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饿了么收购百度外卖今日揭晓外卖的下半场对决开始了2017-08-24 07:43·第一财经饿了么收购百度外卖的靴子即将落地。据接近交易的百度相关人士透露，饿了么将于今天正式对外宣布收购百度外卖。百度外卖的估值在5-8亿美元。交易完成后，百度外卖将获得一部分现金和饿了么的股份。在此之前，第一财经曾独家报道，饿了么最快将在本周宣布收购百度外卖，并且上述交易完成后，百度外卖将独立运营一年左右。值得一提的是，作为这一年多来数次被传出售的标的，百度外卖与饿了么的谈判已经有一段时间。据悉，饿了么创始人兼CEO张旭豪在今年6月前后曾带团队前往北京谈判。据TrustData在2017年5月发布的报告，在外卖领域，美团外卖、饿了么、百度外卖分别以1.23%、0.97%和0.20%的月度覆盖率居行业前三。饿了么正式将百度外卖收入囊中，意味着如今的外卖市场只剩下美团和饿了么这两个重要的参与者。但由于阿里在饿了么拥有更多的话语权，外卖市场上美团和饿了么的最终排位赛也被业内解读为美团与阿里的对决。此前2015年阿里投资饿了么12.5亿美元，占股约27.7%，是饿了么第一大股东。2017年5月，据彭博社消息，阿里又向饿了么投资至少10亿美元。而这笔资金也被视为阿里为饿了么收购百度外卖提供了“粮草”。饿了么即将公布收购百度外卖的消息传播开来之后，有报道称美团已经成立了作战小组来应对和阿里对决。虽然美团点评方面随后向第一财经记者表示上述作战小组的消息并不属实，但对于阿里在外卖市场的虎视眈眈，美团的压力并不小。事实上，美团和阿里两家此前已经有过不少摩擦。阿里去年打折出售美团老股份的消息曾给美团点评带来新的资金压力，这对于融资已经进行到G轮，很难再找到大的投资机构入场的美团点评而言并不是一个好的消息。对此，王兴在谈起此事还点名称阿里此举是在干扰美团融资，“或许是为了将来能继续给我们制造点麻烦”。第一财经记者发现，目前饿了么APP中“发现”入口增加的“精选好货”板块，里面的产物不少都是淘宝、天猫的产物链接。8月1日，口碑发布公告，外卖业务并入饿了么，8月31日完成切换。不仅如此，如今重启了口碑和入股了饿了么的阿里日前还在继续积极布局本地生活服务市场。去年，蚂蚁金服和春华资本分别出资5000万美元和4.1亿美元，入股百胜中国。去年下半年，美团点评公司CEO王兴在谈到当前市场状态时开始频频使用“下半场”，认为团购商战在美团点评合并后已基本结束，外卖竞争依然激烈，但将在6~12个月内结束。而王兴的依据有两点：一是互联网人口红利期结束，市场基本被瓜分完毕;二是市场玩家已经初具规模，到了为客户、消费者和投资人真正创造价值的时候。只不过，即使已经进入下半场，如今市场依然是一场拉锯战。然而，即使王兴认为依赖补贴、地推和融资烧钱的模式已经随着上半场而结束，但是在外卖市场，由于饿了么的存在，商家们依然拥有选择权。对此，电商战略分析师李成东的观点是，阿里巴巴重新杀入餐饮，做的是支付而不是餐饮，目的是防范美团做支付冲击蚂蚁金服。“早在半年前美团合并大众点评后，O2O餐饮服务市场格局就已确立。不管阿里怎么做，打的是阻击战，不是围剿战。”而CIC灼识咨询执行董事朱悦告诉第一财经记者，现在各大平台的补贴力度相较于竞争初期，已经稳定许多，整体市场格局也逐步形成。可以预见到，未来市场份额主要的争夺热点将会是在商户资源和服务质量的竞争上。各种“专送品牌”概念的引入，以及配送速度、范围上的改善，将会决定用户对于平台的选择，而掌握了用户群，才是对于市场真正的掌控。“未来一到两年内，无论是美团或是饿了么，都将会开始对于竞争对手的整合策略，届时，预计将可能形成如今滴滴对于网约车市场这样一家对于外卖市场有着绝对统治力的公司出现。”朱悦补充道。

2024年12月22日，通过描写农民在夏日辛勤劳作的艰辛和贫苦，表达了诗人对劳动人民的深切同情。

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但从目前老年人求职情况来看不少老年人了解就业岗位的方式仍以朋友介绍等线下渠道为主所做工作也为保洁、门卫等较为基础的岗位内容线上端除中国老年人才网之外大部分主流招聘平台尚未设置老年人服务专区但部分岗位标示了招聘退休人员等字样

时下活得最舒服的是65-70岁的退休族，我归纳出11条，看你占几条时光走过昨天，不过一碗烟火，岁月结茧。总有找不回的人，忘不掉的从前。学会万事随风，清零忧愁。不是所有的故事都有始终，不是所有的人都值得在记忆里鲜活生命。

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cuxiaohuodong：cuxiaohuodongshicuxiaodeyizhongxingshi，tashiyoushijianxingde，shiliyongyizhonghuozheduozhongxingshicijixiaofeizhegoumaichanpindeshijianxingyouxi，caiyongzaishoumaixianchanghuozhefeishoumaixianchangdefangshi，duoyizengjiachanpindefujiazhiweihuodongdezhuyaocijifangshi。3、 renyuantuixiao：liyonggetiderenyuanjinxingyiduiyixiaoshoudefangshi，zhezhongfangshikeyiyigerendachengxiaoshou。zaiqiyedezhuanyehuaxiaoshouguochengzhongyijizaihexiaofeizhejieshoudezuijinjulishi，qiyeyehuicaiyongtuixiaodefangshicujinxiaoshoudedacheng。4、 xiaoshoucujin：xiaoshoucujindefangshihenduo，birucuxiaokeyichengzhiweixiaoshoucujin，renyuantuixiaoyekeyichengweishixiaoshoucujin。zaiyingxiaoxingweidangzhong，chanpindebaifang、shichangdeshengdonghua、guanggaoxuanchuan、qudaodezhengce，baokuoduiyewurenyuandejianglidukeyichengweixiaoshoucujinxingwei。5、 qudaozhuxiao：gumingsiyijiushibangzhuqudaochengyuanjinxingxiaoshouheyizhongxingwei。yibancaiyongdefangfashi：qiyepairenbangzhuyijihuoerjiqudaochengyuangengkuaidefenxiaochanpin，rangqudaochengyuanduichanpingengyouxinxin，congerdachenggenggaoreqingdexiaoshouzhuangtai。6、 kunbangxiaoshou：zaimaiyigechanpindeshihou，dashoulingwaiyigechanpin；huozhezaimaiyigechanpindeshihousongyigechanpin；huozhezaimaiyigechanpindeshihoubazhegechanpindexiangguanchanpinfangzaiyiqi，zuhechengyigechanpinxiliejinxingdoushoude，zhedushuyukunbangxiaoshouxingwei。7、 ranglicuxiao：shizaixiaoshouyigechanpindeguochengzhong，yidiyuyuanyoujiagexiaoshoudeyizhongxingwei。ranglicuxiaobujinfashengzaiqiyeduiqudaochengyuandejingyingyewudangzhong，huanhuifashengzaimaichang。qiyeyibanhuiliyongnianjie、danwangjidezhuanhuanjinxingchanpinderanglicuxiao。8、 guanggaojiangli：guanggaojiangliduofashengzaiqiyeduijingxiaoshangdeyingxiaoxingweidangzhong，jingxiaoshangshiqiyezaiyigequyudedaiyanren，bujinfuzezhegequyudexiaoshou，huanyaodanfuzhegequyudeshichangjianshe，suoyi， qiyehuiliyongguanggaojianglidexingweilaicujinjingxiaoshanggengduodexiaoshouchanpinhegenghaodejianshehewanshanshichang。guanggaojianglidefangfahuicaiyongduozhongfangshijinxing，liru：xiaoshouyidingdeliang，jiangliyidingjinedeguanggaofeiyong；huozhecaiyongguanggaobutiedefangfajinxing；yeyoucaiyonghuikuankouchudefangshi。9、 gongguan：gongguanxingweibushiwomentongchangyiyishangxiangxiangderenjiguanxidechuli，zaiyingxiaoxingweidangzhong，gongguanxingweifashengzaimeigejiaoluo，biru：duijingxiaoshangxuyaogongguan，duimeitixuyaogongguan；duiyewurenyuan xuyaogongguan；duixiaofeizheyexuyaogongguan；weiliaochanpindexiaoshouxuyaogongguan，weiliaopinpaidetishengyeyaogongguan；zongzhi，gongguanshiqiyerichangjingyingxingweidangzhongbukequeshaodeneirong。10、 xianchangcuxiao：xianchangcuxiaoshuodeshishoumaixianchangdecuxiaoxingwei，yibancaiyongxianchangmojiang、guajiang、maijiusongdengfangshi。er、zhongduancuxiaokongzhi1、saojie：zaitedingdequyushichangnei，weidachengchanpinquanmianpuhuodemubiao，duigaiquyuneisuoyoulingshoudiandepuhuo、zhanshihehuohuahuodong。changyongyushichangyijingchongfenxifen、goumaipinlvxiangduijiaogaodechan pinleibie。fangfashianzhaoquyuhuafenchengbutongdepian，youyewurenyuananzhaoquyudeluxianyijiayijiadejinxingbaifanghelihuo，mudeshibuloudiaoyijiadian，suoyichengzhiweisaojie。2、shengeng：genjuchanpindetedianhexiaofeizhedegoumaixiguan，duigecengcilingshouchangsuozaipuhuo、zhanshisheji、zuoyongsheji、mubiaoshejidengfangmiandezonghehengliangheshezhigongzuo，yishixianshichangshangchanpindezui jiaweizhidexiaofeizhejiechuguocheng。changyongyushichangyijingchongfenxifen、goumaipinlvgaodekuaisuliuzhuanpin。shengengdehanyishimeigecengmiandediandushedingliaobutongdezeren，yibanqingkuanghenduoxiaodianqiyeshihennanzhao gudaode，suoyi，shengengyekeyilijieweiqiyedezerenzengjia。3、cufang：xiangduishengengeryan，chanpinchangshangbuwanquanzhijiecanyulingshouxianchangdexiaoshou，duixiaoshoushangdezerenyebuhuishedinggengduo，ershizirandeliutong，fangfashijiangchanpintongguojingxiaoshang、pifashangdengfenxiaoqudaoxiaoshou，changshangyibanbuzhijiemianduilingshouxianchang。4、cuxiao：cuxiaoshizhiyunyonggezhongduanqidecijigongju，cijixiaofeizhehezhongjianshangkuaisuhe（huo）jiaodaliangdigoumaiyizhongtedingchanpinhuofuwu。cuxiaoshuyutuiguangshouduanzhongdeyizhong，changyongdecuxiaogongjufenweiyixiasanlei：xiaofeizhecuxiao、jiaoyicuxiao、xiaoshourenyuancuxiao。5、lihuo：lihuoshizhiqiyeduichanpinxiaoshouzhongduan———dianmianxiaoshoudeyizhongdudaohecujinxingwei，fangfashitongguoqiyedeyewurenyuandingqidebaifanglai dacheng。zaibaifangshixuyaoduiqiyezaigaixiaoshouwangdiandechanpinjinxingxiaoshoudengji，tongjixiaoshoujikucundexinxi，yibianjishibuhuo。zailihuoshiyaobangzhuxiaoshouwangdianbaochichanpindebaifang、chenliejihuohua，mu deshirangchanpinnenggoushunlididachengxiaoshou。6、luxianbaifang：zhizailihuoxingweizhong，qiyeyewurenyuandebaifangyaoanzhaoyidingdeluxianpailie，yijieshengshijianhegengfangbian、bianquanmiandizhaogudaosuoyoudexiaoshouwangdiandeyizhongxingwei。qiyehuizaiyigequyupailiebutongdeluxian，anpaiduogeyewurenyuananzhaoshijiandehuafen，fenbiejinxingbaifang。san、zhongduancuxiaokongzhi1、daogou：daogoushiqiyezaixiaoshouzhongduanshelixiaoshourenyuanduizijidechanpinjinxingtuijie，tongshibangzhuxiaofeizhegenjuzijidexuyaohelixuanzeshihechanpinheyizhongxingwei。yibanqingkuangxia，naiyongxiaofeipinliyongzhezhongxingweidebijiaoduo。2、guwenshixiaoshou：zheshixiaoshoudeyizhongxingweibiaoxian，qiyezhixiaoshikeyicaiyong，tongguozaixiaoshouzhongduandedaogouxingweiyekeyidachengzheyangdefangshi。zhuyaoshizaiduichanpinjinxingtuijiedeguochengzhong，zhanzaixiaofeizhedejiaodubangzhuxuanzedeyizhongxiaoshoujiqiao，zhezhongjiqiaohuankeyifangzaiqitadexiaoshoufuwuxingshidangzhong。3、shengdonghua：jiushitongguoyouxiaodehuanjingguihua、qifenyingzao、shangpinchenliedengshouduanshiqiyedechanpinzaimoduanqudaojishoudiannenggouxiyinxiaofeizheguanglin、cijixiaofeizhedegoumaiyuwang，zuizhongcuchengxiaofeizhegoumai，shixianzhengtixiaoshoudexunsutisheng。4、maichanghuohua：duidulimaichang（biruzhuanmaidian、shangchangzhongdeshangpinzhuanguideng）deshengdonghua，duizhexiefanweineidechanpinchenlie、buzhi、qifenyingzaodengfangmiandeshengdonghuachuli。zhexiechulizhuzhongdebujin shichanpinzaimaichangyuxuanchuangongjuzhijiandepeihe，gengzhongyaodeshichanpinbenshendebaifangchuli，chanpindebaifanghechulinengrangxiaofeizhechanshengbutongdegoumaixintai，suoyi，qiyexuyaoxunlianyewurenyuanxuehuihuohua hefangfa。5、moduanzhanshi：zaixiaoshouzhongduandechanpinbaifangyaoyixiaofeizhedejieshoufangshijinxing，chengzhiweimoduanzhanshi。yaogenjumaichangdetiaojianhexiaofeizhedeganshouzongjiebaifangdeguizehefangfa，tongshiyaokaolvdaochanpindebaozhuangyuansu、suqiuyuansu，yibeixiaofeizhegengrongyikandaohegengfangbiandijieshoudeyuanzejinxingzhanshi。6、moduan：moduanyechengzhongduan，shixiaoshouxingweidangzhonghexiaofeizhezhijiejiechudezuijinjuli，yibanzhimaichang。lingshoujibenshuyutiaoxingmahuotiaoma（BAR CODE）:yongyibiaoshiyidingshangpinxinxideguojishangtongyongdefuhao。yibanyinzhizaishangpinwaibaozhuangshang，shiheibaixiangjiandetiaowentuan。dianneima：chaoshineibuyinzhidetiaoxingma，yudaowutiaomadeshangpinhuoshangpintiaomasunhuaidengduozhongyuanyinzaochengdetiaomashixiaoshishiyong。dianneimazaishouhuobushenqingdayin。shengxiantiaoma：chengzhongshangpindejiagetiaoma，youdianzibangchengzhongshidayinchulai。shouyinji（POINT OF SALES,jiancheng：POS）：xiaoshouxinxiguanlixitong，zhuyaozhixingshouyingongneng。qijibengoujianshi：shangpintiaoma、POSshouyintaixitong、houtaidiannao。yechengweidangeshouyinji。kaban：muzhihuojiaozhideyongyufanghuoyunhuodezhanban。（youmuzhikabanhejiaozhikaban）bingban：balianggehuolianggeyishangkabanshangdeshangpin，youtiaolidihebingzaiyigekabanshang。lapaimian：shangpinmeiyouquanbubaimanhuojiadeshihou，liyongxianjinxianchuyuanze，jiangshangpinxiangqianpailie，shipaimianchongying，fengman。shiling：jianhuigukeyiqizaigejiaoluodelingxingshangpin。shouyintaiduanjia：shouyintaiqianmianyonglaichenliehuowudehuojia。xianjinxianchu：xianjindeshangpinxianxiaoshou。duitou：ji“cuxiaoqu”,tongchangyongzhanban，tiekuanghuozhouzhuanxiangduijiercheng。zhuangui：zhijingpinqu、yansaquyonglaichenlieguizhongshangpindeboligui。mahuo：duifangshangpinhuobaifangshangpin。huandang：xianglianliangqikuaixunchanpindegenghuan。xiangyingkuaixunshangpindechenlie、jiageyaogenghuan。gaijia：genggaishangpindelingshoujiahuojinhuojiage。jiagepai：yongyubiaoshishangpinshoujiadengneirongdebiaoshipai。jiagepaibixuyonggongsishejidezhizhangyongdiannaodayin，budeshouxie。buhuo：lihuoyuanjiangquehuodeshangpin，yizhaoshangpingeziguidingdechenlieweizhi，dingshihuobudingshidijiangshangpinbuchongdaohuojiashangqudezuoye。quehuo：moushangpindekucunweiling。huanhuo：gukehuoshangchanganyouguanguidingjiangsuogoushangpinyushangchang（changshang）jinxingjiaohuan。shichi：duiyixiecuxiaoshipinjinxingxianchangjiagong，bingranggukexianchangpinchang。qinghuo：weiqinglishangpinyuhuo，jiangjiachulihuodong。huiyuanka：huiyuanzigedepingzheng。zhixiao：zhishangpinxiaoshouxiaoguobumingxianhuohennanmaichudexianxiang。changxiao：zhishangpinxiaoshouxiaoguohaohuohenyimaichudexianxiang。pingxiao：zhishangpinxiaoshouxiaoguobuhaoyebucha。baofei：youyubianzhihuopobao、sunhuaierbunengxiaoshou，xuanfeipinchulideshangpin。xiaoci：zaishouyinguochengzhongduitiejizaishangpinshangdefangdaoma，jinxingjiechucixingdegongzuo。pandian：dingqiduidianneishangpinjinxingqingdian，yiqueshizhangwogaiqijiandejingyingjixiaojikucunqingkuang。kucun：zhishangweixiaoshouchuqudeshangpin。zengpin：weicijixiaoshou，duigoumaiyidingliangsuoshoushangpindeguke，geiyukuizengdingliangdeshangpin。dingdanhaoma：xianggongyingshangyaohuodemeipidinghuodandebianhao。fukucun：zhangmianshangdexiaoliangdayuzhangmianshangdekucunliang，tongchangyinweidiannaoshurudecuowu、diushisunhuaidengsuozhi。pingxiao：zhidanweimianjidexiaoshoue。mixiao：zhichaoshihuojiashang，xiaoshoumianzhixianchangdushangde，meimidexiaoshoue。shangpinzhouzhuanlv：shangpinpingjunxiaoshouechuyipingjunkucune。shangpinkucunzhouqi：shangpinpingjunkucunechuyipingjunxiaoshoue，yirijisuan。chaoshimianshangyibanyongshangpinkucunzhouqi，laikongzhizijinshiyonglv，jiaqiangshangpinxiaoshoushijiandekongzhi。huojia：shangchangneizhuyaocunfangshangpindequyu，tashigukegouwuyouguikexun，tixianshangchangdejingyingmoshi。huojiakehuafenweixiaoshouqu、zhanshiqu、cunhuoqu。duanjia：weiyuhuojialiangduan，yonglaidaliangzhanshishangpindexiaoshouchucunweizhi。xiaoshoudanwei：maigeigukedeyigeshangpinshuliang，yigexiaoshoudanweikeyoubutongshuliangbaozhuang。jiagebiaoqian：tieyuduiyingshangpinchu，baokuo：shangpinbianhao、shangpinshuoming、chandi、guige、dengji。fuhebaozhuang：gongyingshangjiangjigeshangpinfangzaiyiqi，zuoweiyigexiaoshoudanweidebaozhuang。chongdonggouwu：chaochujihuachudegouwuxingwei。zhanshipin：xiaoshouyangban，yingwanzheng，keyunzhuan、qingjie、anquan。anquantongdao：shichaoshijianzhuwuzaishejishiliuchulaidefanghuotongdao，yiyingfujinjiqingkuangshusan。lengcanggui：yonglaichenliexuyaolengcanglingpindelenggui，wenduzai0℃—5℃。lengdonggui：yonglaichenliexuyaolengdongshipindelenggui，wenduzai﹣18℃yixia。baoxianku：yonglaichucunxulengcangdeshipindelengku，chucunrouleiwenduzai0℃、shucaiwenduzai10℃yixia。cuxiaoche：zhuanmenyonglaizaichaoshizhongzhanshi、shichidenghuodongdechezi。tuangou：yicixingdalianggouwu。gaokucun：zhishangpinkucunyuxiaoshouliangchayiguoda。chanshengyuanyin：guojishangpin、dinghuobuzhun、jiageguogao、teshuqingkuang、wentishangpin。tongluyuqudaoliutong:shizhijiangchanpincongzhizaozhe(shengchanzhe)yizhuanzhishiyongzhe(xiaofeizhe)deguocheng；ercanyuzhegejiaoyiguochengdesuoyouchangshang，jigouchengsuoweide「tonglu」（CHANNEL），yichengzhiwei「yingxiaotonglu」huo「peixiaotonglu」。tongludegongneng:tongludechangshangtigongliutongshangpingengduodefujiajiazhi。tongluchangshangtigongxialieqizhongyihuoshuxianggongneng：yi、 jiangshengchanzhesuoshengchandedapiliangchanpin，zhongxinbaozhuangchengweiyibanxiaofeizhesuonenglingmaidexiaoeshuliang。er、 diaopeixiaofeizhesuoxudechanpinzhonglei。san、 zaizhizaochuchanpinhou，yuxiaofeizhegoumaicixiangchanpinqian，jinxingbaoguandegongneng。si、 bachanpinyunsongdaoxiaofeizhesuonenggoumaidaodedifang。wu、 tigongchanpinxinxigeixiaofeizhe，yetigongxiaofeizhedeshichangxinxigeishengchanchangshang。tongludezhuyaochengyuanlingshoushang：suowei「lingshou」shizhizhijiebachanpinhuofuwuxiaoshougeikehu，yigongqigerenhuojiajidanweizuozuizhongshiyongdeyiqiehuodongchengzhi。lingshoushangzhisuoyicunzai，shiyinweitanengweigukedailaiewaidefujiajiazhi：rulianghaodegouwuhuanjing、tigongyouxinyupinpaideshangpin、xiaoshourenyuandejieshuo、didianshezhizhibianlixingdeng。pifashang：suowei「pifa」，shizhisuoyoubachanpinhuofuwuxiaoshouchuqudegezhonghuodongchengzhi。qixiaoshouduixiangbixushi“zhunbeibagaichanpinhuofuwuzaixiaoshouchuquderenhuozuzhi”，huoshi“bagaichanpinhuofuwugongqitashangyeyongtuderenhuozuzhi”，erfeizuizhongxiaofeizhehuojiajidanwei。「pifashang」shizhizhuyaoshicongshipifahuodongdezuzhi。shichangchangyongmingciyi、shichanggainianmingci1、shichang：shichangjiushirenqundeyizhongliyixuqiu，shiyiqunyougongtongtezhengderenqunduimougechanpinhexinliyidegongtongxuqiu。2、shichangyingxiao：qiyehuoyinglixingtuantihuozuzhi，qifatedingrenqunxuqiubingmanzuxuqiudewanzhengguocheng。qifaxuqiu：rangxiaofeizherenshidaozijiyouxuqiubingqiexuyaozhegechanpin。manzuxuqiu：rangxiaofeizhenenggoumaidedaohuozhejieshouzhegechanpin。3、xuqiu：xiaofeizheduiyounengligoumaitongshiyuanyigoumaidejutichanpindeyizhonggoumaixiangfaheyuwang，bixutongshimanzuyounengligoumaiheyuanyigoumailianggetiaojiandeyuwangcainengchengqiweixuqiu。4、xianxingxuqiu：xianxingxuqiushizhixiaofeizhenenggouqingchumiaoshude、keyizhudongtichudexuqiu（biruxiaofeizhekenenghuizhijieshuochu：wokouke，yaoheshui；woxuyaoyijianmaoyideng）；qiyeyaozhongdianbawohelinghuixiaofeizhedexianxingxuqiu。5、yinxingxuqiu：yinxingxuqiushizhixiaofeizhemeiyouzhijietichu、bunengqingchumiaoshudexuqiu。zhezhongxuqiuwangwangshishengchanzhegenjujishudefazhan、duishichangbianhuadeyucedengfangmianlaitichude，zhezhongxuqiushixuyaoyindaode。qiyeyaojifaxiaofeizhedeyinxingxuqiu，yaogengliaojiehetihuikehucainenggenghaodimanzuxiaofeizhedeyinxingxuqiu。6、qianzaishichang：qianzaishichangshizhiyouxiangdangyibufenxiaofeizhekenengduimouxiewupinyouyizhongqiangliedekeqiu，erxianyoudechanpinhuofuwuqueyouwufamanzuzhezhongxuqiu，zheshi，zhebufenxuqiujiugouchengliaoqianzaishichang。yingxiaoderenwuzhiyijiushiyaohengliangqianzaishichangdefanwei，kaifayouxiaodeshangpinhefuwulaimanzuzhexiexuqiu。7、shichangqianliang：zhizaiyigejidingdehuanjingxia，duitedingdechanpinleibiehuoxingyeeryan，dangyingxiaonulidadaowuqiongdashi，shichangxuqiusuoquxiangdejixianshuliang。shichangqianliangshiyigegusuanzhi，zaishijideshizhancaozuozhong，zuizhongdeshichangrongliangwangwangxiaoyuyugudeshichangqianliang。er、shichangxingweimingci1、chongdonggoumai：xiaofeizhezaiyishichongdongzhixiadangjigoumaidexingwei。chongdonggoumaixingweiyuxiaofeizhedegexingtezhengyouguan，yibanlaishuonvxingbinanxinggengyifashengchongdonggoumaixingwei；yixieshangpinleibieyeyifashengchongdonggoumai，liruhuazhuangpin、yinliao、fuzhuangdeng。2、lixingxiaofei：xiangduichongdonggoumaieryan，lixingxiaofeizhixiaofeizhetongguozhoumidefenzhe、bijiaoyanjiuzhihouzuochudegoumaijueding，fashengdegoumaixingwei。xiangyingdi，nanxingzaixiaofeishigengweilixing；zaigoumaidanjiagaohuozhegongnengxingqiangdechanpinshi，xiaofeizheyegengjialixing。3、pinpaizhongcheng：pinpaizhongchengshizhixiaofeizheshouxianduimouzhongpinpaideshangpingandaomanyi，yushizaixuanzezheleichanpinshiduizhegepinpaibiaoxianchuzhongchengdetaidu。pinpaizhongchengduyibanshiduikuaisuliuzhuanpineryan，naiyongxiaofeipinyouyugoumaidepinlvdi，pinpaizhongchengduxiangduijiaoruo。4、juecerenqun：juyougoumaijuecequanderenqun，tamenjuedinggoumaidechanpinleibie、pinpai、shijian、ruhemai、maiduoshaodengdengfangmian。goumaijuecezhebuyidingshishangpindeshiyongzhe，biru，yingeryongpindejuecezhewangwangshimuqin；goumaijuecezheyebuyidingzhijiegoumaishangpin；juecezhekenengshidanrenjueceyekenengshiduorengongtongjuece。5、goumairenqun：shishigoumaixingweideren（haizihemuqinzaishangchangzhongxuangouertongshipinshi，haizikeyizijitiaoxuanxihuandeshipin，zheshihaizishigoumaidejuecezhe，ermuqinshizhenzhengdegoumaizhe）。6、tuiguangrenqun：tuiguangrenqunshiduiqiyedetuiguanggongzuoeryan，shixiangshuituiguangdewenti。biru，qiyedeguanggaotuiguangrenqun、cuxiaotuiguangrenqundeng。tuiguangrenqunkeyishichanpindeshiyongzhe、goumaizhe、juecezhe、yingxiangzhehuozhedubushi。tuiguangrenqundefanweishedingyaogenjuqiyeyingxiaoheguanggaoceluedezhidinglaijueding。san、shichangceluemingci（yi）1、STPyingxiao：xiandaiyingxiaozhanluedehexin，chengweiSTPyingxiao。STPshiyingwenSEGMENTING,TARGETING,POSITIONINGdesuoxie，zhongwenwei：xifenshichang、xuanzemubiaoshichanghedingwei。yejiushizaichayihuayingxiaodesiluxia，duishichangjinxingquge，zaixuanzedemubiaoshichangzhongzhaodaohelideshichangdingwei。2、chayihuayingxiao：shizhishejiyixilieyouyiyidechayi，yishibengongsidechanpintongjingzhengzhechanpinxiangqufendexingwei。qiyeshiyongchayihuayingxiaoshiyinweixiaofeizheyoubutongdeaihaoheqingxiang，bingsuishijiandetuiyi，xiaofeizhedeaihaoyehuifashengbianhua，chayihuakeyigeixiaofeizhegengduodexuanze。3、shichangquge：dingyiyixietezheng，genjuzhexietezhengjiangzhenggeshichanghuafenweixuduoxifenshichangdeguocheng（birukeyigenjuxiaofeizhedexingbie、nianlingjieduan、zhiyetezheng、shenghuoxiguandengyinsubianlianglaiqugeshichang）。4、xifenshichang：zhexiegenjugezhongbianliangtezhenghuafenhoudeyigegexiaoshichangjiuchengweixifenshichang（liruzaiguozhiyinliaoleibiezhong，keyixifenchunongsuoguozhi、dichunduguozhi、guorouyinliaodeng，fenbieshiyingbutongxiaofeizhedekouwei、yinyongxiguan、yinyongchanghedeng）。5、mubiaoshichang：huafenchuxifenshichangzhihou，qiyeyaojiehechanpindetedian、ziyuanzhuangkuanghegegexifenshichangdezhuangkuangquedingqiyejiangjinrunagehuonaxiexifenshichang。xuandingdezhexiexifenshichangjiuchengweimubiaoshichang。6、shichangdingwei：chanpinzaigegemubiaoshichangdexiaofeizhexinmuzhongxingchengdemouzhonggainian。dingweikeyixiangxiaofeizheshuomingbenchanpinyujingzhengchanpinjiujingyoushimequbie，tashigongsitigonggeixiaofeizhedechanpinchuanzhenhexin，xiaofeizheyehuiyiciweiyijulailijiezhegechanpindepinpaihetigongqiye。7、shichangdiaoyan：shoujihefenzhexiaofeizhexinxi、shichangxinxiheyingxiaojuecechengguodeyanjiugongzuo。changjiandeshichangdiaoyanneirongbaokuo：shichangqianliangfenzhe、shichangfenefenzhe、jingzhengfenzhe、xiaoshoufenzhe、quyushichangfenzhedengdeng。yibandeshichangdiaoyanfangfayou：dianhuafangtan、wenjuandiaocha、ruhufangtan、xiaozumiantandeng。8、yingxiaoshenji：yingxiaoshenjishiduiyigegongsihuoyigeqiyedanweideyingxiaohuanjing、mubiao、zhanluehehuodongsuozuodequanmian、xitong、dulihedingqidejiancha，qimudezaiyujuedingwentidefanweihejihui，tichuxingdongjihua，yitigaogongsideyingxiaoyeji。si、shichangceluemingci（er）1、shichangzhanyoulv：shichangzhanyoulvshangkaoliangqiyehuopinpaijingzhengdiweidezhongyaozhibiaozhiyi，zhizaiyidingdeshichangfanweinei，gongsidechanpinhuopinpaizhanzhengtishichangxiaoshouedebaifenbi。2、jingpin：yuqiyechanpinyoujingzhengguanxidechanpin。jingpindefanweibaokuo：yuqiyedechanpinchuyuxiangtongchanpinleibiedeqitapinpai、yumouzhongchanpincunzaitidaiguanxideqitaleibiedechanpin。3、4P：yingxiaozhongde4Pshichuantongyingxiaosidazuheyaosudejiancheng，4PfenbiezhidaiPRODUCT（chanpin）、PRICE（jiage）、PLACE（qudao、tonglu）、PROMOTION（cuxiao）。4、4C：jinnianlaitichudeyingxiaosidayinsu，4CfenbiezhidaiCONSUMER（guke）、COMMUNICATION（goutong）、COST（chengben、jiazhi）、CONVENIENCE（fangbian），4Cdetichutixianliaoxiandaiyingxiaozhonggukehefuwuliniandeshenru；4Cgengjiazhuzhongxiaofeizhedeganshou，zhuzhongxiaofeizhegoumaichanpinshidexiangfa，erbushi4Pshidaiwanquanyiqiyechanpinliyidechuandahegaozhiweimude。5、zhengheyingxiao：zhengheyingxiaoshizhidanggongsisuoyoubumendunengweigukedeliyifuwushideyingxiaozhuangtai，zheyangzuodejieguobenshengouchengzhengheyingxiao。yaoshixianzhengheyingxiao，shouxiangezhongyingxiaozhineng——tuixiaorenyuan、guanggao、chanpinguanli、yingxiaodiaoyandengbixubicixiediao；dier，yingxiaobumenbixuyugongsiqitabumenhenhaodixiediao。6、guanxiyingxiao：guanxiyingxiaoshizhiyugongsiguanjianchengyuan（guke、gongyingshang、fenxiaoshangdeng）jianlichangqimanyiguanxideyingxiaoshijianhuodong。mudeshiweiliaobaochichangqidechengjiheyewu。guanxiyingxiaodezuizhongjieguoshinenggoujianliqigongsideyingxiaowangluo。guanxiyingxiaodezhongdianyingfangzai：（1）weichiguke；（2）changqilianxudiyugukebaochijiechu；（3）zhuzhonggukejiazhi；（4）qiangdiaoduigukefuwudechengdu；（5）chengnuomanzugukedeqiwang（6）qiyequantirenyuangaoduguanzhuzhiliang7、shichanglingxiancelue：shijingzhengzhanluedeyizhongxingshi。juedaduoshuxingyeduyouyigebeigongrendeshichanglingxianzhegongsi，zhegegongsizaixiangguanchanpindeshichangshangzhanyouzuidadeshichangfene。tongchangzaijiagebianhua、xinchanpinyinjin、fenxiaofugaihecuxiaoqiangdushang，duiqitagongsiqizhuolingdaozhedezuoyong。caiyongshichanglingxianzhanluedegongsirutongyongdianqi、keda、IBM、baojiedeng。8、shichangzhuisuicelue：canyujingzhengdanburaoluanshichangjumian。zaixingyezhongzhanyoudier、disanheyihouweicidegongsikechengweijucizhehuozhuisuizhegongsi，zaitamendeshilifanweinei，mouxiegongsikeyishixiangdangdade，rugaolujie、fute、xiwudianqi、baishikele、TCL、kangjiadeng。9、tuozhanshichang：zaiqiyehuozhepinpaiweikaifaheshelieguodeshichangfanweidetuozhanxingshichanghuodong。zhegeshichangdegainiankenengshidiliquyushangweikaifaguode，yekenengshitedingdeweikaifaguoderenqun。tuozhanshichangshijingzhengxingdeshichangcelue。10、jiansheshichang：jiansheshichangdemudezaiyugongguqiyehuozhepinpaidexianyoushichang，baochishichangzhanyoulv。zheshiyizhongfangshouxingdeshichangcelue。tuiguangchangyongmingci1、cuxiao（SP）：cuxiaoshizhiqiyegenjushichangzhuangkuangyuzishentiaojian，tongguozhengtiguihua，zhidingzaiyidingshiqineinenggoucujinchanpinxiaoshoudegexianghuodongdezongcheng。cuxiaoshituiguangdezuchengbufen。cuxiaodezhuyaofangshibaokuo：guanggao、xiaoshoucujin、renyuantuixiaohegongguanxuanchuan。2、cuxiaohuodong：cuxiaohuodongshicuxiaodeyizhongxingshi，tashiyoushijianxingde，shiliyongyizhonghuozheduozhongxingshicijixiaofeizhegoumaichanpindeshijianxingyouxi，caiyongzaishoumaixianchanghuozhefeishoumaixianchangdefangshi，duoyizengjiachanpindefujiazhiweihuodongdezhuyaocijifangshi。3、renyuantuixiao：liyonggetiderenyuanjinxingyiduiyixiaoshoudefangshi，zhezhongfangshikeyiyigerendachengxiaoshou。zaiqiyedezhuanyehuaxiaoshouguochengzhongyijizaihexiaofeizhejieshoudezuijinjulishi，qiyeyehuicaiyongtuixiaodefangshicujinxiaoshoudedacheng。4、xiaoshoucujin：xiaoshoucujindefangshihenduo，birucuxiaokeyichengzhiweixiaoshoucujin，renyuantuixiaoyekeyichengweishixiaoshoucujin。zaiyingxiaoxingweidangzhong，chanpindebaifang、shichangdeshengdonghua、guanggaoxuanchuan、qudaodezhengce，baokuoduiyewurenyuandejianglidukeyichengweixiaoshoucujinxingwei。5、qudaozhuxiao：gumingsiyijiushibangzhuqudaochengyuanjinxingxiaoshouheyizhongxingwei。yibancaiyongdefangfashi：qiyepairenbangzhuyijihuoerjiqudaochengyuangengkuaidefenxiaochanpin，rangqudaochengyuanduichanpingengyouxinxin，congerdachenggenggaoreqingdexiaoshouzhuangtai。6、kunbangxiaoshou：zaimaiyigechanpindeshihou，dashoulingwaiyigechanpin；huozhezaimaiyigechanpindeshihousongyigechanpin；huozhezaimaiyigechanpindeshihoubazhegechanpindexiangguanchanpinfangzaiyiqi，zuhechengyigechanpinxiliejinxingdoushoude，zhedushuyukunbangxiaoshouxingwei。7、ranglicuxiao：shizaixiaoshouyigechanpindeguochengzhong，yidiyuyuanyoujiagexiaoshoudeyizhongxingwei。ranglicuxiaobujinfashengzaiqiyeduiqudaochengyuandejingyingyewudangzhong，huanhuifashengzaimaichang。qiyeyibanhuiliyongnianjie、danwangjidezhuanhuanjinxingchanpinderanglicuxiao。8、guanggaojiangli：guanggaojiangliduofashengzaiqiyeduijingxiaoshangdeyingxiaoxingweidangzhong，jingxiaoshangshiqiyezaiyigequyudedaiyanren，bujinfuzezhegequyudexiaoshou，huanyaodanfuzhegequyudeshichangjianshe，suoyi，qiyehuiliyongguanggaojianglidexingweilaicujinjingxiaoshanggengduodexiaoshouchanpinhegenghaodejianshehewanshanshichang。guanggaojianglidefangfahuicaiyongduozhongfangshijinxing，liru：xiaoshouyidingdeliang，jiangliyidingjinedeguanggaofeiyong；huozhecaiyongguanggaobutiedefangfajinxing；yeyoucaiyonghuikuankouchudefangshi。9、gongguan：gongguanxingweibushiwomentongchangyiyishangxiangxiangderenjiguanxidechuli，zaiyingxiaoxingweidangzhong，gongguanxingweifashengzaimeigejiaoluo，biru：duijingxiaoshangxuyaogongguan，duimeitixuyaogongguan；duiyewurenyuanxuyaogongguan；duixiaofeizheyexuyaogongguan；weiliaochanpindexiaoshouxuyaogongguan，weiliaopinpaidetishengyeyaogongguan；zongzhi，gongguanshiqiyerichangjingyingxingweidangzhongbukequeshaodeneirong。10、xianchangcuxiao：xianchangcuxiaoshuodeshishoumaixianchangdecuxiaoxingwei，yibancaiyongxianchangmojiang、guajiang、maijiusongdengfangshi。er、tuiguangzhongdeguanggaomingciguanggaoshizaimingquemubiaodeqingkuangxia，bachanpinxinxi、xiaoshouxinxizaishidangdeshiji，yongshidangdefangshihechengben，jiezhushidangdezaiti，chuandadaoshidangdemubiaoxiaofeizhedehuodong。guanggaoshizhengtishichangjihuadezhongyaozuchengbufen，shituiguangdeshouduanzhiyi，guanggaolajinliaochanpinyuxiaofeizhedetounaohexinlishangdejuli。1、ruanguanggao：feizhijiedeguanggaofangshi，biaoxianweibaozhihuodianshishangdecaifangbaodao、laobangushi、shijianliyongdeng，kansibuyiguanggaodefangshichuxian，shijiqidaoguanggaohuogongguandezuoyong。2、yingguanggao：zhijiezaimeitishangchuxiandeguanggaoxingshi，zhijieyichanpinhuozhepinpaiweihexinbiaoxianneirong，xiangxiaofeizhegaozhi、tuiguangchanpinhuopinpai。3、suqiu：guanggaozhenduishangpinduixiaofeizhedailaideliyideshuofa。baokuosuqiudeneirong、suqiudefangshihesuqiudeduixiang，yejiushiguanggaoshuoshime、duishuishuoheshimeshuo。suqiushigaosuxiaofeizhetadexuqiu，erbushigaosutaniyoushime；suqiuyibanshitongguoyijuhuahuozheshiyigejingdiandeyuyanrangxiaofeizheganshou，erbushiyirangxiaofeizhelijiedefangshijinxing。4、ganxingsuqiu：zaiyingxiaoguanggaozhong，guanggaochuanbodexinxikeyishiganxingde，yekeyishilixingde。ganxingsuqiushizhizaiguanggaozhongtongguomouzhongbiyuhuozheanshi，huanqishouzhongqiangliedeqingxuheganqing（rujidong、lianai、fennu、kongjudeng），congerxiyintamendezhuyi。rukongjusuqiujiushiganxingsuqiudedianxinglizi。5、lixingsuqiu：lixingsuqiushizhizaiguanggaozhongqiangdiaochanpindeshuxingtezheng，tongguoyidingdeluojixinglaimiaoshuxiaofeizhegoumaideliyou。lixingsuqiuguanggaojixiwangyuxiaofeizhehelixinggouwudongji，ruluojipanduan。6、xiaoshouzhuzhang：UNIQUE SELLING PROPOSITIONmeiguozhumingguanggaorenluosai?ruifusi（ROSSER REEVSE）jilituiguangdeguanggaolinian，jianchengUSP。anruifusidehua，USPyousantiaoguize：diyi，nibixuyoumingquebozhuzhang，yejiushinimaizheyichanpinjiunengdedaotedingdeliyi；dier，zheyizhuzhangbixushidutede，shiqitajingzhengzhewufatigonghuobutigongde；disan，zheyizhuzhangbixunengyouzhuyuxiaoshou。7、chuangyi：jiangguanggaoxuyaobiaodadeneirongfenzhezhenglizhihou，yongyizhongnenggoubeixiaofeizherentongdefangshiheqiangdadeganranlibiaoxianchuchanpinhuopinpaidemaidian、chanpinhuoqiyeliniandechuangzuohegousiguocheng。chuangyishizaifuhechanpindexianshiheshidaitiaojiandezhuangkuangxiajinxingde，yejiushishuoshizaiyigeguizezhongdetianmaxingkong。tuoliguizedebujiaochuangyi，jiaohuanxiang。8、POPguanggao：POINT OF PURCHASE ADVERTISINGdesuoxie，yiweigoumaidianguanggao，jianchengPOPguanggao。tadazhifenweisizhong：yishixuanguashiPOPguanggao，ershishangpindejiamuka、zhanshikashiPOPguanggao，sanshiyushangpinjieheshiPOPguanggao，sishidaxingtaijiashiPOPguanggao。fanshizaishangyekongjian、goumaichangsuo、lingshoushangdiandezhouwei、neibuyijizaishangpinchenliededifangsuoshezhideguanggaowu，dushuyuPOPguanggao。9、DMguanggao：DIRECT-MAIL-ADVERTISINGsuoxie，tongguoyouji、E-MAILdengxingshizhijiefasonggeiqianzaikehudeguanggaoxingshi。xianzaimaichangdexuanchuandanye、jietouchuandandengdushuyuDMguanggao。10、CFguanggao：tongchangshizhiyongjiaojuanzhizuo，yongyuzaimeitishangbofangdeguanggao，rudianyingpiantouguanggao、dianshiguanggao、duomeitiguanggaodeng。youyudianshiguanggaoshiyongzuipubian，suoyiCFyoushijiudaitiliaodianshiguanggaopian，suirandianshiguanggaopianyechangsuoxiechengTVC。san、guanggaozhongdemingciA1、jiaodianguanggao：shelizaimaidianmenqian、maidianfujinhuozhemaichangnei，yidengxiang、pingmianlupaihetandianzuhexingshiweizhude，yonglaixiyinluren、shulixingxiangdeguanggaotashi。jiaodianguanggaobushimouyigeguanggaodedulixingshi，takenengshiyizushichanggongjuzuchengdeguanggao，yekenengshiyigemendiandezhuangxingshidachengheguanggaoxiaoguo。xiangjietoudebaoting、lengyintandiandengdukeyizuhechengjiaodiandeguanggaoxingshi。2、pingmianguanggao：congshejihezhizuodejiaoduchufa，suoyoujingzhide、erweideguanggaoxingshiduchengweipingmianguanggao。3、meiti：yingxiaozhongdemeitishizhichanpinshengchanzheheqianzaigukezhijianyonglaichuandixinxidezhongjianwu。jiandandijiang，meitijiushiyixiliedechuanbogongju，liru：baozhi、zazhi、dianshideng。meitikeyifenwei：yinshuameiti、dianzimeiti、shuzimeiti、huwaimeitideng。4、meitifenzhe：guanggaoqihuarenhuozhemeitiqihuarenzhenduiguanggaomubiaohecelueduifabumeitidefenzhehekaolianghuodong。meitifenzhebaohanyixianeirong：meitileixingfenzhe、meitichuanboxiaoguofenzhe（baohanzhihelianglianggecengci）、meitishouzhongfenzhe、meitidilifenzhedeng。5、meijiejihua：zhenduiguanggaoceluehejihuadeyizhengtaomeitipeiheanpai，zheyibuzhoubaokuo：★juedingyuqidejiechumian、pinlvheyingxiang；★xuanzezhuyaomeitileixing；★xuanzejutichuanbomeijiegongju；★juedingchuanboshijianhejuedingdilimeitidefenpei6、meitizuhe：meitizuheshizhizaiguanggaofabujihuazhongdeyiduanshijianli，yunyongliangzhongyishangdemeiti，huoshitongyimeitiyingyongliangzhongyishangdefabuxingshidezuhezhuangtai。meitizuhedexingshimeiyouduicuozhifen，kaoliangduicuodefangshishimeitizuhedejieguoxiangduiyuchanpindexiaofeizhezaixiangduideshijianlikenengjieshoudexinxipinlv，suoyishuomeitizuheshiweiliaorangxiaofeizheyaoxiangduideshijiandangzhongjieshouhelixinxidecishu。7、qianrenchengben：qianrenchengbenshipinggumeitichuanboxiaoguodechangyongzhibiaozhiyi，shizhiyizhongmeitimeidaodayiqianmingshouzhongdechengben。8、maopingdianshu：jiangmoutedingzaitizaibutongshiduandeshitinglvxiangjiaqilai，dedaotasuosongdadeshitinglvzongshu，jiushiwomenlaishichangshuodemaopingdian，yejiaozongshitinglv。gaizhibiaojiangdaodarenshuyubaolupincixiangchengdechu（jiyiciguanggaoguanzhongdezongrenshuchengyimeigeguanzhongdepingjunguankancishu），jisuanmaopingdian，huankeyiyonggongshi：GPR＝daodalv（%）＊pingjunbaolupincisi、guanggaozhongdemingciB1、meijiegoumai：duijutiguanggaomeitikandenghuobofangdeshijian、xingshihebanmiandecaigou。zheshigongsiguanggaomeitihuodongdezhongyaozuchengbufen。2、dianbomeiti：dianbomeitiyouchengdianzimeiti，zhidiantai、dianshitaizhexietongguokongzhongdianbohuozhedianzixianluchuanboxinxidemeitileibie。3、guanggaobizhong：ADVERTISING WEIGHT，zhiguanggaozaibutongmeitihuobutongdiqudebili。guanggaozhusihufeichangrentongzheyidian：butongmeitideshouzhongdushibutongde，changkanbaozhidekenengbuhuitingdiantai，changtingdiantaidejiumeishijiankandianshi，suoyitamenxihuanzijideguanggao“junyun”disabodaogezhongbutongdemeiti。shijishang，zhezhongguandiandechiyouzhewangwangmeiyouyiju，zhishipingganjue。womenrenwei。butongdeshangpinkenenghuiyoubutongdexuanze，erpanduanjuecedeqiantishixiaofeizheyanjiu。4、guanggaofene：ADVERTISING SHARE，mouzhongshangpinpinpaizaitedingshichangzhongsuozuoguanggaodianshichangzhongsuoyoupinpaisuozuoguanggaodebili，yejiaoshengyinfene。5、guanggaoxiaoshoubili：ADVERTISING-TO-SALES RATIO，yiduanshijianneiyongyuguanggaodezongzhichufeneyutongqizongxiaoshouedebaifenbi。ciguanggaoxiaoshou（A/S）bilvkeshiyongyuyigepinpaichanpin，yijiagongsishenzhiquanxingye，bingguangfanyongzuozhidingguanggaoyusuandebiaozhunchidu，xingyeguanggao/xiaoshoubilvtongshiyebiaoxianliaoxingyejingzhengzhuangkuang，gongsi、pinpaideA/Sbilvyujingzhengzheduibihouhenrongyichuaimoduishoudeguanggaogongshi。6、guanggaodejingxiaozhi：leisiyuguanggaoxiaoguozhishu（AEI）deyigepingjiaguanggaoxiaoguodeshuzhi，danlueyoubutong，guanggaojingxiaozhishizhijiebiaozheng：zaiguanggaochuanbohoudeyiduanshijiannei，chanpinxiaoshouedetishengyouduoshaoshiyinweiguanggaodechuanboxiaoguoerdaozhide。7、guanggaomubiaojiguanggaoxiaoguopingce：luosaier?kelei（RUSSELL COLLEY）1961niansuozhuanzhumingwenzhangdebiaoti，tongchangbeisuoxieweiDAGMAR。gaiwenweiyigenanyibawodeguanggaomubiao，jiruheduliangguanggaodexiaoguo（bingyouciquedingheshideguanggaofeiyong）tigongliaoyanjiukuangjia，congmouzhongchengdushanglaishuo，guanggaochenggongyufoudeweiyibiaozhunjiushixiaoshouedezengchang，danzheshichangqijileidejieguo，erzaiduanqineizekeyitongguodiaochaxiaofeizheduigaichanpinrenzhihetaidudegaibianerqueding。zhejiuweiyanjiuguanggaozaixiaofeizheduimoushangpinbuduanjiashenrenzhihexinlaideguochengzhongsuoqidezuoyongtigongliaoyanjiuxiansuo。8、jiabaoguanggao：FREE-STANDING INSERTS，FSIzhijiazaibaozhizhongjiansuibaozhifaxingerjiechudaoxiaofeizhedeguanggaodanye、xiaocezideng。9、koubeiguanggao：meiweituixiaoshangduxiwangmaidaochengxinshangpindegukemashangbachanpinjieshaogeipengyouhelinju，zhezhongkoutouguanggaofeichangyouxiao。chanpinchangyongmingciyi、guanyuchanpin（yi）1、chanpin：xiangshichangtigongderenhenenggoumanzurenmenmouzhongxuyaohuoyuwangdedongxi，chanpinbaokuoyouxingwupin、fuwu、didian、zuzhiheguanniandeng。2、riyongxiaofeipin：A、kuaisuliuzhuanpin：liuzhuansudukuai，yibanshuyufeinaiyongxiaofeipin，xiaofeisudukuai、goumaipinlvgao、xiangduijiagebianyi，ruyinliao、fangbianshipin、richangxihuyongpindeng。；B、naiyongxiaofeipin：naiyongxiaofeipinyeshuyuyouxingchanpin。tamendeshiyongshijianxiangduijiaochang，xiangduijiagegao，ruqiche、dianbingxiang，kongdiaodeng。3、gongnengxingchanpin：gongnengxingchanpinshizhikejihanlianggao、jiazhida、chanpinshiyongcaozuofuza，huozhehexiaofeizhedewuzhiliyiherenshenliyiguanxijiaoweimiqie，qieshoulixingsixiangzhipeilijiaodadechanpin。4、fuwuxingchanpin：fuwuxingchanpinshiwuxingde、bukefenlide、kebiandeheyixiaoshide，shixuyaochanshengjieguode。tamenyibanyaoqiugengduodezhiliangkongzhi、gongyingzhexinyongnengliheshiyongxing，rulifahelicaitouzifuwu。5、jiazhi：jiazhishizhixiaofeizheduiyizhongchanpinnengfoumanzutadegezhongxuyaodenenglidepingjia。xiaofeizhezaipingjiachanpindejiazhishi，zhuyaokaolvjinkenengzuididihuoquheyongyoushiyongchengben。6、chanpindingwei：dingweishiduixianyoushiwudeyizhongchuangzaoxinggongzuo，tashiyishiwuweichufadian，ruyizhongshangpin、yixiangfuwu、yijiagongsi、yisuojigou、shenzhiyigeren……dandingweideduixiangbushizhexie，ershizhenduiqianzaigukedesixiang，jiushishuoyaoweichanpinhuoqitaduixiangzaiqianzaigukededanaozhongquedingyigeheshideweizhi，zhegeweizhiyidanqueliqilai，jiuhuishirenmenzaixuyaojiejuemouyitedingxiaofeihuoqitawentishi，shouxiankaolvmouyidingweiyucideshiwu。yinci，dingweijiushizhiqiyeshejichuzijidechanpinhexingxiang，tongguochuandiqiye（zuzhi）huopinpaidetedingxinxi，yuchuanboduixiangjinxinggoutong，congerzaimubiaogukexinzhongquedingyuzhongbutongdeyoujiazhidediwei，shiqijianggaiqiyehuopinpaiyujingzhengduishouqufenkailai，yizhanjuxifenshichang。7、chanpingainian：yizhongchanpintigonggeigukedehexinliyihejiazhi，jiushigukezhenzhengxuyaodefuwuhuozheliyi，yejiushichanpinnenggoudaigeixiaofeizhedehaochu。er、guanyuchanpin（er）1、chanpinmaidian：mouzhongchanpinqubieyuleisichanpinde，linshixingdizhichichanpinxiaoliangzengchangde，hexinliyiyiwaideliyidian。zhexieliyidianshiweiraozhuochanpindehexinliyichanshengdegoumaiyinsu，biru，yigechanpinyouyigehenhaodebaozhuang，zhegebaozhuangjiushimaidian；yigechanpindefuwuliyiyeshigaichanpindemaidian。yibanqingkuangxia，qiyeliyongcuxiaoxingweideshihouduhuigeichanpinzengjiamaidian。2、baozhuang：shizhiqiyeweichanpinshejibingshengchanrongqihuobaozhawudeguocheng，yezhizhexierongqihuozhebaozhawubenshen。baozhuangcailiaobenshenbaohansangecengci：zhuyaobaozhuang、ciyaobaozhuangheyunshubaozhuang。3、chanpinmingcheng：jiushichanpindemingzi，duichanpindeyizhongbiaoshihexiangzheng。birushichangshangde“ganmaotong”shizhiliaoganmaodeyigechanpinmingcheng，“jieante”shiyizhongjiaotachedemingcheng。4、shangbiao：shangbiaoshishangyezhongdefalvshuyu，zhigongsizhucedeciyu、fuhaohebiaozhi。chanpinyoushangbiao，jiushiwomenshuodechanpindepinpaishibiefuhao；qiyeyoushangbiao，jiushiwomenshuodeqiyedepinpai。5、chabiedingjia：shizhishengchanzhexiugaichanpindejijiayishiyingzaiguke、chanpin、diliweizhidengfangmiandechayi。yibanqingkuangxia，qiyeshouxianhuibazijidechanpinjinxingshichangmubiaodingwei，erzhegedingweijiujuedingliaochanpinshihehuozheyinggaifuhezhegequntisuonengchengshouheshiyingdejiage。6、jiagedanxing：jiagedanxingheshichangdexuqiulianghuozheshuoxuqiuqianliangshimiqiexiangguande，birushuoshichanghexuqiuliangshi10000ge，jiageshi1yuandehua，xuqiugaibiancheng100000geshijiagejiuhuixiangyingdixiajiang，erxuqiusuoxiao，jiagejiuhuishangsheng。biru，gelanshiweiboluzaichanpinshichangchuyushangshengjieduandeshihou，xuqiuliangjijuzengda，erzheshiqiyesuocaiqudeshichangdijiaceluejiushihenhaodiliyongliaojiagedanxing。ruguobushiyinweidangshideshichangzhuangkuangercaiyongdijiacelue，najiushijiagezhanliao。7、shichangshentoujiage：shichangshentoujiageshiqiyedeyizhongcelue，qiqiantishizhegechanpinyinggaishiyizhongdazhongkenengxiaofeidechanpin。zhezhongceluedefangfashiqiyegenjushichangheyuguqingkuang，daliangshengchanchanpin，rangchanpindeshengchanchengbenjiangdi，ranhoudaliangtoufangshichang，shizhegechanpinzaishichangshangdejiagezirandijiangxialai，zhezhongfangfajiujiaoshichangshentoujiage。san、guanyuchanpin（san）1、xizhidingjia：xizhidingjiayibanyongyuyigequanxindechanpinshangshishiqi，zhegechanpinhanyouyidingdejishuhanlianghuozheyidingdezhuanlichengfen，xizhidingjiajiushibachanpindelirunkongjianzuoda，ranhouzhujianjiangdijiage。2、chanpinzuhe：zheshiqiyeshengchanhexiaoshouquanbuchanpindejiegou，youchengpinzhongpeizhi，zhimouyitedingdexiaoshoushangsuonengtigonggeixiaofeizhedeyizhengtaochanpinhuochanpinpinmu。kaochachanpinzuhehuoyiyongchanpinzuhedekuandu、changdu、shenduyuguanlianduzhesigezhibiao。3、chanpinxian：youyijiagongsishengchandeyizuxiangguandechanpin，yejiaochanpinxilie。4、chanpinzhaohui：zhishengchanshangjiangyijingsongdaopifashang、lingshoushanghuozuizhongyonghushoushangdechanpinshouhui。chanpinzhaohuidedianxingyuanyinshisuoshouchudechanpinbeifaxiancunzaiquexian。5、hexinchanpin：tongchangyiyishangdehexinchanpin，youkenengshizhiyijiaqiyedezhudaochanpin。danzaiyingxiaozhuanjiamendecihuizhong，suoweidehexinchanpinshizhiyigechanpindehexingongneng，tashiyigechanpinsuonengtigongdewuxingdeliyihefuwugongneng，shigukezhenzhengyaogoumaidedongxi。6、hubupin：ruguoyizhongshangpinjiagedeshangzhang（xiadie）daozhilingyizhongshangpinxuqiuliangdexiajiang（shangsheng），zheliangzhongshangpinjiushihubupin。7、jiagemingan：zhijiageshangzhanghuoxiadieduichanpinhefuwuxiaoliangdeyingxiangchengdu，yejiaojiagedanxing。8、jianyijiage：henduozhizaoshangxianglingshoushangjianyichanpinyingshoudejiage，zheyangkeyibangzhuzaitongyishichangyunzuodelingshoushang，duitamenjinxingjiagezhidao。ciwaitahuankeyijuedingzhizaoshangxianglingshoushangchushouhuowudejiage，lirujianyilingshoujiade50%。9、liedengshangpin：zaishangpinjiagebubiandeqingkuangxia，xiaofeizheduigaishangpinhexuqiusuishouruzengjiaerjianshao，zheleishangpinjiaoliedengshangpin。10、lueduoxingdingjia：zhitongguojiangjingzhengzhehuoqianzaijingzhengduishouzhuchushichanglaixianzhijingzhengdedingjiacelue。11、xujiadingjia：yizhongbudaodede，feifadedingjiafangshi。dianxingdeshiyi“yuanjia158yuan，xianjia79yuan”zheyangdexingshilaixuanchengjiageyouhui，shijishang“yuanjia”shipingkong de，genbenmeiyoujiageyouhui。12、zurudingjia：zaiyigexuqiudayugonggeideshichangzhuangkuangxia，zhanyoushichangyoushidedagongsi、dapinpaibazijidechanpindingzaiyigehendiyoujiawei，yicilaizudangxiaodejingzhengduishoujinrushichang，congerbaohuzijideshichangfene。si、chanpincehua1、chanpincehua：★chanpincehuashizhicongfaxianheyanjiuxiaofeizhexuqiudaoyongshidangdechanpinmanzuxiaofeizhexuqiudewanzhengguocheng。tabaohanshichangxuqiufenzhe、chanpinjishuyanfa、chanpingainiansuqiu、baozhuang、tuiguang、zhanshi、qudaodengneirong。★chanpincehuadeneirongzhuyaobaokuo：chanpinliyidiansheji、pinpailiyidiansheji、baozhuang、qudao、wuliu、xiaoshoudengfangmianliyidiandeshejiheyanyi；★chanpincehuademudeshifuyujiyouchanpinganxingyinsu，yiliyidadongxiaofeizhehequdaochengyuan，shixianxiaoshouzengchangdemubiao。2、chanpinshengmingzhouqi：chanpinshengmingzhouqishizhiyileichanpinzaishichangshangdansheng、chengchang、fazhan、shuaiwangdedongtaiguocheng。yibananzhaochanpinzaishichangshangpujilvdegaodihuafenwei：daoruqi、chengchangqi、chengshuqiheshuaituiqi。3、chanpinshichang：chanpinshichangshizhirenqundexuqiu。duitedingdechanpineryan，xiangtongdexuqiujiangtedingderenqunjujizaiyiqi，zhejiugouchengchanpinshichang。4、chanpinxilie：zhimeiyizubutongeryouxiangguandechanpinpinmuzuchengdeyixiliechanpin，zhexiechanpinzaigongnengshangxianghubuchong。biru，xiangji、jingtou、sanjiaojiajiugouchengyigechanpinxilie。5、chanpinxiankuozhan：shiyizhongjingzhengxingyingxiaozhanlue。yijiagongsituichuhenduokuanshidechanpin，wangwangshitongyipinpai，mudeshiyinghegegexifenshichangdexuqiu，tongshizhanjugengduodehuojiakongjian，yixianzhijingzhengduishoudejinru。zhexiechanpinyoushijiaozuoceyichanpin，shixiangduiyuzhudaochanpineryande。6、OEM：OEM，yingwenshiORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTUREdesuoxie，yiwei“yuanshishebeizhizaoshang”。OEMjiushiweituoshengchan，shijishangshiyizhong“daigongshengchan”fangshi，qihanyishipinpaishengchanzhebuzhijieshengchanchanpin，ershiliyongzijizhangwode“guanjianyouhexinjishu”，fuzeshejihekaifaxinchanpin，kongzhixiaoshou“qudao”，jutidejiagongrenwujiaogeibiedeqiyequzuo，chengjie

Ice-confined synthesis of highly ionized 3D-quasilayered polyamide nanofiltration membranes

诲补苍锄丑别苍驳蝉丑颈锄丑别测补苍驳测颈箩颈补迟辞耻产耻辩耻补苍蝉丑补苍驳，箩颈苍苍颈补苍测颈濒补颈辩耻别辫颈苍辫颈苍蝉丑辞耻诲补辞箩颈补苍驳耻补苍肠别苍驳诲别肠丑耻蹿补。箩颈耻锄补颈肠颈辩颈补苍诲别4测耻别19谤颈，驳耻辞虫颈苍锄丑别苍驳辩耻补苍箩颈耻锄别苍驳测颈苍蝉颈尘耻锄颈驳辞苍驳蝉颈驳耻补苍濒颈产耻诲补辞飞别颈诲别苍驳飞别苍迟颈别谤产别颈蝉丑别苍锄丑别苍锄丑别苍驳箩颈补苍箩耻肠补颈辩耻肠丑耻箩耻箩颈苍驳蝉丑颈丑补苍诲别箩颈补苍驳耻补苍肠耻辞蝉丑颈。诲颈别谤濒别颈、丑耻补苍驳测颈苍飞耻肠丑颈：“尘颈苍驳驳辞苍驳谤别苍、濒补辞蹿耻箩颈补苍驳诲补产颈补苍飞补苍肠丑别苍驳诲补苍飞补苍，濒颈苍驳辩颈迟耻苍蹿耻锄丑颈，迟耻苍蹿耻丑辞耻蹿耻飞别颈测耻别：‘尘别颈丑耻？’锄丑辞苍驳濒补辞蹿耻测颈丑耻颈测颈苍驳，诲补苍测耻苍丑补辞别谤。肠补颈测耻苍尘别颈丑补辞，濒颈苍驳蹿耻迟耻苍锄丑颈，谤耻肠颈飞别颈蹿别颈。”产颈谤别苍肠丑颈虫颈补苍驳产耻蝉耻补苍，肠丑颈飞补苍丑耻补苍飞别苍飞别颈诲补辞谤耻丑别，谤耻肠颈锄丑辞苍驳办辞耻飞别颈诲别虫颈苍驳飞别颈蝉丑颈锄补颈蝉丑颈濒颈苍驳谤别苍蹿补锄丑颈。迟补诲别丑耻补苍驳测颈苍丑耻补苍产耻锄丑颈测耻肠颈，锄补颈濒补辞锄丑耻诲别办辞耻锄丑辞苍驳迟补苍飞补苍驳诲颈补苍虫颈补办补苍肠丑别苍驳虫颈补苍诲补颈辩颈苍驳辩耻测辞苍驳辫颈苍诲别锄耻蝉丑颈测别，别谤辩颈别办辞耻飞别颈迟辞苍驳测补苍驳丑别苍锄丑辞苍驳：“测耻驳辞苍驳锄丑辞苍驳锄补辞测颈苍锄耻辞辩颈箩耻，蝉丑辞耻锄丑颈测耻驳辞苍驳锄丑辞苍驳濒补辞蹿耻，蹿别颈濒颈产补颈诲耻补苍。”

第(顿颈)一(驰颈)，头(罢辞耻)条(罢颈补辞)写(齿颈别)文(奥别苍)章(窜丑补苍驳)字(窜颈)数(厂丑耻)必(叠颈)须(齿耻)要(驰补辞)1000字(窜颈)以(驰颈)上(厂丑补苍驳)，而(贰谤)且(蚕颈别)要(驰补辞)段(顿耻补苍)落(尝耻辞)清(蚕颈苍驳)楚(颁丑耻)。最(窜耻颈)好(贬补辞)叁(厂补苍)五(奥耻)句(闯耻)话(贬耻补)就(闯颈耻)成(颁丑别苍驳)一(驰颈)个(骋别)段(顿耻补苍)落(尝耻辞)。让(搁补苍驳)读(顿耻)者(窜丑别)没(惭别颈)有(驰辞耻)视(厂丑颈)疲(笔颈)的(顿别)感(骋补苍)觉(闯耻别)！这(窜丑别)样(驰补苍驳)，看(碍补苍)官(骋耻补苍)老(尝补辞)爷(驰别)们(惭别苍)才(颁补颈)有(驰辞耻)耐(狈补颈)心(齿颈苍)看(碍补苍)完(奥补苍)。

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2024-07-04 22:25·直播吧

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