《性感教师》剧情片在线观看-星辰影视
“五月是江西的最美的时节之一，遍地草木葱茏，处处鸟语花香。”江西省文化和旅游厅党组书记、厅长梅亦表示，诚邀游客来江西奔赴一场欢乐美好的幸福之旅，赏绿水青山秀美画卷，咏俊采星驰文化史诗，唱气势磅礴红色赞歌，找到心之神往的“诗和远方”。
2024年12月19日，五、安徽碧山村
《性感教师》剧情片在线观看-星辰影视
想象一下这样的场景：早晨的阳光透过树梢你带着愉悦的心情一键启动爱车准备开始一天的行程然而在忙碌的思绪中你竟然忘了一个重要的步骤——带上车钥匙车已启动你却已远离这时的车还能继续它的旅程吗
她不得不离开上海，去到别的城市。肯豆：每天都要五彩缤纷的美丽
yuanchuang2024-04-18 19:33·zuoxiangshineishejiwodangjijiaoliaoliangchezhijiebawobazhuanyuansongdaohuanhuyiyuanquqiangjiu。
雨(驰耻)后(贬辞耻)气(蚕颈)温(奥别苍)降(闯颈补苍驳)至(窜丑颈)29℃以(驰颈)下(齿颈补)
“nashiduini！woquliaoxinqingjiuhaoliao！”cihuilianxiangyuxinliciku：cihuishenduzhishiyanjiuxianzhuangyuanchuang2021-12-19 08:36·yongdayingyuganxieninguanzhu“yongdayingyu”！cihuilianxiangyuxinliciku：cihuishenduzhishiyanjiuxianzhuangzhang pingtiyao：benwenshouxianliqingxinlicikugoujianmoshiyanjiuyucihuishenduzhishitanxunzhijiandeguanxi, jiexixinlicikudexinliyuyanxueshiyanfangfa, huigucihuilianxiangzuoweixinliyuyanxuejingdianyanjiufangfadefazhanlichengyijiyanshengfanshi。zaicijichushang, benwenfenbiecongyiyuheeryulilunjishizhenglianggefangmianduibitongguocihuilianxiangyanjiuxinlicikudejibenfaxian：yiyuxinlicikugoujianyucihuixidefazhanguochengyizhi, jicongyin—yipipeidaojufazhishikuozhanzaidaoyuyiwangluogoujian。erduieryuxinlicikushifoudulicunchu、shifougainiangongxiangyijimuyuzuoyongjiedingjunweiyouyizhijielun;duiqicihuizhishifazhanlujingshifouyuyiyuxiangsiyiweiyoulingrenxinfudelilunheshizhengzhicheng。benwenzuihouzongjieeryuxinlicikuyanjiuzhongcunzaidewentihezhengyiyijicihuilianxiangzuoweiyanjiufangfasuocunzaidequexian, weiweilaidexiangguanyanjiuzhimingfangxiang。yi、yinyancihuiyanjiudezhongxinwentizhiyishiduicihuishenduzhishixidedeyanjiu(Henriksen, 2008)。cong Richards(1976)kaishideduizhangwodangecibutongweidudeweiguanfenxi(Wesche & Paribakht, 1996; Nation, 2001)daoMeara (1996)duixuexizhezhenggecihuixitongjinxingdehongguanmiaoshu(Vanniarajan, 1997; Henriksen, 1999; Aitchison, 2003); congzhuzhongcihuideliangdejileidaotanjiucihuiwangluodegoujiantezheng, congdanyideyuyanjiegoudaojieyongqitaxuekedeyanjiufangfaduoshijiaoditanxuncihuizhishidejiangouhebiaozheng,cihuixidedeyanjiujingliliaoyigezhidefeiyue。duixuexizhecihuishenduzhishizhangwodeyanjiumuqiancaiyongliaohenduofangfa,danzuiyinrenzhumudekongpayaoshuyunyongxinliyuyanxuefangfaduixuexizhexinlicikudeyanjiu。youyuyanjiuzhewufayongrouyankandaoxuexizhexinlicikuzhongcihuidecunchuhegoujian,yunyongcihuilianxiangceshitiqushiyanjieguojiubukebimiandichengweizhongduoxinlixuejia、xinliyuyanxuejiaheyuyanxuejiabuyueertongcaiyongdefangfa。benwencongzhegejiaoduchufa,huigucihuilianxiangyanjiudelishi,zongjiecihuilianxiangyanjiusuojieshideyiyuheeryuxuexizhexinlicikudegoujianmoshi, youcifenxieryuxuexizhecihuishenduzhishizhangwodetedianyijiyubenzuyuzhedechayi。youyuxinlicihuideyanjiuzhuyaoyimuyucihuihuoshuangyucihuidetiquyucunchuweizhu,duieryuxinlicihuideyanjiuxiangduijiaoshao,yinci,duizhefangmiandeliaojiexuyaodaliangyanjiutigonggengduozhengju。tongguocihuilianxiangfanyinglaitoushieryujiyiyucihuizaixuexizhedanaozhongdejiegoubiaozheng,jieduzhezhongbiaozhengsuozheshechudeeryucihuixidezhongcihuishenduzhishizhangwodetedian ,wulunduixinliyuyanxuejiayanjiueryuxuexizhedexinliciku,huanshiduiyingyongyuyanxuejialiaojieeryuzhedecihuixidewenti, yijiduiyuyanjiaoshilinghuogaoxiaoyunyonglianxiangceshizhenduanxuexizhedecihuinengli, duyouzhongdayiyi。er、xinlicikudedingyixinliciku(mental lexicon)yiciyuanzixinliyuyanxue, yizhidanaozhongduicihuizhishidechangqiyongjiujiyi。xinlicikukanbujianmobuzhuo,yincixinliyuyanxuejiaheyuyanxuejiajiaojinnaozhi,tichuliaohenduoleibi,shiturangrenmenduixinlicikuyouyigegengweiqingchuzhiguandeliaojie。Aitchison(1994)baxinlicikubiyuweixinlicidian, huoyigejudadezhizhuwang。McCarthy (1990)renweixinlicikujiuxiangyibencidian、baikequanshu, huoxiangyigedatushuguan。Brown(2006)yanzhongdexinlicikujiuxiangxianzaidediannaoxitonghuowuxianwangluo。Murphy (2003)zeyongcidianhetongyicidianlaiyinyuxinliciku。buguanhezhongbiyu,xinlicikuconggenbenshanglaishuoyinggaishidanaozhongsuoyouguanyucixing、ciyijiqiyongfadeyigejudacangku(Singleton, 1999; Richards & Schmidt, 2002; Navracsics, 2007)。guangyouzhexiehuanbugou, zuizhongyaodeshisuoyouzhexiecizaixinlicikuzhongdaodishizenmechucunhexianghulianjiede(Salamoura, 2004)。weicixinlixuejiashushinianlaicaiyonggezhongfangfazhiliyutansuoxinlicikuzhongciyucizhijiandexianghuguanxi, tichuliaohenduolilun,yeyoubushaoyoujiazhidefaxianhezhengyi。duiyiyucikulaishuo,yijianxiangduitongyi, yinweiyiyuzhedanaolideyuyanxitongbucunzaiwailaiyuyanganrao;erduieryuzheshenzhiduoyuzhelaishuo, xinlicikudejiegoujiuhuibijiaofuza,tebieshiyanjiuzhefeichangguanzhueryuzhesuoxuexideL2yuxuexizheyiyoudeL1cikudeguanxi,butongdecileishifouduitachanshengyingxiang,chucunmoshishifouyuyiyuxiangsi, shifouruyiyuyiyangzunxunxiangtongdefazhanlujing,dengdeng。san、xinlicikudeyanjiufangfayouyuxinlicikurouyanbukejiandeshuxing,yanjiuzhecaiyonggezhongbanfalaijiashehetuilunqineizaijiegou。zuizao、zuijingdiandejiushicihuilianxiangceshi, ruzaoqideWeinreich(1953)caiyongziyoulianxiangfangfatuiduanchushuangyuzhedexinlicihuicunchusanmoxing(jihechengxing、bingliexinghefushuxing)yijihoulaide yuyanjian—yuyanneiziyoulianxiang(Kolers, 1963; Taylor, 1976; Jin, 1990; de Groot, 1992; Singleton, 1999; Namei, 2004)。chucizhiwai,huanyouhenduoxinliyuyanxuejiacaiyongduoxiangfanyihecitumingmingrenwu(Potter et al., 1984; Chen &Leung, 1989; Kroll & Stewart, 1994)、Stroopshiyan(Chen & Ho, 1986; Altarriba & Mathis, 1997)、cihuipanduanrenwu(Dijkstra et al., 1998; Sunderman & Kroll, 2006)、yuyiqidongshiyan(de Groot & Nas, 1991; Forster & Jiang, 2001; Dong et al., 2005)deng, bingjiezhuyugezhongshiyanfanshi, ruzhengdianzifashecengmiao(positron emission topography, jianchengPET)、shijianxiangguandianwei(event-related potentials, jianchengERP)、gongnenghecigongzhen(functional magnetic resonance imaging, jianchengfMRI)dengnaochengxiangfenxishouduanbijiaoyuyanjianheyuyanneidexinlicihuideshuangyubiaozhengheyuyijiagongfangshi,congshenjingshenglixuejiaoduweixinlicikuderenzhibenzhitigonggengjiamingxihekexuedeyiju。youyuzhexierenzhiyuyanxuehenaokexueyanjiuxuyaozhuanmendeshiyanshebeiheshiyanchangsuo,qiefeiyonganggui,yibandeyanjiuzhehennanhuoqu,yincicihuilianxiangceshibianchengliaozuichangyongdefanshizhiyi。si、cihuilianxiangceshicihuilianxiang(word associations)yanjiuzuizaokeyishangsudaoyalishiduode(Entwisle , 1966)。diyigecihuilianxiangdeshiyanchuzideguodeGalton (1880, zhuanyinziJung, 1918), tabazijizuoweishiyanduixiang。zhezhongfangfajierhenkuaibeideguorezhongyuzuoshiyandeyanjiuzheruWundt (1883, zhuanyinziJung, 1918)zai19shijimotuiguangkailai。gaifangfazuichuzhuyaoyingyongzaiduiyichangsiwei、fanzuixingweiyijijiaoyuxinlidengdelinchuangzhenduanshang(Jung, 1918; Stevens, 1994), qizhongzuizhumingdeyinggaisuanKentheRosanoff (1910), tamenyong1000gebutongjiaoyuhegongzuobeijingdezhengchangshoushidelianxiangfanyingjieguozuoweiyiju,yicihejingshenbingrendelianxiangjieguozuoduizhao, laizhenduanbingqingdeyanzhongchengdu。zishangshiji60niandaiqi,cihuilianxiangyanjiukaishizaiyiyuxidelingyudaguimozhankai(Brown & Berko, 1960; Deese, 1962a, 1962b; Entwisle et al., 1964; Entwisle, 1966; Ervin, 1963; Francis, 1972; Sharp & Cole, 1972),qiceshimoshiyezaimeiguohejianadazuoweipingguqiyuyanjinruxiangmuheshuangyu—wenhuaxiangmudeyigezhongyaofuzhushouduan(Lambert & Moore, 1966; Anderson & Bower, 1974)。qizhong,RussellheJenkins(1954)zhuyaoyanjiuchengrenhedaxueshuipingdelianxiangfanying, BrownheBerko(1960), Ervin(1961), PalermoheJenkins (1963)jiEntwisle(1966)cezhongduiertong(youeryuanqianzhigaozhong)decihuilianxiangjinxingkaocha。Entwisledeyanjiuguimozuida, gongshejidao1160mingshoushi、96gebutongcixinghecipindelianxiangci,bingfenxiliaolianxiangfanyingyuxingbie、zhilifazhan、chushengdijinianlingdeguanxi。zheyijieduandeyiyucihuilianxiangyanjiuzhuyaocaiyongkoushudefangfa, daduyiKent-Rosanoffdecitiaoweilanben。KentheRosanoff (1910)dejieguohefangfaxuduonianlaiyizhibeidangzuoquanweifanben。yihandeshi, zhe100gecijicijuedaduoshushuyugaopinmingcihexingrongci,qieqizhongziranpeiduidecijiaoduo, ruWHITE—BLACK,TALL—SHORT, MAN—WOMANdeng, youkenengduilianxiangfanyingdejieguochanshengyingxiang(Meara, 1983)。houlaideyanjiuzhekaishiduiKentheRosanoffdecitiaojinxingxiugai,shenzhizhongxinxuanzekeyongdeci。duiyiyuhuodanyuxuexizhedelianxiangjieguofenxifaxian,tamendefanyingmoshiyouzhuojingrenxiangtongdefazhanqushihebianhua,jikeyucexing(Russell & Jenkins, 1954; Deese, 1962b, 1964, 1965; Entwisle, 1966; Sharp & Cole , 1972)。yinciyanjiuzherenwei, yiyulianxiangdejieguokeyikanzuoshibeiceshidecijicizaishoushizhexinlicikuzhongdechucunhelianjiefangshidefanying。youyucihuilianxiangbenshenjuyouxuduoyuyanxingweitezheng,yinciyuelaiyueduodexinliyuyanxuejiaheyuyanxuejiaduicifangfaganxingqu,batayongzaixuduoyuyanxianxiangdetanjiuzhong,tebieshiyongzaitantaoyanyuxingwei、yuyanfazhan、gainianxingchengyijixinlicihuidebiaozheng、jiyiyugoujianmoshishang,yanjiufanweiyecongyiyukuozhandaoeryushenzhiduoyuxuexizheshenshang。tamenrenwei,duicihuilianxiangdefanyingjieguojinxingfenxikeyigenghaodiliaojieeryucihuidexideshenduyucihuizhishidecunchufangshi(Riegel & Zivian, 1972; Politzer, 1978; Kruse et al., 1987; Sǒderman, 1993; Schmitt , 1998; Wolter 2001; Orita, 2002)。cihuixuejiarenwei ,duicihuizhishidemiaoshubixubaohansangefangmian:cihuideguangdu、shenduhelianjiedu(huotongdadu)(Meara, 1996; Henriksen, 1999; Fitzpatrick, 2006)。cihuilianxiangyouyuhecihuidejinmiguanxi,bujinjixushoudaoxinliyuyanxuejiadeqingzuo,huanzaiyingyongyuyanxueheeryuxidelingyudazhanshenshou,lirucihuilianxiangkeyishejichengbutongdeceshimobanlaijiancecihuizhishidexidechengdu。MearaheFitzpatrick(2000)deLex30cihuilianxiangguanzhudeshixuexizheL2cihuideguangduzhishi; Read (1998, 2000)delianxiangceshicezhongzaicihuideshenduzhishi; Wolter (2001)decihuilianxiangyanjiuzeduicihuizhishidechucunmoshihelianjiefangshibiaoxianchujidaxingqu,zheyeshicihuilianxiangwulunzaizuichudeyiyucihuiyanjiuhuanshihoulaideeryucihuiyanjiudushiyunyongdezuiweiguangfanbingdedaorenkedelingyu。yeyouyanjiuzhebacihuizhishidelianjiedukanzuoshicihuishenduzhishideyigebiaozheng,jicihuizhishiwangluodegoujian。Henriksen (1999, 2008)bacihuishenduzhishidingyiweixuexizhegoujiancihuiwangluodenengli,bingqierenweitongguoduixuexizhecihuilianxiangnenglideyanjiu,keyituicechucihuiwangluolianjiedefangshi,liaojiecihuishenduzhishidezhangwohexidechengdu。cihuilianxiangrenwuyaoqiushoushizaitingdaohuokandaocijicishilijigeichudanaolichuxiandefanying。zhexiefanyingkeyishidangeci,yekeyishicichuan,zuizhongyaodeshishoushibukeyimianduicijicijinxingchangshijiandesikao。ceshifangshiheneirongkeyigenjuxuyaoshejichengbutongmoban。birukeyigenjusuocecihuinenglidexuyao, yongcihuilianxiangrenwukaochashoushidejiji/xiaojicihuiliang(Meara & Fitzpatrick, 2000; Henriksen, 2008);cihuizhishihenenglifazhan(Read,1993, 1998, 2000; Greidanus &Nienhuis, 2001; Brown, 2006; Peppard, 2007; Zavera, 2007; Henriksen, 2008)。yekeyiyijuyanjiumudeshejichengyiduiyidedanciziyoulianxiang(yigecijicigeichuyigefanyingci)、yiduiduodelianxuziyoulianxiang(yigecijicigeichuduogefanyingci)、xianzhixinglianxiang(congguidingdecizhongxuanchufanyingci)、jianduanxinglianxiang(yicigeichuyigefanyingci,dantongyigecijiciduocichuxian)dengbutonglianxiangmoshi。huankeyigenjushoushideqingkuangcaiyongting—shuo、ting—xie、xie—shuo、xie—xiedengshiyanfangshi。duiyiyuzhedelianxiangyanjiudaduocaiyongting—shuohuoxie—shuodefangshi,erduieryuzhe(baokuoketangjiaoxuexiadewaiyuxuexizhe)laishuo,caiyongting—xiehuoxie—xiedefangshigengrongyibimianyouyuerwuhuokouwuyinqidefeiyuyifanying。wu、yiyucihuilianxianglilunzaoqideyiyuyanjiuzhetichuyixilielilunlaijieshixinlicikuzhongdecihuilianxiangfanyingmoshi。tamenrenwei,cihuilianxiangdeyigejibenjiasheshi: ciyucizhijianxianghulianxidefangshiqishijieshihebiaozheng renleisiweiderenzhiguocheng(Gunstone , 1980)。xinlicikuzhongdeyuyixinxiyijuqiyuyiguanlianheyiyixiangjindeyuanzegoujianchengteyoudeyuyiwangluo。zhezhongpilinlilun(Ervin, 1961)jiashe, cixlianxiangchuciy, shiyinweitamenzaixuexizhedeyuyanxuexiguochengzhongpinfanxiangbanchuxian。Deese (1965)zaicijichushangjinyibutichuliaoguanlianjiegoulilun。tarenwei, cihuilianxiangshijishangshiyizhongzhilifanyingguocheng,shiyouyigefanyingyinfalingyigefanyingerchanshengdexinlihuodong, jiyigemubiaocijifachuqixiangyingdelianxiangfanyingci。dannagecihuibeilianxiangchulaiqujueyulianggeyuanze:yiyiguanlianyuanzeheshiyongpinlvyuanze。McNeill (1966)zaikendingErvinheDeesedeguanlianyupinlvlilundetongshiyoutichu,meigecixiangdujuyouqitedingdeyuyilianjieguanxihejufayueshuguanxi。ertongzaiyuyanxuexideguochengzhongzhengshiduiyizhicihuihebanzhicihuifuyugengduodejufa、yuyitezheng,congerqianghuatamenzaixinlicikuzhongdelianxiangguanxi。zhexieweicihuilianxiangertichudejieshililunweihoulaideyanjiutigongliaohenyoujiejianyiyidelilunzhicheng。youlianxiangzhuyifazhanerlaideliantonglunhebingliefenbujiagongmoxing(Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986; Elman et al., 1996; Herschensohn, 2007)zhengshizaizhexiejichushangfazhanqilai, bingzaixinliyuyanxue、shenjingyuyanxue、shenjingxinliyuyanxue、jisuanjiyuyanxuedengxinxingjiaochalingyuqudehendadeyingyong。yihandeshi, zhexielilunhexianyouyanjiufaxianhuanjiaoshaochujiduicihuilianxiangfanyingmoshidejieshi, yehenshaoguanzhubutongcileizailianxiangfanyingguochengzhongdeyingxiang。yushangshulilunbutongdeshi, duiyiyuxideguochengdeyanjiukeyihenhaodijieshiyiyucihuilianxiangfanyingmoshidejieguo。dangertongkaishitashangyuyanxuexidexingchengshi,shouxianbixuhuoquduiyuyindelijie, jinxingduiyuyin—yiyipipeidemofanghechanchuhuodong, zheshigouchengertongcihuilianxiangzaoqizuixianzhudeyuyinfanyingdejichu。suizhuonianlingheyuyanshurudezengjia,ertongkaishichuangzaoxingdiduiyuyanjinxinghecheng,yishixianyanyujiaojidexuyao。zhengruPinker (1995)suoguanchadaodeAdamyuyanfazhansuoshi:Play checkers. Big drum. I got horn. A bunny-rabbit walk. (Adam 2;3 ①2he3fenbiedaibiaoAdamdenianlingheyueling)That birdie hopping by Missouri in bag. Do ______ want some pie on your face? Why you mixing baby chocolate? I finish drinking all up down my throat. (Adam 2;11)zhegejieduandeyuyanfazhanxianshichuertongduijufazhishideqianglieyilai(Herschensohn, 2007), “shuigenzhuoshui”(Entwisle, 1966)dedapeixingzhishidafuduzengjia, biaoxianzaicihuilianxiangzhong, duisuogeicijicilianxiangdehengzuhefanying(syntagmatic response)zhanjueduiduoshu(Ervin, 1961; Woodrow & Lowell, 1916)。daoliaoruxueshi, ertongde“shuitidaishui”(Entwisle, 1966)yuyicengjiguanxizhishikaishikuozhan, duitongyiguanxi、fanyiguanxi、shangxiayiguanxidengyouliaogengshenkedeliaojie,zhegejieduandecihuilianxiangmingxianbiaoxianchuzongjuhefanying(paradigmatic response)dedaguimochuxian(Entwisle, 1966; Schmitt, 2007)。dangran, cihuilianxiangdefazhancongyuyindaohengzuhezaidaozongjuhe,duibutongcileilaishuo,guodushijianhefanyingmoshiyebuxiangtong。butongcixingdecisuogouchengdeyuyiguanxigeyoubutong(Miller & Fellbaum, 1991),mingcihexingrongcigengrongyigouchengcengjiyuyiwangluo, erdongciyaobimingcigengjuyouduoyixing,yinerxidekunnanzengjia,qieyouyuqisuoxiedaidejufagongneng,gengrongyijifachuhengzuhefanying。butongcipindecixiangyingdeyuyiguanxiwangluohecihuilianxiangfazhanyebujinxiangtong。zhezhongbutonghuanhuibiaoxianzaicidejutixingchayishang。ertongchuqixidedecihuijuedaduoshudushizaizhenshishijieliyouduiyingshitidejutimingci(de Groot & Keijzer, 2000),qiezhexieciyinweijuyoukeganzhixingerbichouxiangcigengyixide,gengkuaitiqu(Paivio, 1986, 1991),yineryegengrongyijianlifengfudeyuyiguanxiwangluo。juticisuojubeidezhezhongyouyuexingzaiPaiviodeshuangbianmalilun(Dual-Coding Theory)heSchwanenflugel (Schwanenflugel et al., 1991)deqingjinglilun(Context-Availability Theory)duyoujieshi。liu、yiyucihuilianxiangyanjiufaxianduiyiyuertonghechengrendecihuilianxiangmoshiyanjiufaxianzhengshiliaoyiyuyuyanxidehefazhanguochengdetedian,jicongyuyindaoyuyi、conghengzuhedaozongjuhedejieduan。jianyuyiyuyuyanfazhandetedian, daduoshudeyiyucihuilianxiangyanjiuyedubalianxiangfanyingleixingjiushihuafenweihengzuhe、zongjuheheyuyinsandalei。zhengruEntwisle(1966)suoshuo, hengzuheduiyingliaojufashunxudefazhan,erzongjuheduiyingliaoertongtongyicixingdeliangdekuozhan。Ervin (1961)heEntwisle(1966)duiyoueryuan、xiaoxuezhizhidaxuedeyiyuzhejinxingliaodaguimodelianxiangfanyingceshi。jieguodufaxian, ertonggengduodeyilaiyuyinguanxi,erchengrenzeyiyuyifanyingwei zhu(yin—yiqianyi, P-S Shift),qiesuizhuonianlingdezengjia,zongjuhefanyingyuelaiyueduo,hengzuhefanyingyuelaiyueshao(heng—zongqianyi,S-P Shift),danbutongcidefanyingleixingfazhanjiezoubujinxiangtong(Brown & Berko, 1960; Entwisle, 1966; Anglin, 1970)。zhezhongcongyuyindaoyuyi、conghengzuhedaozongjuhedefanyingqianyiyinqiwendingxingheyizhixingerbeikanzuoshibiaozhengyiyuxinlicikuyuyiwangluogoujiandefazhanlujingdezhishiqi(Nissen & Henriksen, 2006; Schmitt, 2007)。duieryucihuilianxiangdeyanjiuzheyeyiciweicanzhao, shituzhaodaoeryuxinlicikuzunxuntongyanglujingdegoujianmoshidezhengju。qi、eryuxinlicikulilunduiyiyucihuilianxiangyanjiudehuiguzhengmingliaoyiyuxinlicikushijiyuyuyilianjiedeyinyipipeidecihuiwangluoxitong。dancifaxianbingbuyidingnengzaieryuyanjiuzhongzhaodaowanquandeduiying,yinweiqixinlicikuzhongwufabimianyiyuxitongdejieruheyingxiang。weiliaojieshieryucikudebiaozhenghefazhantedian,yuyanxuejiatichuruoganlilunjixiangyingdejiegoumoxing,shituhuidaeryucikudaodishihunhedehuanshidulide,ciyucizhijiandaodishitongguocixianglianjiehuanshigainianxianglian,gainiantezhengshigongxiangdehuanshifenbudedengzhongyaowenti。1.hunheyudulicunchuhunheyudulicunchudegainianzaozaibangeshijiyiqianjiubeiWeinreich(1953, 1968)tichu。tongguocihuilianxiangceshidefangfa, Weinreichfaxian, eryuxuexizheyouzhuobutongyuyiyuzhedecihuichucunxitonghecihuilianxiangmoshi。tagenjuzijideyanjiujieguotichuliaosanzhongmoxing:yiyouyiyuyuxinxueeryucixianggongxiangtongyicunchuxitong;eryucihuiyuyiyuxitong“geziweizheng”; eryucihuijieziyiyuxitongtongdayuyi。eryucikudaodiyihezhongfangshicunchukenenghuiyucidejutixing chayi (de Groot, 1989, 1993; de Groot et al., 1994)、cixing(de Groot, 1992; Lotto & de Groot, 1998)yijixuexizhedeyuyanfazhanshuiping(de Groot & Poot, 1997; Kroll & Stewart, 1994; Potter et al., 1984)youguan。liruzaiyuyanxuexichuqi,suoxueeryucihuitongchangbixujiezhuxuexizheyizhideyiyuzhishizhijiefanyichengduiyingdecixiang;ersuizhuoeryuyuyanshuipingdetigao,cidexidechengdubutong,eryucikukenenghuiyousanzhongbutongdebiaozhengtongshicunzai, cihuidelianjiefangshiyehuigeyoubutong。yinci, duieryucikuderenshikenengbunengjiandandiguileiweimouyizhongmoshieryi。2.cixiangyugainianlianjiesuiranWeinreichduieryucikudebiaozhengmoshijinxingliaojiaoweiqingchudeyucefenxi,houlaideyanjiuzherenweitadefenleirengxianmohu, bunenghuidaeryuxinlicikudebenzhiwenti(Bialystok, 2001),yinci,houxudeyanjiuzhuanerguanzhueryuxinlicikulilundelingyizhongyaowenti:cixingheciyidepipei。yiwangxiangguandeyanjiucezhongzaihuidacixingheyiyi(gainian)zaigegeyuyanxitongzhongdaodishifenbiebiaozhengdehuanshigongxiangyigeciku(Potter et al., 1984; Kroll & Sholl, 1992; Altarriba & Mathis, 1997; Kroll & de Groot, 1997; Paradis, 1997)。weiciertichudediyigejieshimoxingshiPotterdeng(1884)debingliebiaozhengmoxing(jiantu1):zaicixingcengmian,eryucihuitongguoyiyumeijietongdayuyi;erzaiciyicengmian,yiyuheeryucihuijunkezhijietongdagainianhuoyiyi。yejiushishuo, zaicixingcengmian,geyuyancihuifenbiecunchuhebiaozheng;erzaiyiyicengmian,liangzhongyuyangongxiangyigegainianxitong。Potterdengdemoxingdedaobushaoshizhengyanjiudeguanzhu(de Groot & Nas, 1991; Chen & Leung, 1989; de Groot, 1992; Kroll, 1993; Kroll & de Groot, 1997; Kroll & Tokowicz, 2001; Kroll & Sunderman, 2003)。zhelianggemoxingqishidaibiaoliaobutongeryushuipingdexuexizhedecihuibiaozhengtedian:jiezhuyiyudecihuizhongjiemoshizhuyaobiaoxianzaijiaodishuipingdeeryuzhedeshiyanjieguoshang, ergainiantongdamoshizenengjieshijiaogaoyuyanshuipingdexuexizhedefaxianjieguo。yinci,zhelianggemoxingfanyingliaoeryucihuisuizhuoyuyanshuipingdetigaoerbiaoxianchudecongcihuizhongjiedaogainiantongdadefazhanguocheng,jieryucihuidefazhanshiyigecongyilaimuyuzhongjiezhuanxiangyilaigainiantongdadeguocheng。weiliaogenghaodijieshizheyibianhua, KrollheStewart(1994)zaiyuanlaidecengjimoxingjichushangtichuxiuzhengmoxing(the Revised Hierarchical Model , RHM , jiantu2),mingqueliaoyouyumuyuxitongdecunzaierdaozhideeryuyuyiyuxinlicikuzhongcihuiyugainianlianjieqiangdudebuduidengguanxi:eryuheyiyujiandecihuilianjieqiangyuyiyuyueryudecihuilianjie(biaozhongshixianbiaoshijiaoqianglianjieguanxi,xuxianzebiaoshijiaoruolianjieguanxi);yiyuhegainianjiandelianjieqiangyueryuhegainiandelianjie;yiyucikudeyuyiwangluodayueryuciku,youyueryubutonggainiandejiarudaozhigainianxitongdekuoda(yibutongdaxiaodekuangxingbiaoshi)。xiuzhengguodecengjimoxingbujinkeyijieshicixiangfanyishiyan、tupianmingmingshiyanheStroopjieguo, tongshiyekeyiyonglaijieshiheyuceeryuxuexizhecihuilianxiangkenengchuxiandefanying,tebieshiyouyumuyudecanyuheyuyanshuipingdebutongsuodaozhidefeimuyuhuafanying。suiranxiuzhenghoudecengjimoxingxiangbiqitamoxingeryanjiaohaodimiaoshuliaoeryuxinlicikudebiaozhenghefazhantedian ,danrengyoujidianyinsuweinengsheji:1)meiyoushuomingjufagainianzhishihuodapeizhishi(hengzuhezhishi)zaiqizhongdebiaozhengtedian。moxingzhongde“gainian”jinxianyuyiyuheeryuzhongdezongjuhegainianzhishi, tebieshiyujuti/chouxiangmingcihetongyuan/yiyuancixiangguandegainianzhishi(de Groot & Nas, 1991; de Groot, 1992; de Groot et al., 1994; Kroll & de Groot, 1997),biruzaidanyuheshuangyuqidongshiyanzhongsuoshiyongdeqidongcizongshihebeiqidongciyouyuyishangdexiangguan(DOCTOR-nurse; BODY-finger)(Chen & Leung, 1989; Kroll & Sholl,1992; Dong et al., 2005), henshaoyouyanjiuguanzhueryucihuizhongjuyoudapeiguanxidegainianzhishishiruhecunchubingyihezhongxingshichanshenglianxiangfanyingde。2)cixiuzhengmoxingzhuyaoguanzhudeshixiangjinyuyanxitongdeeryuxuexi。youyuyuyanxiangjinkegongxiangdegainianzhishiyehuigengduo, erhanyuheyingyufenshubutongyuyanxitong, qichanshengdeleixingjulisuodaozhidegeziteyoudegainianzhishihuizaieryuxinlicikuzhongzhanyouxiangduijiaodadebili, zhexieteyougainianzhishiduieryucikudegoujianhecihuilianxiangdeyingxiangzaixiuzhengmoxingzhonghuanhennanzhaodaojieshi。3.gongxiangyufenbutezhengweiliaogenghaodijieshigainiantezhengzaieryucihuixidezhongdezuoyong, de Groothetongshi(de Groot , 1992; de Groot, et al., 1994; van Hell & de Groot, 1998a,1998b)fenxiliaoyixiliejuti/chouxiangcifanyishibierenwudeshiyanjieguo, tichuliaofenbutezhengmoxing(the Distributed Feature Model, DFM, jiantu3), bagainianfenjiechengjiedian, renweizaiyiyuheeryuzhongjuticiyaobichouxiangcigongxianggengduodegainianjiedian, yinweijuticizhichengdeshijiduixiangzaiyuyanjianshixiangside, erchouxiangciyinweiyuyanwenhuadengyinsukenengzhiyoubufendegainianjiedianzhongdie。zheyidianyecongSchonpflug(1997)guanyude—yingshuangyuzhedeyanjiubaogaodedaozhengshi。zaitadefenxizhong, chouxiangcidedangefanyiduiyingcidebiliyaobijuticigao, zheyiweizhuojuticidegongxianggainianjiediangengduo,eryuxuexizhehuiduijuticilianxiangchugengduogengfengfudeyuyifanying, erchouxiangcixiangbizhixiagengjuyouyuyanteyoudefeigongxianggainianjiedian(Jin, 1990; de Groot & Nas, 1991)。de Grootdengdefenbumoxingzhuyaoshijiyuduijuticihechouxiangcidefanyirenwuyanjiujieguoertichude。weiliaoshimoxinggengjuyoujieshixinghepubianxing,Dongdeng(2005)zaicijichushangtichuliaogongxiangfenbushidebuduichengmoxing,zhichu,yiyuheeryufanyidengzhicigongyoudegainianyuansuxiangyouxiangtongdegainianbiaozheng;yiyuheeryufanyidengzhicidegainianbiaozhengyouyixiliegongxiangheduyougainianyuansudejiedianzucheng,chengfenbuzhuangtai;yiyucihegongyougainianyuansudelianjieqiangyueryucihetadelianjie,yiyuheyiyugainianyuansudelianjie、eryuheeryugainianyuansudelianjieqiangyuyiyuheeryugainianyuansu、eryuheyiyugainianyuansudelianjie, xingchengbuduichenglianxiqiangdu。gaimoxingjiaozhiyiwangmoxinggengweiwanshandeyidianzhuyaozaiyu,tabaeryuxinlicihuizhongliangyuduyoudegainianyiyiyuansufenlichulai,qiangdiaoliaoliangyujiangainian/yiyizhongdiedebuduichengxing, yijiyuyanjiankeyigongyoudegainianyuansuhebunenggongxiangdeyuyanteyoudeyiyiyuansu(jiantu4)。suiranDongdengdemoxinggouleliaoshuangyuxinlicikudegongxiangheduyougainianbiaozhengjiegou ,qieduishuangyuzhenaochengxiangyanjiudejieguozhengshiliaoliangyugongyougainianyuansujihuduchucunzaitongyiquyujizuoyeyuyanqu(Wernicke's area), dangaimoxingrengweishejijufadapeizhishidebiaozhenghefazhantedian,qigainianyuansuzhuyaozhiyuyixiangguandebutongjiedian,yujufadapeizhishiwuguan。Dongdengduicibuzudejieshiwei, jufadapeizhishikenengchucunzaibutongdequyu, ruqianeyequ(Broca's area),muqiandeyanjiuyouyugezhongyuanyinhuanbunengtigongxinlicikusuoyouyuansudecunchufanshihetedian,xianyoumoxingdangranyeyoudaixiuzhenghewanshan。Jiang (2000)desanjieduanmoxing(Three-Stage Model)shimuqianweizhijiaoweiquanmiandemiaoshuketangjiaoxuehuanjingxiaeryucihuifazhanguochengdejieshililunmoxing。Jiangrenwei,youyumuyuxitongdecunzai,eryuxinlicikudegoujiancongbenzhishanglaishuojiuyoubieyuyiyuxinliciku。tabaeryuxinlicihuidefazhanhuafenweisangejieduan, jicixingjieduan(formal stage)、yiyumeijiejieduan(L1-mediation stage)heeryuronghejieduan(L2-integration stage)。zaieryucihuifazhandezuichujieduan, xuexizheeryuxinlicikuzhongdecitiaozhihanyoucihuidefayinhepinxiexinxi,cihuizhishiqibangzhuzhixianggaicidemuyufanyidengzhici。zhegejieduandeeryucihuiyiyiheyufaxinxidubixutongguofanyiduidengcicainenghuode, qieryugainianyiyigongxiangyiyudegainianbiaozheng。ersuizhuoeryushuipingdetigao, eryudecixingheyiyudeyuyijufazhishijiandelianjiededaobuduandejiaqiang, danyouyucihuidexingtaiyinyuyaneryi, eryuxuexizheyoujiechubudaodaliangdegaoduyujinghuademubiaoyushuru, qieyinweikeyijiezhuyuyiyuqingsonghuoqueryuciyidengxinxi,suoyijuedaduoshudeeryuxuexizhecihuifazhanzhitingliuzaidierjieduan,jibufengongxiangmuyugainianyiyideyiyumeijiejieduan,erwufadadaoJiangsuomiaohuidezuizhongjieduan:eryuxuexizhezidongyunyongeryucihuinengli,qufenyiyuheeryucihuigainianyiyidexiangtonghechayi。Jiangdemoxingbujinmiaohuiliaoeryucihuidegouchengyuansuhefazhanguocheng, gengzhongyaodeshitaxizhijieshiliaomuyuzaieryucihuixidezhongwufataobidecanyuzuoyong, yuceliaoeryucihuihennanbikaideshihuajieduan。yihandeshi,Jiangdemoxingrengranmeinenghuidagouchengeryucihuideyigezhongyaoyuansu——jufadapeizhishidaodizaieryucihuizhongruhebiaozheng,butongleixingdecishifouyoubutongdefazhantezheng, yuyanduyoudegainianzhishiruheyueryucihuilianjiedengdeng。ba、eryucihuilianxiangdeshizhengyanjiuzaozaishangshijiliuqishiniandai, yiyucihuilianxiangyanjiujieguozhengshiliaoxinlicikudelianxiangmoshiyouyidingdefazhanguilv,youcieryuyanjiuzhekaishitansuoeryucikudegoujianxingshi,shituliaojieqishifouheyiyuyiyang,youxiangtongdebiaozhengtedian。xiangguanyanjiucong1978niankaishi,danmeiyouyinqitaiduodeguanzhu,zhidaojihubenshijichu,eryucihuidelianxiangyanjiucaikaishifengfuqilai(Meara, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984; Sǒderman, 1989, 1993; Singleton, 1990, 1999; Wolter, 2001, 2002, 2006; Namei, 2002, 2004; Wilks et al., 2005; Fitzpatrick, 2006, 2007; Zareva, 2007)。duieryucikuheyiyucikudebijiaojieguoxingchengliaoliangzhongbutongdeguandian。yizhongrenweieryucikuconggenbenshangbutongyuyiyuciku, zhuyaoshijiyuyuyindelianjiewangluo(Meara, 1978, 1984; Laufer, 1989; Channel, 1990; Read, 1993; Meara &Wolter, 2004)。zaozai1978nian, Mearajiutichu, eryucikubenzhishangshiyuyinde,eryiyucikushijiyuyuyide。1982nian, MearaduitasuofuzedeBirkbeckcihuilianxiangyanjiuxiangmujieguojinxingliaofenxi,zongjieliaoeryucihuilianxiangdesigetezheng,renwei“youchongfendeliyouxiangxineryuxuexizhedexinlicikuyumuyuzhedeyouxianzhuqubie”(1984:231):1)eryulianxiangfanyingjieguohenbuguize, butongyumuyuzhedefanyingjieguo。2)eryuxuexizhexinlicikudelianjiechengduyuanbibenzuyuzhedebuwending。3)yuyinzaieryucikuzhongqifeichangzhuyaodezuoyong。eryuzhejingchangwujieliaocijici, geichuhaowuguanliandelianxiangjieguo。4)eryucikuzhongdeyuyilianjiehebenzuyuzhedeyoubenzhidequbie。Mearadeguandianluxudedaoqitayanjiuzhederentong,tamencaiyongbutongdelianxiangrenwudechuliaoxiangsidejielun(Laufer, 1989; Channel, 1990; Read, 1993; Schmitt & Meara, 1997; Verhallen & Schoonen, 1993, 1998)。MearaheWolter (2004)huanshejiliaoyizhongcihuilianxiangdeceshirenwuV-Link (Vocabulary Link),gaiceshigongjuzhuyaoyou20zucihuilianxigoucheng,meizucihuibaohan10geyushouceciyuyiguanlianhewuguandecidui, shoushizhixuzaidiannaopingmushangdianjiyouyuyixiangguandecixiang, zhengqueyufoukeyitongguodianjididuandesijiguanlianqiangduliangbiaolaiyanzheng。MearaheWolteryongtashoujiliaobutongeryuxuexizhedelianxiangshuju,faxianeryucikubujinyaobiyiyudexiaohenduo, qicihuijiandelianjiefangshiyeyuanbiyiyudejiandanhenduo。SchmittheMeara (1997)dui95mingribeneryuxuexizhejinxingde20gechangyongdongcidelianxiangceshijieguotigongliaojinyibudezhengshi, xuexizhemuyuhualianxiangfanyingzhiyoubenzuyuzhedeyiban, erqiefaxianjibianshiduifeichangshuxidechangyongciyequefazugoudelianxiangzhishi。VerhallenheSchoonen (1993, 1998)yanjiuzhongdehelaneryuxuexizhedelianxiangfanyingtongyangruci。tamenzhiyongliaoliugegaopinshuciduixuexizhegenzongyanjiu, faxianjishizaiyuyanjinruxiangmuzhongxuexideeryuertong, qicihuilianxiangdeshulianghezhongleiduyuanyuanluohouyutonglingdeyiyuzhe。suiranruoganyanjiuzhengshiliaoeryucikubutongyuyiyucikudelianxiangjiegou, danzhezhongyiMearaweidaibiaodeyuyinguanhoulaihuanshishoudaoliaoyiSingleton (1999)weidaibiaodetiaozhan。houzhetongguoduidubailinsanyixueyuandexiandaiyuyanyanjiuxiangmu(Modern Languages Research Project,MRLP)zhongdewanxingtiankong、cihuilianxiang、gushijiangshuyijifanyilianxirenwujieguojinxingfenxi, renweieryucikudebiaozhengheyiyuyiyang, dushizunxunyuyilianjiedefangshigoujiande。SingletonhetongshixuanquliaoKent-Rosanoff (1910)zhongde50geci,duimuyuweifayudegaoshuipingyingyuxuexizhejinxingliaocihuilianxiangceshi。shoushiyaoqiuzai30miaoneiduixianshizaitouyingyishangdemeigecijicixiechujinkenengduodefanyingci。jieguofenxibiaoming, jinyoujixiaobufendefanyingshitongguoyuyinlianjie(Azu3.6%; Bzu0.4%)。Singletonjucirenwei,eryucihuilianxiangdemoshiheyiyumeiyoubutong,dushijiyuyuyidelianjie。wentizaiyu,SingletonsuocaiyongdecizhengruMeara(1982, 1983)duiKent-Rosanoffcitiaosuopipingdenayang,dushigaopinshuci, qieshiyanzhongdeshoushidushigaoshuipingdeeryuzhe, zuochujiaoduodeyuyifanyingyezaiyuliaozhizhong, danqijidideyuyinfanyingbiliyinqiliaorenmenduiqifanyingleixingfenleifangfadezhiyi。cihuilianxiangyanjiuzuirongyiyinfabutongjieguodezhongyaoyinsuyouliangge:yishisuoxuandecijici,ershiduilianxiangfanyingleixingdefenleifangfa。womenyijingfaxianSingletonsuoyongdecijicicunzaiwenti,jijunweigaopinshuci;tasuocaiyongdeduiyuyinfanyingdefenleiyoujinxianyuyuyinxiangguandefanyingci, banaxieyuyibuguanliandefanyingci、shengzaocidengpaichuzaiwai,zheshidetadeyuyinfanyingbilibiandehendi。youcifaxianqijielundegenjibingbuwengu, dangrandechudejielunyenanyilingrenxinfu。shishishang,Singletonzijiyechengren, jibianshicaiyongliaogaopinshuci,zhifenxichunyuyinguanliandefanying,zaitadeshujuzhongzhishaoyousimingshoushirengranlianxiangchuliaohengaobilidechunyuyinfanyingci,zuigaoda16.2%(1999), ruguojiashangqitafanying,eryuzhedefeiyuyifanyingbilihuigenggao。Singletondetongyiguantongyangdedaoyixieyanjiudezhichi。Zerava (2007)deyanjiujiushiyigebijiaojiduandelizi。tayangezunxuncihuilianxiangyanjiuchuqiduihengzuhehezongjuhededingyi, jigouchenghengzuheguanxidecibixucixingbutong,erzongjuhedecibixuweitongyicixing。wentizaiyushijifenleishihuipengdaohenduonanyiguileidefanying。Zeravadezuofashi,duizhexiefanyingtongtongguiweizongjuheguanxi;erqiebasuoyouquzhehecizhuifanyingciyeduguiweizongjuheguanxi,zhejiushideshiyanjieguozhongdezongjuhefanyingdadagaoyuqitafanying, yuyinfanyingdejieguowei0%。tadejielunshi,eryucikuheyiyucikudebutongzhizaiyushuliangshangdechayi, bingbushizhidequbie。yeyouyanjiuduieryuyuyiyucikudetongyiguancaiquliaoxiangduiwenhedetaidu(Ard & Gass, 1987; Sǒderman, 1989, 1993; Cunningham, 1990; Namei, 2004)。Sǒdermanfenxisizubutongyingyushuipingdefenlaneryuxuexizhedecihuilianxiangjieguo,faxiansuizhuoeryushuipingdetigao,shoushideyuyinfanyinghehengzuhefanyingbilizaijiangdi,biaoxianchucongyuyinlianjiedaoyuyilianjiedebianhua, conghengzuhefanyingdaozongjuhefanyingdezengjia, zheshuomingeryucikubingbuxiangyuanyoudelijienayangwanquanbutongyuyiyuciku。zhegejieguoyebeiCunningham (1990)heNamei (2004)deyanjiudedaozhengshi。dantongshiSǒdermanyefaxian,yuyinzaieryucihuilianxiangzhongqizhuofeichangzhongyaodezuoyong, jibianshigaoshuipingdeeryuxuexizhe, qicihuilianxiangzhongdeyuyinfanyingbiliyexiangdanggao, zhezaiyiyuzhedejieguozhongshimeiyoufaxiande。Nameideyanjiujieguoyucixiangtong。tadui100mingbosi—ruidianshuangyuzhehege100mingbosiheruidiandanyuzhejinxinglianxiangceshi,faxianjibianshigaoshuipingdeeryuzhe,yuyinfanyingyeshiqilianxiangdejibentezheng。Nameiyijushoushiduicidebutongshuxiduzuochudebutongfanyingjieguotichuliaoeryucikudegoujiantezhengmoxing(tu5):suiranNameigoulechuliaoeryucihuizaixinlicikuzhongdejibenfazhantezheng, youyuduilianxiangfanyingsuocaiyongdecijicidecixinghuocileizaiyanjiuzhongbingmeiyoumingquehuafen, duixiangyingdefanyingjinxingfenleiyemeiyoutongyidebiaozhun,yinci,zheyangdeeryucikugoujianmoshihuanyoudaiyugengduoyanjiujieguodezhengshi。jiu、cihuilianxiangzhongweinengjiejuedewentihezhengyicihuilianxiangzuoweiyizhongjianbian、kuaijie、caozuoxingqiangdeceshiheshiyanshouduan, zaixinliyuyanxuelingyuheyingyongyuyanxuelingyuyijingdedaozhongduodeguanzhu。tongguocihuilianxiangdedaodejieguokeyifenxihejieshixuexizhexinlicihuidelianjietedian,congerzhenduanchucihuixidezhongcunzaidewenti,genghaodizhidaowaiyujiaoxue,yeweijiaocaidebianxiejicidiandebianzhuantigongyoujiazhidefankuixinxi。bukefouren, muqiandexiangguanyanjiuzaieryucihuixidelingyurengzaiqibujieduan, cunzaidewentiyijiduiyanjiujieguodezhengyiyebushao。zhuyaoyouyixiajigefangmian:1)duieryuxinlicikudegoujianmoshicunzaizhengyi。shiyuyiyubutongdeyuyinlianjiemoshiweizhu, huanshiyuyiyuxiangtongdeyuyilianjiemoshiweizhu,gezhiyiduan。2)duizongjuhehehengzuhefanyingdebianhuashifouyekeyihezaiyiyuzhongdefaxianyiyang,zuoweieryuxinlicikudefazhanbiaozhi,muqianrengbuqingchu。3)eryucihuililunmoxinghuanbunengwanquanjieshicileixiaoyingduieryuxinlicikudegoujianmoshideyingxiang,yemeiyoujieshiyuyanduyoudedapeihuohengzuheguanxizaieryuxuexizhexinlicikuzhongdegoujianhebiaozhengtezheng。4)cihuilianxiangceshizaifangfashanghuanmeiyoujiejuexuanzecijicihelianxiangfanyingfenleidebiaozhunhunluandewenti。shi、jieyuxinlicikushiyouguancidexinxizaidanaozhongdebiaozheng(Murphy , 2003)。danzhexiexinxidaodishishime,youshiyishimeyangdefangshijiehezaiyiqi, juebushiyigenengjiandanhuidadewenti。cihuilianxiangsuiranjianbianyixing, danzuoweiyizhongkexuedeyanjiufangfa, rengranxuyaojinyibuwanshanhexiuzheng。jinguanruci, lianxiangceshisuozheshechudecihuizhishigoujiankeyifanyingchueryuxuexizhecihuinenglidejibenfazhantedian、duieryucihuishenduzhishizhangwodechengduyijiyumuyuzhedechayi。duieryucihuixidedeyanjiudaolumanchang,qidaigengduodeyanjiuzhezuogengduogengshendetansuo。cankaowenxianAitchison, J. 1994/ 2003. 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Second Language Research 23/2Word Associations and Mental Lexicon: A Review of Lexical Network Structure ResearchPing ZhangAbstract: This paper reviews the studies on the relationship between depth of lexical knowledge (lexical network structure) and word associations in mental lexicons. It further reviews the development and patterns of word association test, a classical research method widely employed in psycholinguistics. Comparisons were conducted from the perspectives of L1 and L2 theoretical and empirical research that, the organization of L1 mental lexicon follows the route of vocabulary acquisition: from sound-meaning mapping to syntactic knowledge expansion to semantic network construction. L2 mental lexicon however, bears much controversy not only in independent storing, conceptual mediating, and the role of L1 knowledge, but also in the same or similar developmental patterns with L1 mental lexicon. Defects in word association test as a research method were as well pointed out in the end to lead the way for future research.（benwenshoucifabiaozai《waiyujiaoxuelilunyushijian》2009niandi3qi）
叁(厂补苍)、怎(窜别苍)样(驰补苍驳)去(蚕耻)挑(罢颈补辞)选(齿耻补苍)玉(驰耻)米(惭颈)？
这个问题，大概连公司自己人都是云里雾里。据媒体报道，有记者以投资人身份联系了川大智胜投资者关系部门，咨询了公司股价涨停的原因，而相关人士表示，“股价涨停的原因没法判定，公司经营正常”。上游公司业绩波动之所以如此之大，与原材料碳酸锂的价格波动剧烈有着直接联系。《性感教师》剧情片在线观看-星辰影视
当梅赛德斯·奔驰在展台上掀起Vision CLS Coupé身上的外衣时全球公众立即被这辆酒红色的轿跑车所吸引无数人被其独特的设计风格所折服人们惊奇的发现：原来轿车和跑车还可以如此的完美融合由于概念车大获好评梅赛德斯·奔驰随即也加速了这辆车的量产进度只用了不到一年时间便推出了量产版的车型这便是CLS-Class的由来