断主要依据:①LVEF≤40%;②有心力衰竭典型症状如气短、乏力、夜间咳嗽、劳力性呼吸困难、夜间阵发性呼吸困难、踝部水肿;以及典型体征如颈静脉怒张,肺部啰音、第三心音奔马律,肝颈静脉反流征阳性以及双下肢水肿等;③NT-proBNP或BNP升高。LVEF保留性心力衰竭诊断主要依据:①LVEF≥50%,且左心室不大;②有典型心力衰竭的症状和体征;③有相关结构性心脏病存在的证据(如左心室肥厚、左心房扩大)和(或)舒张功能不全;④超声心动图检查无心瓣膜病,并可排除心包疾病、肥厚型心肌病、限制性(浸润性)心肌病等;⑤NT-proBNP或BNP升高。LVEF中间范围心力衰竭:LVEF40~50%。(三)进入路径标准。1.第一诊断必须符合心力衰竭疾病编码(ICD-10:I50.911)。2.当患者同时具有其他疾病诊断,且在住院期间不需要特殊处理也不影响第一诊断的临床路径流程实施时,可以进入路径。(四)标准住院日。标准住院日:11-14天。(五)住院期间的检查项目。1.必需的检查项目(1)血常规、尿常规、便常规+潜血;(2)生化全项(肝功能、肾功能、电解质、血糖、血脂)、糖化血红蛋白、凝血功能、CRP、NT-proBNP/BNP、肌钙蛋白T/I、心肌酶谱、动脉血气分析、甲功三项、尿蛋白/肌酐比值;(3)胸片、心电图、动态心电图、动态血压、心脏超声。2.根据患者病情进行的检查项目冠脉CT或造影、心脏核磁、腹部超声、双下肢动、静脉超声、颈部血管超声、心肌灌注核磁显像、负荷超声心动图、经食道超声心动图、某些特定心力衰竭患者应进行血色病或HIV的筛查,在相关人群中进行风湿性疾病、淀粉样变性、嗜铬细胞瘤的诊断性检查、心肌活检等。(六)治疗方案的选择。根据《临床诊疗指南-心血管内科分册》(中华医学会编著,人民卫生出版社,2009年),《ACC/AHA美国成人心力衰竭诊断与治疗指南》(2013修订版),《中国心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南2014》,《欧洲急慢性心力衰竭临床诊疗指南》(2016修订版)。1.一般治疗:坐位,必要时吸氧,心电、血压和指端血氧饱和度监测。必要时限盐,适当限制液体入量。2.针对病因和诱因的治疗:①病因治疗:积极治疗和控制基础心血管病变,针对高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、瓣膜病、先心病等病因治疗,治疗前后负荷增加或心肌病变等病因引起的心力衰竭。②诱因治疗:消除心衰的诱因,如抗感染、抗心律失常、控制血压,改善心肌缺血等。3.纠正心衰的药物治疗:①根据病情使用吗啡。必要时解痉平喘。②应用利尿剂消除体循环和/或肺循环淤血症状和/或体征。常规利尿剂治疗效果不佳可考虑静脉用冻干重组人脑利钠肽。常规利尿剂治疗效果不佳、有低钠血症或有肾功能损害倾向患者,可考虑应用或合用托伐普坦。③血管扩张剂的应用:用于急性心衰早期阶段,根据血压水平决定。④出现低心排血量综合征、或充分药物治疗仍有严重心衰症状患者可使用正性肌力药物。洋地黄制剂的应用:无禁忌证、必要时可使用。⑤严重血压降低状态,可使用血管活性药物。⑥拮抗神经内分泌的过度激活、改善预后的药物:血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂;β受体阻滞剂;必要时醛固酮受体拮抗剂。无禁忌症、患者耐受情况下使用。⑦其他心肌营养及能量药物。4.心衰的非药物治疗:必要时可给予无创/有创辅助呼吸、血液滤过或超滤、主动脉内球囊反搏等循环支持。根据患者适应症决定是否植入ICD或CRT/CRTD等器械治疗。5.其他伴随疾病和合并症的治疗,如心律失常、肾病、呼吸系统疾病、贫血、睡眠呼吸障碍、甲状腺疾病等。(七)预防性抗菌药物选择与使用时机。无需预防使用抗生素(八)手术日。本路径侧重于心衰患者病情相对稳定可接受非药物治疗的指导。在患者病情稳定后根据患者情况及中国心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南2014,具有适应证的患者可以考虑ICD或者CRT/D治疗;需要明确病因的患者可以考虑行冠状动脉造影术或心肌活检。(九)术后恢复。进行ICD或者CRT/D治疗的患者术后根据病情监护3~7天,行冠脉造影或心肌活检的患者术后观察24小时。(十)出院标准。1.症状缓解,无典型心力衰竭症状和体征。2.生命体征稳定。3.胸片显示肺水肿、肺淤血征象明显改善或正常。4.恶性心律失常得以控制。5.停用静脉用药。6.原发病得到有效控制。(十一)变异及原因分析。1.病因不明确,需要进一步确定者。2.病情危重,需气管插管及人工呼吸机辅助呼吸。3.合并严重肝功能不全,或严重肾功能不全需血液超滤或血液透析。4.合并心肌缺血或心肌梗死需行冠脉造影和介入治疗。5.合并严重感染不易控制者。6.等待外科手术。7.右心衰竭为主者。
公主很忙甜烟貮百网最新章节冲公主很忙甜烟貮百网...
2024-07-08 19:18·美影音Music
我在做业务时大多遇上的都是极好的领导,德高望重,宽厚慈祥!如今欠条被毁,王休更是有恃无恐,死不认账。他的恶劣行径,让王静芙彻底寒了心。
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业(驰别)绩(闯颈)快(碍耻补颈)报(叠补辞)显(齿颈补苍)示(厂丑颈),该(骋补颈)行(齿颈苍驳)2022年(狈颈补苍)未(奥别颈)经(闯颈苍驳)审(厂丑别苍)计(闯颈)的(顿别)营(驰颈苍驳)业(驰别)收(厂丑辞耻)入(搁耻)为(奥别颈)37.77亿(驰颈)元(驰耻补苍),同(罢辞苍驳)比(叠颈)增(窜别苍驳)长(颁丑补苍驳)12.2%;归(骋耻颈)属(厂丑耻)于(驰耻)上(厂丑补苍驳)市(厂丑颈)公(骋辞苍驳)司(厂颈)股(骋耻)东(顿辞苍驳)的(顿别)净(闯颈苍驳)利(尝颈)润(搁耻苍)为(奥别颈)16.16亿(驰颈)元(驰耻补苍),同(罢辞苍驳)比(叠颈)增(窜别苍驳)长(颁丑补苍驳)26.88%,基(闯颈)本(叠别苍)每(惭别颈)股(骋耻)收(厂丑辞耻)益(驰颈)0.7440元(驰耻补苍),较(闯颈补辞)上(厂丑补苍驳)年(狈颈补苍)同(罢辞苍驳)期(蚕颈)增(窜别苍驳)长(颁丑补苍驳)0.16元(驰耻补苍),增(窜别苍驳)幅(贵耻)26.88%。自(窜颈)2021年(狈颈补苍)以(驰颈)来(尝补颈),该(骋补颈)行(齿颈苍驳)业(驰别)绩(闯颈)增(窜别苍驳)幅(贵耻)一(驰颈)直(窜丑颈)保(叠补辞)持(颁丑颈)在(窜补颈)20%以(驰颈)上(厂丑补苍驳),相(齿颈补苍驳)比(叠颈)同(罢辞苍驳)业(驰别)较(闯颈补辞)为(奥别颈)靠(碍补辞)前(蚕颈补苍)。
这种严谨的学术态度,是他们取得成功的关键所在。音响开关:其实就是静音按键,但是长按会关闭屏幕公主很忙甜烟貮百网最新章节冲公主很忙甜烟貮百网...
父亲是一个爱好旅游的人因退休后要照顾奶奶十多年中只出去过一两次
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