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《《翻翻看》 [法]蒂埃里·拉瓦尔【旧书】》 【介绍...

连环强奸杀人案件,竟是未成年人干的1

2024年12月19日,海林赶紧拿出身上的水袋,将水袋里的水都喂给两人喝下,两人终于有了一点意识,睁开了眼睛,海林问他们是谁,这才知道,是高进和高世两兄弟。

《《翻翻看》 [法]蒂埃里·拉瓦尔【旧书】》 【介绍...

可是快速的感情发展掩盖了彼此了解的不足

中国古代化学:从实践中炼出的智慧2023-08-04 09:54·光明网“明月几时有,把酒问青天。不知丹砂炉鼎,何成镍金玄圆。” 从事化学研究的上海理工大学教授缪煜清改写了苏轼《水调歌头》中的一句词,以阐述中国古代化学的奇妙成果。化学作为研究物质性质及其结构、性能、变化和应用的学科,是自然科学中的基础学科之一。在古代,人们尚不具备认识和分析各种物质化学本质的能力,但是古人已经在生产生活当中积累了相关经验。古人依靠化学方法加工、改造物质,同时创造了各种对于物质本质和变化规律的学说。随着科学的进步,化学学科最终在近现代诞生。缪煜清指出,古代中国并没有现代意义的成体系的化学学科,但是并不乏化学思想和化工成果。其中化学思想根植于中国传统哲学,具备一定的前瞻性和实践指导意义。中国古代也创造了丰富的化工成果,为人类的技术进步增添了助力。化学工艺产生了大批成果青铜器是古代中国文明的一张名片。早在先商时期,先民就已经会用调和不同金属比例的方式来控制合金的化学性质,达到节约用料、增加美感、提高硬度、降低熔点等目的。根据中国社会科学院考古所对于商代铜器的合金分析,商代青铜器成分大致以锡青铜与三元青铜为主,二者占了绝大多数,铅青铜只占少数。商晚期的殷墟青铜器中含锡量已较早商的二里岗文化有了大幅度的增加,硬度更强,当时的工匠已经基本掌握了青铜合金配比规律,青铜器在技术上臻于成熟。“青铜是合金的一种,中国古代的金器也用合金做成。古代的各类金属器皿达到了很高的工艺水平,满足了古人对于金属性质的各种要求,其中有些合金的配方或工艺直到今天我们也无法复原,这体现了古人极高的化学实践能力。”缪煜清补充说,在《周礼·考工记》中已经有对于合金配方和金属性质的大量记载,当时的人们已经会依据各种兵器对力学性质的不同要求来确定合金配方。与合金类似的成果还有砖石、瓷器、墨汁、颜料、雄黄、火药、香料等,它们都是古代匠人化工实践的成果,它们之所以有着十分丰富的形态和应用,离不开古人对各类物质化学性质的研究和把握。中国古代四大发明中的火药和纸是化学的直接产物,指南针的应用与磁性合金相关,活字印刷使用的金属活字也和合金有关。“化学代表了人对自然力量的利用和掌控。古人用金属制作器皿、镜子,用泥制成砖和砚,用硫和汞开采金银……这些神奇的、实用的成果,都是中国古代化工的直接成就。”缪煜清说。古代化学思想仍有生命力提起中国古代化学思想,缪煜清首先举的例子是《西游记》。在《西游记》中,孙悟空是代表金元素的“金公”,猪八戒是代表木元素的“木母”。在中国传统观念中,金木水火土五行是构成世界的基本元素。近现代化学发现原子、分子之后,物质世界不再被认为是由几种简单的元素构成的,但五行说等观念仍有重要意义。就像“燃素”和“以太”等概念也曾支配欧洲人的化学观念一样,这些理论虽然被推翻了,但它们体现了古人对物质世界的认知过程和求知方式,是今人能步入化学世界的重要前提。缪煜清指出,方士、炼金术士、巫师等掌握了一定化学知识的群体为古代化学的进步作出了重要贡献,这一点不分国界。在中国,这些人一般被称为化人、眩人、幻人、幻师、幻士,在《列子》《后汉书》等经典中,就提及了幻人施展的一些“魔法”,这些“魔法”很可能是基于某些化学反应。相比化工技艺和实用化学知识,有关物质化学变化的观念大多是学者们在思辨中产生的,这些源于哲学观念的化学观念与化学实践处于相对分离的状态,因而很难形成现代意义上的化学体系。但是中国古代各种哲学思想从宏观上引导着古人不断探索世界、认识世界,并且在不同领域间创造关联。缪煜清认为,这一思维过程本身对中国古代化学的发展意义重大,至于结果则不必苛求。缪煜清举例说,当清朝人徐寿翻译现代化学的众多术语时,他也把众多元素分为了金木水火土五组,例如铁、钴、镍、铜、锌属于金,苯、蒽、菲、萘、茚、芘属于木,溴、汞属于水,烃、烷、烯、炔属于火,砷、硒、碘、碱属于土。这些译名体现了中国人对物质化学性质和变化规律的独到理解,传统化学思想并没有被抛弃,而是在与现代化学的结合当中获得了新的生命力。“化学的‘化’字代表分化,分化的另一面就是合成。中国的传统化学思想也能汇入现代化学的大河。”缪煜清表示。化学与人文不可分离缪煜清在上海理工大学开设了一门名叫《人类文明与化学》的课程。在他看来,化学和人文教学不可分离。“有的学生不理解‘化学键’的概念,我就会告诉他们,在中文当中,键是把两个物体锁定或固定在一起的东西,比如门闩,所以化学键就是把两个原子连在一起的东西。类似的还有共轭酸碱对,‘轭’指的是把两头牛或马连在一起的装置,所以在化学中,‘共用’一个质子的一对酸碱就得到了这个名字。” 缪煜清举例说。缪煜清认为,中国古代化学思想、化学实践大量寓于语文中,因此学好语文对学习现代化学也很有帮助。“化学给人以知识,而化学史给人以智慧。”缪煜清借用化学家傅鹰的这句名言说,科技和人文原本就不应该割裂,化学关系到人们生活的方方面面,而学生需要学习的也不仅仅是化学知识,还有来自传统文化的古老智慧。(孙明源)来源: 科技日报我相信,只要坚持努力,就一定会收获的。

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存了10万块钱,不想工作了,能躺平吗?对美联储政策观察人士来说,本周的一个主要焦点可能是周二的消费者价格通胀数据。在欧元区,关键事件是欧洲央行周四的决定,市场普遍预计官员们将加息50个基点。《《翻翻看》 [法]蒂埃里·拉瓦尔【旧书】》 【介绍...

就规模变动而言除德邦鑫星价值灵活配置混合外其余权益类产物在二季度的规模环比均有所增长数据显示截至二季度末德邦鑫星价值灵活配置混合的合并规模为0.35亿元环比一季度末减少37.5%同期中欧瑾利混合的合并规模为0.58亿元环比一季度末增长0.19亿元

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