首发2024-05-07 19:37·沐槿言
2024年12月25日,《雪望》
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建筑工程施工测量—测量仪器的检验和校正(水准仪篇)2020-02-12 21:45·我要学建筑普通水准仪的检验与校正1.圆水准器轴(圆球面中点和球心的连线)平行于仪器的竖轴检验:把仪器安置在三脚架上转动脚螺旋使圆水准器的气泡居中然后使仪器绕竖轴旋转180°此时若圆水准器的气泡仍然居中则说明此项条件满足校正:如气泡偏离圆水准器中心位置先用脚螺旋使气泡退回一半然后拨动圆水准器校正螺丝使气泡居中反复检验校正直至满足条件此外还可以先按照经纬仪上盘水准管轴垂直于竖轴的检校方法将水准仪上长水准管校正好在长水准管水平的条件下拨动圆水准器校正螺丝使圆气泡居中2.十字丝横丝垂直于仪器竖轴检验:将水准仪在地上安置好以横丝的一端瞄准远处一清晰固定的点然后转动水平方向的微动螺旋如该点始终在横丝上移动说明横丝垂直于竖轴否则应进行校正校正:松动十字丝环上相邻两校正螺丝转动十字丝环直到满足要求为止3.水准管轴平行于视准轴检验:在地面选定A、B两点相距60~100m置仪器于A、B之中点对两端所立标尺进行观测得读数a1、b1(图4-237)a1-b1=h即为两点间的正确高差然后将仪器搬近B点紧靠B整置仪器使望远镜目镜端靠近标尺自物镜端观测水准尺以铅笔尖指出圆孔中心在尺上的位置在镜外读得B点标尺之读数b2(即仪器高)然后再对A点所立水准尺进行观测得读数a2若a2-b2=a1-b1则此项条件满足图4-237 水准管检验校正:若a2-b2不等于a1-b1在A点上水准尺的正确读数应为a'2=b2+(a1-b1)=b2+h旋转望远镜微倾螺旋使横丝对准A点标尺上的正确读数a'2这时视准轴已水平但气泡却偏离中心拨动水准管校正螺丝使气泡居中此项检校要反复进行直至仪器在B点所测之高差与仪器在A、B的中点所测正确高差相差在3~4mm以内就可以认为校正好了4.视准轴与水准管轴应平行(即无交叉误差)检验:安平仪器后在距仪器约50m处竖立一水准尺水准仪三个脚螺旋的位置应如图4-238所示其中两脚螺旋的连线与仪器至标尺的连线相垂直将仪器整平使水准管气泡严格居中用横丝的中心部位在尺上读数然后将两个脚螺旋相对地旋转1~2整周使水准仪向一侧倾斜此时横丝所对尺上读数必已变动旋转微倾螺旋使十字丝交点处读数保持不变查看气泡是否偏离中心如有偏离记住气泡偏离中心的方向(如偏向目镜端或物镜端)使脚螺旋恢复原来位置并旋转微倾螺旋使气泡居中此时横丝所对尺上读数仍为原来数值然后再以和前次相反的方向旋转脚螺旋1~2整周使水准仪向另一侧倾斜同时旋转微倾螺旋保持十字丝交点处读数不变再查看气泡有无偏离中心现象或偏向哪一端如通过两次检查气泡始终居中或仅偏于同一端说明水准轴与视准轴平行若气泡一次偏于目镜端而另一次偏于物镜端则说明此项条件不满足即有交叉误差的存在图4-238 视准轴检验 1-脚螺旋;2-标尺校正:用水准管上左右两校正螺旋一松一紧使气泡居中此项检验与校正要重复进行直至满足条件在进行三、四等水准测量时应进行此项检验一般情况下可不进行精密水准仪的检验与校正精密水准仪的特征:(1)望远镜有较大的放大率约36~50倍望远镜品质甚高有很好的清晰度、光明度一切色差变形消除殆尽;(2)水平管的灵敏度极高约自2"/2mm~6"/2mm之间近代观察水泡像的方法多采用棱镜折影符合法符合观察之精度为水平管灵敏度的1/4例如水准管的灵敏度4"/2mm则用符合法之后观测精度可达0.1"因此现今精密的水准仪上水准管的灵敏度绝对值不需过高而仍能达到非常精密的安平效果1.精密水准仪的基本构造精密水准仪的构造如图4-239所示图4-239 精密水准仪构造1-瞄准器;2-望远镜目镜;3-望远镜调焦螺旋;4-水准器反光板;5-微倾螺旋;6-楔形保护玻璃;7-平行玻璃板测微手轮;8-制动螺旋;9-微动螺旋;10-脚螺旋2.使用方法(1)安平 安平方法与普通水准仪大致相同不过此仪器长水准灵敏度极高气泡动荡静止较慢应注意将脚架安踏牢固安平时先使圆水准大致居中为了尽量提高视线减少地面折光影响仪器架应尽量架高在瞄准水准尺之后用微倾螺旋作精确居中此时只需稍微转动一下即可螺旋转动的方向与气泡像相对移动方向是一致的(图4-240)图4-240 调整气泡(2)读尺 精密水准仪配有铟钢水准尺尺面分左右两条刻划两刻划的起点数值不同测量时两尺都要读数彼此校对尺上每小格1cm每二格注一字由尺上直接读至厘米零碎读数由光学测微计直读至0.1mm估读至0.01mm在瞄准后转动测微计螺旋尺像随之上下移动使横线一端的楔形夹线恰好夹住尺上刻划线如图4-241所示左尺(或称主尺)读数为148cm测微读数为0.647cm此读数为主尺148.647cm然而进行右尺(或称为副尺)读数每一相同高度主副尺读数总是相差301.550cm由此可以核对读数图4-241 读尺示例3.校正(1)圆水泡之校正1)目的使圆水泡轴线垂直以便安平2)校正方法用长水准管使纵轴确切垂直然后校正之使圆水泡气泡居中其步骤如下:拨转望远镜使之垂直于一对水平螺旋用圆水泡粗略安平再用微倾螺旋使长水准气泡居中微倾螺旋之读数拨转仪器180°倘气泡偏差仍用微倾螺旋安平又得一读数旋转微倾螺旋至两读数之平均数此时长水准轴线已与纵轴垂直接着再用水平螺旋安平长水准管气泡居中则纵轴即垂直转动望远镜至任何位置气泡像符合差不大于1mm纵轴既已垂直则校正圆水准使气泡恰在黑圈内在圆水泡的下面有三个校正螺旋校正时螺旋不可旋得过紧以免损坏水准盒(2)微倾螺旋上刻度指标差的改正上述进行使长水准轴线与纵轴垂直的步骤中曾得到微倾螺旋两数之平均数当微倾螺旋对准此数时则长水准轴线应与纵轴垂直此数本应为零倘不对零线则有指标差可将微倾螺旋外面周围三个小螺旋各松开半转轻轻旋动螺旋头至指标恰指0线为止然后重新旋紧小螺旋在进行此项工作时长水准必须始终保持居中即气泡像保持符合状态(3)长水准之校正1)目的是使水准管轴平行于视准轴2)步骤与普通水准仪的检验校正相同激光水准仪的构造图4-242是我国烟台光学仪器厂生产的YJs3激光水准仪的外形其构造是在S3水准仪的望远镜上加装一只He-Ne气体激光器原理与J2-JD激光经纬仪相同图4-242 激光水准仪激光水准仪的操作方法水准仪部分与S3型水准仪相同激光器部分与J2-JD激光经纬仪的操作方法相同激光水准仪的用途用激光水准仪测高程时激光束在水准尺上显示出一个明亮清晰的光斑任何人都可以直接在尺上读数既迅速又正确减少了读数中可能发生的错误另外由于激光束射程较长白天尺面上很亮时为150m尺面上较暗时为300m晚上尺面黑暗时可达2000~3000m因此立尺点可距仪器更远在平坦地区作长距离高程测量时测站数较少提高了测量的效率在大面积的楼、地面抄平工作中放一次仪器可以控制很大一块面积极为方便YJs3激光水准仪的精度与S3型水准仪相同
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武当山获评湖北省十大夏季避暑目的地
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