《民法典》第一千一百六十五条规定，行为人因过错侵害他人民事权益造成损害的，应当承担侵权责任。依照法律规定推定行为人有过错，其不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。
2024年12月19日，值得一提的是，为支持鼓励创业投资基金发展，《条例》有针对性地作出多项差异化安排。据司法部、证监会相关负责人介绍，近年来，以创业投资基金为代表的私募基金在“投早投小投科技”方面发挥了重要作用，是促进科技自立自强、产业创新升级的重要力量。《条例》在总则中明确对创业投资基金实施分类监管，并为创业投资基金设置专章。在投资范围、投资期限、合同策略等方面明确创业投资基金应当符合的条件，并加强创业投资基金监管政策和发展政策的协同配合。
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比发动机还重要！3分钟学会如何通过电机系统看出新能源车的好坏原创2018-11-15 19:00·选车侦探在很多消费者眼中，续航是衡量一辆新能源车好坏的唯一标准。但事实上，对于一辆新能源车来说，电池部分仅是参考的其中一环，还有另外两大核心模块也决定着产物最终的体验，那就是电机与电控。所以我们今天我们先来帮大家快速、直观的了解一下电机到底有什么作用？到底什么样的电机好？在传统燃油车时代,发动机被称为汽车的心脏,因为它是能量转化的核心部件,而在新能源汽车时代，电机成为了汽车新的"心脏"。和燃油车发动机一样，电机要面临安装空间狭小、工作状况恶劣,振动大、冲击大、腐蚀严重等特殊工作环境，因此一台好的新能源车电机要具备高密度、体积小、高功率、高扭矩、可靠性、耐久性和成本低等特点。目前新能源汽车的驱动的电机主要可以分为开关磁阻电机、永磁同步电机、交流异步电机三大流派,而这三种流派的电机,依照结构和性能的不同,分别应用在商用车和乘用车领域。在商用车领域,普遍使用的是开关磁阻电机。此类流派的驱动电机从命名中就可以看出其具备的两个基本属性,一是开关性,二是磁阻性。开关性是指电机必须工作在一种连续的开关模式,而磁阻性,指的是电机的定子和转子具有可变磁阻磁路。开关磁阻电机有着明显的优势,结构简单、调速范围广、性能稳定可靠、成本也更低,但也存在转矩波动大、噪音大、系统非线性等缺点,这些问题对于乘用车而言很难接受,因此只是被商用车大规模采用。乘用车电机技术目前则被分成两大类：感应异步电机以及永磁同步电机。在市场应用上，后者目前已经占据了绝大部分的市场份额，即便之前坚持使用感应异步电机的特斯拉，在最新车型Model 3上也改为使用了永磁同步电机，所以我们先简单了解一下两类电机的技术优劣势，看看这种垄断式的技术现象是如何形成的。永磁同步电机就是在转子中加入了永磁体来强化转子性能，并与定子在转速同步旋转的形态下形成电流，在转换效率和稳定性上要比感应电机更高，从而能够直观的帮助电池组提供更高的续航能力，这也是多数车企选用永磁电机的主要原因之一。但由于永磁材料中最关键的"钕"价格较贵，所以会导致成本较高很难控制。主要的新能源车企有比亚迪、,吉利等。交流异步电机的原理是转子在旋转上要比定子稍慢一些，利用转差在转子导体上产生电流，类比一下我们高中物理中讲的切割磁感应线而产生感应电流就很容易明白了。这一类电机结构相对更简单，同时又可以使用更易获取的铝和铜，所以成本较低。但它的尺寸较大，重量较重，实际性能很容易受到电池尺寸和容量的影响。了解了电机的分类，我们要学会看参数了。简单来说，我们完全可以将电动机看作常规的内燃机，所以其同样有两个重要的参数——最大功率和最大扭矩。电动机最大的特点就是低转速下的扭矩更强，也正是这样新能源车才能比普通燃油车有着更强大的起步加速能力。但这样来看似乎和燃油车相比没有什么区别，但其实对于新能源车的电机来说，有一个更加重要的参数——转换效率。所以为了实现更好的续航，永磁同步电机成为了目前市场上的主流。在所搭载的电池组更小的情况下，提高电机效率能让车辆达到更好的续航表现。例如特斯拉Model 3就没有继续使用Model S所搭载的感应异步电机，而是改为使用永磁同步电机。于是为了更好的满足续航，并且迎合消费者的需求，即便感应电机的成本更低，车企也更愿意选择永磁电机来提高车辆的续航，就像燃油车为了满足低排放要求而转向三缸+涡轮增压发动机一样。电机虽然被称为三电技术的核心之一，但事实上，近两年时间电机技术领域并没有多大的进步，多数车企都在依靠统一的供应商进行电机的采购，而拥有独立电机技术的公司并不多，国内似乎也只有比亚迪、北汽新能源、江铃等车企有自己的电机生产厂，总体的技术同质化比较明显。"电池越大，续航越高，车就越好"，这是目前很多人在选购新能源车时的想法，电机与电控带来的实际价值常常被忽略。甚至为了追随消费者的喜好，连车企也更偏向强调车辆的续航水平，而弱化掉其它硬件参数。但如果真的想要让新能源车有所作为，达到燃油车的市场地位，像电机这样的硬件应该得到重视，投入更多的研发成本才行。我们都知道，燃油车的变速箱是由齿轮啮合传动来改变动力的输出，而纯电动车型则使用的是单速变速箱。那么能量的分配是怎么进行的呢？11月22日，请关注选车侦探的下期文章《续航用电它说了算！解析新能源车的大脑——电控系统》高铁票越来越难买？国铁详解2023-08-12 16:17·澎湃新闻潘锡珩/极目新闻今年暑运格外火爆，近日，有媒体报道称“感觉高铁票越来越难买”，8月12日，微信公众号“中国铁路”发文详解12306系统长途票和短途票的分配机制。暑运是旅游旺季，今年暑运，全国铁路客流持续高位运行，不少热门方向、热门车次堪称“一票难求”，甚至一放票就呈现“候补”状态。日前，有媒体报道了网友的感受“高铁票似乎越来越难买”。12日，中国铁路微信公众号发文详解，为什么短途车票经常买不到，明明12306上显示全程有票，但中途站只能“候补”？长途票和短途票怎么卖？由于暑运期间旅客出行需求“扎堆”，造成运能阶段性紧张。在这种情况下，铁路部门会把长途列车的票额，优先满足从始发站乘车到终点站的长途旅客，实现运力资源利用的最大化。如果短途车票敞开出售，会直接挤占长途旅客的票额，有刚性需求、选择面本身就小的长途旅客购票机会就少了。同时，长途车票随机分段出售，必然会造成部分区段席位闲置，运力得不到充分利用。实际上，铁路部门也会兼顾短途旅客需求，在长途票额充足时，根据需求变化动态调整票额投放，自动分时段将部分票额转移到沿途各站，满足短途旅客需求。买不到直达车票怎么办？为满足没有直达车，或者有直达车但是没有余票情况下的旅客出行需求，铁路12306APP提供了中转换乘服务功能。旅客提交出行需求后，系统会根据列车时刻表、余票、同一个城市不同铁路车站间的公共交通耗时等情况，向旅客展示差异化的铁路中转换乘路线。目前，铁路部门将不出站即可实现中转换乘的便捷换乘车站增加至100个，站内开辟便捷换乘通道，免去旅客先出站、再安检进站的麻烦。此外，候补购票功能也十分强大。目前，旅客每天可提交发到站相同或同城不同车站的两个相邻日期候补车票，从以前的各2张增加到各5张。本期编辑 邹姗
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