第79章 终于变身触手姬(求收藏投资)_真实游戏:我曝光...触手欺辱尤娜安卓版下载-触手欺凌尤娜最新下载地址v1.0.307_71...
在贵州，还有这样与众不同
2025年01月10日，到了今年的《热辣滚烫》，更是给了所有不看好贾玲、认为她当年票房是巧合之举的网友们一记猛烈的巴掌。
第79章 终于变身触手姬(求收藏投资)_真实游戏:我曝光...触手欺辱尤娜安卓版下载-触手欺凌尤娜最新下载地址v1.0.307_71...
4.在上述股份锁定期内本公司因上市公司送股、转增股本等原因而获得的新增股份亦应遵照前述锁定期进行锁定
周末，李明一家再次来到母亲家。这次，他们不仅带来了丰富的食材，还准备了一次家庭聚会。王阿姨知道后，特意为大家做了一桌丰盛的饭菜。2017年10月11日——新浪网——有钱任性？赵薇亲哥哥闹离婚，嫂子竟拿走5亿天价分手费
丑耻颈驳耻辞丑辞耻，濒颈测耻别办补颈虫颈补苍蝉丑颈肠丑耻补苍驳测别锄耻辞蝉丑辞耻驳辞苍驳箩颈补箩耻，锄耻辞濒颈补辞飞耻濒颈耻苍颈补苍诲补苍测颈锄丑颈尘别颈测辞耻肠丑别苍驳驳辞苍驳。锄耻颈丑辞耻虫耻补苍锄别濒补颈辩颈苍驳诲补辞迟辞耻产别苍辩颈苍辩颈，辫补辞辩颈濒颈补辞飞补颈尘补颈，驳补苍驳辫补辞濒颈补辞箩颈诲耻补苍诲别蝉丑颈箩颈补苍产颈补苍锄补辞测耻蹿别颈濒补颈丑别苍驳丑耻辞。蝉耻颈谤补苍辩颈肠丑耻，谤别苍尘别苍谤别苍飞别颈谤耻驳耻辞箩颈别肠丑耻箩颈苍尘辞诲别丑耻补，丑耻颈蝉丑颈诲别肠丑别苍驳蝉丑颈苍别颈产耻诲别驳耻补苍濒颈蝉丑辞耻诲补辞测颈诲颈苍驳测颈苍驳虫颈补苍驳，诲补苍肠辞苍驳蝉丑颈箩颈濒补颈办补苍辩颈蝉丑颈产颈苍驳蹿别颈谤耻肠颈，2017苍颈补苍蝉丑颈，虫颈补苍诲补苍驳诲颈锄辞苍驳驳辞苍驳虫颈苍驳肠丑别苍驳濒颈补辞2888辩颈箩颈补辞迟辞苍驳蝉丑颈驳耻，谤补苍别谤诲补辞2022苍颈补苍蝉丑颈，辩耻别虫颈补箩颈补苍驳诲补辞濒颈补辞2174辩颈。
无(奥耻)数(厂丑耻)个(骋别)夜(驰别)晚(奥补苍)，小(齿颈补辞)刚(骋补苍驳)都(顿耻)睡(厂丑耻颈)不(叠耻)着(窜丑耻辞)觉(闯耻别)，他(罢补)太(罢补颈)后(贬辞耻)悔(贬耻颈)买(惭补颈)了(尝颈补辞)这(窜丑别)么(惭别)大(顿补)的(顿别)房(贵补苍驳)子(窜颈)，压(驰补)力(尝颈)这(窜丑别)么(惭别)大(顿补)，小(齿颈补辞)珍(窜丑别苍)这(窜丑别)回(贬耻颈)也(驰别)蔫(狈颈补苍)吧(叠补)了(尝颈补辞)，知(窜丑颈)道(顿补辞)自(窜颈)己(闯颈)的(顿别)决(闯耻别)策(颁别)遇(驰耻)到(顿补辞)百(叠补颈)年(狈颈补苍)不(叠耻)遇(驰耻)的(顿别)事(厂丑颈)件(闯颈补苍)时(厂丑颈)，才(颁补颈)验(驰补苍)证(窜丑别苍驳)出(颁丑耻)自(窜颈)己(闯颈)的(顿别)愚(驰耻)蠢(颁丑耻苍)和(贬别)傻(厂丑补)笨(叠别苍)。
yucitongshi，zai50weishangbangfuhaozhong，jinyibanrendecaifuchuxianliaosuoshui，qizhongzuiyanzhongdeshizhinengshoujiboligaibanzhizaoshangboenguangxuedechuangshirenyangjianwenhelinhuiyingfufu。youyuquanqiuzhinengshoujixuqiuxiajiang，gaigongsituichiliaoIPO，shizheduichuangshirenfufudecaifuyejianzhi44yimeiyuan。lingyiweicaifuyanzhongsuoshuideshishangyinianshoucishangbangderengongzhinenggongsishangtangkejilianhechuangshiren、daxuejiaoshoutangxiaoou，tade“shenjia”xiadiejin60%zhi25yimeiyuan。cihuilianxiangyuxinliciku：cihuishenduzhishiyanjiuxianzhuangyuanchuang2021-12-19 08:36·yongdayingyuganxieninguanzhu“yongdayingyu”！cihuilianxiangyuxinliciku：cihuishenduzhishiyanjiuxianzhuangzhang pingtiyao：benwenshouxianliqingxinlicikugoujianmoshiyanjiuyucihuishenduzhishitanxunzhijiandeguanxi, jiexixinlicikudexinliyuyanxueshiyanfangfa, huigucihuilianxiangzuoweixinliyuyanxuejingdianyanjiufangfadefazhanlichengyijiyanshengfanshi。zaicijichushang, benwenfenbiecongyiyuheeryulilunjishizhenglianggefangmianduibitongguocihuilianxiangyanjiuxinlicikudejibenfaxian：yiyuxinlicikugoujianyucihuixidefazhanguochengyizhi, jicongyin—yipipeidaojufazhishikuozhanzaidaoyuyiwangluogoujian。erduieryuxinlicikushifoudulicunchu、shifougainiangongxiangyijimuyuzuoyongjiedingjunweiyouyizhijielun;duiqicihuizhishifazhanlujingshifouyuyiyuxiangsiyiweiyoulingrenxinfudelilunheshizhengzhicheng。benwenzuihouzongjieeryuxinlicikuyanjiuzhongcunzaidewentihezhengyiyijicihuilianxiangzuoweiyanjiufangfasuocunzaidequexian, weiweilaidexiangguanyanjiuzhimingfangxiang。yi、yinyancihuiyanjiudezhongxinwentizhiyishiduicihuishenduzhishixidedeyanjiu(Henriksen, 2008)。cong Richards(1976)kaishideduizhangwodangecibutongweidudeweiguanfenxi(Wesche & Paribakht, 1996; Nation, 2001)daoMeara (1996)duixuexizhezhenggecihuixitongjinxingdehongguanmiaoshu(Vanniarajan, 1997; Henriksen, 1999; Aitchison, 2003); congzhuzhongcihuideliangdejileidaotanjiucihuiwangluodegoujiantezheng, congdanyideyuyanjiegoudaojieyongqitaxuekedeyanjiufangfaduoshijiaoditanxuncihuizhishidejiangouhebiaozheng,cihuixidedeyanjiujingliliaoyigezhidefeiyue。duixuexizhecihuishenduzhishizhangwodeyanjiumuqiancaiyongliaohenduofangfa,danzuiyinrenzhumudekongpayaoshuyunyongxinliyuyanxuefangfaduixuexizhexinlicikudeyanjiu。youyuyanjiuzhewufayongrouyankandaoxuexizhexinlicikuzhongcihuidecunchuhegoujian,yunyongcihuilianxiangceshitiqushiyanjieguojiubukebimiandichengweizhongduoxinlixuejia、xinliyuyanxuejiaheyuyanxuejiabuyueertongcaiyongdefangfa。benwencongzhegejiaoduchufa,huigucihuilianxiangyanjiudelishi,zongjiecihuilianxiangyanjiusuojieshideyiyuheeryuxuexizhexinlicikudegoujianmoshi, youcifenxieryuxuexizhecihuishenduzhishizhangwodetedianyijiyubenzuyuzhedechayi。youyuxinlicihuideyanjiuzhuyaoyimuyucihuihuoshuangyucihuidetiquyucunchuweizhu,duieryuxinlicihuideyanjiuxiangduijiaoshao,yinci,duizhefangmiandeliaojiexuyaodaliangyanjiutigonggengduozhengju。tongguocihuilianxiangfanyinglaitoushieryujiyiyucihuizaixuexizhedanaozhongdejiegoubiaozheng,jieduzhezhongbiaozhengsuozheshechudeeryucihuixidezhongcihuishenduzhishizhangwodetedian ,wulunduixinliyuyanxuejiayanjiueryuxuexizhedexinliciku,huanshiduiyingyongyuyanxuejialiaojieeryuzhedecihuixidewenti, yijiduiyuyanjiaoshilinghuogaoxiaoyunyonglianxiangceshizhenduanxuexizhedecihuinengli, duyouzhongdayiyi。er、xinlicikudedingyixinliciku(mental lexicon)yiciyuanzixinliyuyanxue, yizhidanaozhongduicihuizhishidechangqiyongjiujiyi。xinlicikukanbujianmobuzhuo,yincixinliyuyanxuejiaheyuyanxuejiajiaojinnaozhi,tichuliaohenduoleibi,shiturangrenmenduixinlicikuyouyigegengweiqingchuzhiguandeliaojie。Aitchison(1994)baxinlicikubiyuweixinlicidian, huoyigejudadezhizhuwang。McCarthy (1990)renweixinlicikujiuxiangyibencidian、baikequanshu, huoxiangyigedatushuguan。Brown(2006)yanzhongdexinlicikujiuxiangxianzaidediannaoxitonghuowuxianwangluo。Murphy (2003)zeyongcidianhetongyicidianlaiyinyuxinliciku。buguanhezhongbiyu,xinlicikuconggenbenshanglaishuoyinggaishidanaozhongsuoyouguanyucixing、ciyijiqiyongfadeyigejudacangku(Singleton, 1999; Richards & Schmidt, 2002; Navracsics, 2007)。guangyouzhexiehuanbugou, zuizhongyaodeshisuoyouzhexiecizaixinlicikuzhongdaodishizenmechucunhexianghulianjiede(Salamoura, 2004)。weicixinlixuejiashushinianlaicaiyonggezhongfangfazhiliyutansuoxinlicikuzhongciyucizhijiandexianghuguanxi, tichuliaohenduolilun,yeyoubushaoyoujiazhidefaxianhezhengyi。duiyiyucikulaishuo,yijianxiangduitongyi, yinweiyiyuzhedanaolideyuyanxitongbucunzaiwailaiyuyanganrao;erduieryuzheshenzhiduoyuzhelaishuo, xinlicikudejiegoujiuhuibijiaofuza,tebieshiyanjiuzhefeichangguanzhueryuzhesuoxuexideL2yuxuexizheyiyoudeL1cikudeguanxi,butongdecileishifouduitachanshengyingxiang,chucunmoshishifouyuyiyuxiangsi, shifouruyiyuyiyangzunxunxiangtongdefazhanlujing,dengdeng。san、xinlicikudeyanjiufangfayouyuxinlicikurouyanbukejiandeshuxing,yanjiuzhecaiyonggezhongbanfalaijiashehetuilunqineizaijiegou。zuizao、zuijingdiandejiushicihuilianxiangceshi, ruzaoqideWeinreich(1953)caiyongziyoulianxiangfangfatuiduanchushuangyuzhedexinlicihuicunchusanmoxing(jihechengxing、bingliexinghefushuxing)yijihoulaide yuyanjian—yuyanneiziyoulianxiang(Kolers, 1963; Taylor, 1976; Jin, 1990; de Groot, 1992; Singleton, 1999; Namei, 2004)。chucizhiwai,huanyouhenduoxinliyuyanxuejiacaiyongduoxiangfanyihecitumingmingrenwu(Potter et al., 1984; Chen &Leung, 1989; Kroll & Stewart, 1994)、Stroopshiyan(Chen & Ho, 1986; Altarriba & Mathis, 1997)、cihuipanduanrenwu(Dijkstra et al., 1998; Sunderman & Kroll, 2006)、yuyiqidongshiyan(de Groot & Nas, 1991; Forster & Jiang, 2001; Dong et al., 2005)deng, bingjiezhuyugezhongshiyanfanshi, ruzhengdianzifashecengmiao(positron emission topography, jianchengPET)、shijianxiangguandianwei(event-related potentials, jianchengERP)、gongnenghecigongzhen(functional magnetic resonance imaging, jianchengfMRI)dengnaochengxiangfenxishouduanbijiaoyuyanjianheyuyanneidexinlicihuideshuangyubiaozhengheyuyijiagongfangshi,congshenjingshenglixuejiaoduweixinlicikuderenzhibenzhitigonggengjiamingxihekexuedeyiju。youyuzhexierenzhiyuyanxuehenaokexueyanjiuxuyaozhuanmendeshiyanshebeiheshiyanchangsuo,qiefeiyonganggui,yibandeyanjiuzhehennanhuoqu,yincicihuilianxiangceshibianchengliaozuichangyongdefanshizhiyi。si、cihuilianxiangceshicihuilianxiang(word associations)yanjiuzuizaokeyishangsudaoyalishiduode(Entwisle , 1966)。diyigecihuilianxiangdeshiyanchuzideguodeGalton (1880, zhuanyinziJung, 1918), tabazijizuoweishiyanduixiang。zhezhongfangfajierhenkuaibeideguorezhongyuzuoshiyandeyanjiuzheruWundt (1883, zhuanyinziJung, 1918)zai19shijimotuiguangkailai。gaifangfazuichuzhuyaoyingyongzaiduiyichangsiwei、fanzuixingweiyijijiaoyuxinlidengdelinchuangzhenduanshang(Jung, 1918; Stevens, 1994), qizhongzuizhumingdeyinggaisuanKentheRosanoff (1910), tamenyong1000gebutongjiaoyuhegongzuobeijingdezhengchangshoushidelianxiangfanyingjieguozuoweiyiju,yicihejingshenbingrendelianxiangjieguozuoduizhao, laizhenduanbingqingdeyanzhongchengdu。zishangshiji60niandaiqi,cihuilianxiangyanjiukaishizaiyiyuxidelingyudaguimozhankai(Brown & Berko, 1960; Deese, 1962a, 1962b; Entwisle et al., 1964; Entwisle, 1966; Ervin, 1963; Francis, 1972; Sharp & Cole, 1972),qiceshimoshiyezaimeiguohejianadazuoweipingguqiyuyanjinruxiangmuheshuangyu—wenhuaxiangmudeyigezhongyaofuzhushouduan(Lambert & Moore, 1966; Anderson & Bower, 1974)。qizhong,RussellheJenkins(1954)zhuyaoyanjiuchengrenhedaxueshuipingdelianxiangfanying, BrownheBerko(1960), Ervin(1961), PalermoheJenkins (1963)jiEntwisle(1966)cezhongduiertong(youeryuanqianzhigaozhong)decihuilianxiangjinxingkaocha。Entwisledeyanjiuguimozuida, gongshejidao1160mingshoushi、96gebutongcixinghecipindelianxiangci,bingfenxiliaolianxiangfanyingyuxingbie、zhilifazhan、chushengdijinianlingdeguanxi。zheyijieduandeyiyucihuilianxiangyanjiuzhuyaocaiyongkoushudefangfa, daduyiKent-Rosanoffdecitiaoweilanben。KentheRosanoff (1910)dejieguohefangfaxuduonianlaiyizhibeidangzuoquanweifanben。yihandeshi, zhe100gecijicijuedaduoshushuyugaopinmingcihexingrongci,qieqizhongziranpeiduidecijiaoduo, ruWHITE—BLACK,TALL—SHORT, MAN—WOMANdeng, youkenengduilianxiangfanyingdejieguochanshengyingxiang(Meara, 1983)。houlaideyanjiuzhekaishiduiKentheRosanoffdecitiaojinxingxiugai,shenzhizhongxinxuanzekeyongdeci。duiyiyuhuodanyuxuexizhedelianxiangjieguofenxifaxian,tamendefanyingmoshiyouzhuojingrenxiangtongdefazhanqushihebianhua,jikeyucexing(Russell & Jenkins, 1954; Deese, 1962b, 1964, 1965; Entwisle, 1966; Sharp & Cole , 1972)。yinciyanjiuzherenwei, yiyulianxiangdejieguokeyikanzuoshibeiceshidecijicizaishoushizhexinlicikuzhongdechucunhelianjiefangshidefanying。youyucihuilianxiangbenshenjuyouxuduoyuyanxingweitezheng,yinciyuelaiyueduodexinliyuyanxuejiaheyuyanxuejiaduicifangfaganxingqu,batayongzaixuduoyuyanxianxiangdetanjiuzhong,tebieshiyongzaitantaoyanyuxingwei、yuyanfazhan、gainianxingchengyijixinlicihuidebiaozheng、jiyiyugoujianmoshishang,yanjiufanweiyecongyiyukuozhandaoeryushenzhiduoyuxuexizheshenshang。tamenrenwei,duicihuilianxiangdefanyingjieguojinxingfenxikeyigenghaodiliaojieeryucihuidexideshenduyucihuizhishidecunchufangshi(Riegel & Zivian, 1972; Politzer, 1978; Kruse et al., 1987; Sǒderman, 1993; Schmitt , 1998; Wolter 2001; Orita, 2002)。cihuixuejiarenwei ,duicihuizhishidemiaoshubixubaohansangefangmian:cihuideguangdu、shenduhelianjiedu(huotongdadu)(Meara, 1996; Henriksen, 1999; Fitzpatrick, 2006)。cihuilianxiangyouyuhecihuidejinmiguanxi,bujinjixushoudaoxinliyuyanxuejiadeqingzuo,huanzaiyingyongyuyanxueheeryuxidelingyudazhanshenshou,lirucihuilianxiangkeyishejichengbutongdeceshimobanlaijiancecihuizhishidexidechengdu。MearaheFitzpatrick(2000)deLex30cihuilianxiangguanzhudeshixuexizheL2cihuideguangduzhishi; Read (1998, 2000)delianxiangceshicezhongzaicihuideshenduzhishi; Wolter (2001)decihuilianxiangyanjiuzeduicihuizhishidechucunmoshihelianjiefangshibiaoxianchujidaxingqu,zheyeshicihuilianxiangwulunzaizuichudeyiyucihuiyanjiuhuanshihoulaideeryucihuiyanjiudushiyunyongdezuiweiguangfanbingdedaorenkedelingyu。yeyouyanjiuzhebacihuizhishidelianjiedukanzuoshicihuishenduzhishideyigebiaozheng,jicihuizhishiwangluodegoujian。Henriksen (1999, 2008)bacihuishenduzhishidingyiweixuexizhegoujiancihuiwangluodenengli,bingqierenweitongguoduixuexizhecihuilianxiangnenglideyanjiu,keyituicechucihuiwangluolianjiedefangshi,liaojiecihuishenduzhishidezhangwohexidechengdu。cihuilianxiangrenwuyaoqiushoushizaitingdaohuokandaocijicishilijigeichudanaolichuxiandefanying。zhexiefanyingkeyishidangeci,yekeyishicichuan,zuizhongyaodeshishoushibukeyimianduicijicijinxingchangshijiandesikao。ceshifangshiheneirongkeyigenjuxuyaoshejichengbutongmoban。birukeyigenjusuocecihuinenglidexuyao, yongcihuilianxiangrenwukaochashoushidejiji/xiaojicihuiliang(Meara & Fitzpatrick, 2000; Henriksen, 2008);cihuizhishihenenglifazhan(Read,1993, 1998, 2000; Greidanus &Nienhuis, 2001; Brown, 2006; Peppard, 2007; Zavera, 2007; Henriksen, 2008)。yekeyiyijuyanjiumudeshejichengyiduiyidedanciziyoulianxiang(yigecijicigeichuyigefanyingci)、yiduiduodelianxuziyoulianxiang(yigecijicigeichuduogefanyingci)、xianzhixinglianxiang(congguidingdecizhongxuanchufanyingci)、jianduanxinglianxiang(yicigeichuyigefanyingci,dantongyigecijiciduocichuxian)dengbutonglianxiangmoshi。huankeyigenjushoushideqingkuangcaiyongting—shuo、ting—xie、xie—shuo、xie—xiedengshiyanfangshi。duiyiyuzhedelianxiangyanjiudaduocaiyongting—shuohuoxie—shuodefangshi,erduieryuzhe(baokuoketangjiaoxuexiadewaiyuxuexizhe)laishuo,caiyongting—xiehuoxie—xiedefangshigengrongyibimianyouyuerwuhuokouwuyinqidefeiyuyifanying。wu、yiyucihuilianxianglilunzaoqideyiyuyanjiuzhetichuyixilielilunlaijieshixinlicikuzhongdecihuilianxiangfanyingmoshi。tamenrenwei,cihuilianxiangdeyigejibenjiasheshi: ciyucizhijianxianghulianxidefangshiqishijieshihebiaozheng renleisiweiderenzhiguocheng(Gunstone , 1980)。xinlicikuzhongdeyuyixinxiyijuqiyuyiguanlianheyiyixiangjindeyuanzegoujianchengteyoudeyuyiwangluo。zhezhongpilinlilun(Ervin, 1961)jiashe, cixlianxiangchuciy, shiyinweitamenzaixuexizhedeyuyanxuexiguochengzhongpinfanxiangbanchuxian。Deese (1965)zaicijichushangjinyibutichuliaoguanlianjiegoulilun。tarenwei, cihuilianxiangshijishangshiyizhongzhilifanyingguocheng,shiyouyigefanyingyinfalingyigefanyingerchanshengdexinlihuodong, jiyigemubiaocijifachuqixiangyingdelianxiangfanyingci。dannagecihuibeilianxiangchulaiqujueyulianggeyuanze:yiyiguanlianyuanzeheshiyongpinlvyuanze。McNeill (1966)zaikendingErvinheDeesedeguanlianyupinlvlilundetongshiyoutichu,meigecixiangdujuyouqitedingdeyuyilianjieguanxihejufayueshuguanxi。ertongzaiyuyanxuexideguochengzhongzhengshiduiyizhicihuihebanzhicihuifuyugengduodejufa、yuyitezheng,congerqianghuatamenzaixinlicikuzhongdelianxiangguanxi。zhexieweicihuilianxiangertichudejieshililunweihoulaideyanjiutigongliaohenyoujiejianyiyidelilunzhicheng。youlianxiangzhuyifazhanerlaideliantonglunhebingliefenbujiagongmoxing(Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986; Elman et al., 1996; Herschensohn, 2007)zhengshizaizhexiejichushangfazhanqilai, bingzaixinliyuyanxue、shenjingyuyanxue、shenjingxinliyuyanxue、jisuanjiyuyanxuedengxinxingjiaochalingyuqudehendadeyingyong。yihandeshi, zhexielilunhexianyouyanjiufaxianhuanjiaoshaochujiduicihuilianxiangfanyingmoshidejieshi, yehenshaoguanzhubutongcileizailianxiangfanyingguochengzhongdeyingxiang。yushangshulilunbutongdeshi, duiyiyuxideguochengdeyanjiukeyihenhaodijieshiyiyucihuilianxiangfanyingmoshidejieguo。dangertongkaishitashangyuyanxuexidexingchengshi,shouxianbixuhuoquduiyuyindelijie, jinxingduiyuyin—yiyipipeidemofanghechanchuhuodong, zheshigouchengertongcihuilianxiangzaoqizuixianzhudeyuyinfanyingdejichu。suizhuonianlingheyuyanshurudezengjia,ertongkaishichuangzaoxingdiduiyuyanjinxinghecheng,yishixianyanyujiaojidexuyao。zhengruPinker (1995)suoguanchadaodeAdamyuyanfazhansuoshi:Play checkers. Big drum. I got horn. A bunny-rabbit walk. (Adam 2;3 ①2he3fenbiedaibiaoAdamdenianlingheyueling)That birdie hopping by Missouri in bag. Do ______ want some pie on your face? Why you mixing baby chocolate? I finish drinking all up down my throat. (Adam 2;11)zhegejieduandeyuyanfazhanxianshichuertongduijufazhishideqianglieyilai(Herschensohn, 2007), “shuigenzhuoshui”(Entwisle, 1966)dedapeixingzhishidafuduzengjia, biaoxianzaicihuilianxiangzhong, duisuogeicijicilianxiangdehengzuhefanying(syntagmatic response)zhanjueduiduoshu(Ervin, 1961; Woodrow & Lowell, 1916)。daoliaoruxueshi, ertongde“shuitidaishui”(Entwisle, 1966)yuyicengjiguanxizhishikaishikuozhan, duitongyiguanxi、fanyiguanxi、shangxiayiguanxidengyouliaogengshenkedeliaojie,zhegejieduandecihuilianxiangmingxianbiaoxianchuzongjuhefanying(paradigmatic response)dedaguimochuxian(Entwisle, 1966; Schmitt, 2007)。dangran, cihuilianxiangdefazhancongyuyindaohengzuhezaidaozongjuhe,duibutongcileilaishuo,guodushijianhefanyingmoshiyebuxiangtong。butongcixingdecisuogouchengdeyuyiguanxigeyoubutong(Miller & Fellbaum, 1991),mingcihexingrongcigengrongyigouchengcengjiyuyiwangluo, erdongciyaobimingcigengjuyouduoyixing,yinerxidekunnanzengjia,qieyouyuqisuoxiedaidejufagongneng,gengrongyijifachuhengzuhefanying。butongcipindecixiangyingdeyuyiguanxiwangluohecihuilianxiangfazhanyebujinxiangtong。zhezhongbutonghuanhuibiaoxianzaicidejutixingchayishang。ertongchuqixidedecihuijuedaduoshudushizaizhenshishijieliyouduiyingshitidejutimingci(de Groot & Keijzer, 2000),qiezhexieciyinweijuyoukeganzhixingerbichouxiangcigengyixide,gengkuaitiqu(Paivio, 1986, 1991),yineryegengrongyijianlifengfudeyuyiguanxiwangluo。juticisuojubeidezhezhongyouyuexingzaiPaiviodeshuangbianmalilun(Dual-Coding Theory)heSchwanenflugel (Schwanenflugel et al., 1991)deqingjinglilun(Context-Availability Theory)duyoujieshi。liu、yiyucihuilianxiangyanjiufaxianduiyiyuertonghechengrendecihuilianxiangmoshiyanjiufaxianzhengshiliaoyiyuyuyanxidehefazhanguochengdetedian,jicongyuyindaoyuyi、conghengzuhedaozongjuhedejieduan。jianyuyiyuyuyanfazhandetedian, daduoshudeyiyucihuilianxiangyanjiuyedubalianxiangfanyingleixingjiushihuafenweihengzuhe、zongjuheheyuyinsandalei。zhengruEntwisle(1966)suoshuo, hengzuheduiyingliaojufashunxudefazhan,erzongjuheduiyingliaoertongtongyicixingdeliangdekuozhan。Ervin (1961)heEntwisle(1966)duiyoueryuan、xiaoxuezhizhidaxuedeyiyuzhejinxingliaodaguimodelianxiangfanyingceshi。jieguodufaxian, ertonggengduodeyilaiyuyinguanxi,erchengrenzeyiyuyifanyingwei zhu(yin—yiqianyi, P-S Shift),qiesuizhuonianlingdezengjia,zongjuhefanyingyuelaiyueduo,hengzuhefanyingyuelaiyueshao(heng—zongqianyi,S-P Shift),danbutongcidefanyingleixingfazhanjiezoubujinxiangtong(Brown & Berko, 1960; Entwisle, 1966; Anglin, 1970)。zhezhongcongyuyindaoyuyi、conghengzuhedaozongjuhedefanyingqianyiyinqiwendingxingheyizhixingerbeikanzuoshibiaozhengyiyuxinlicikuyuyiwangluogoujiandefazhanlujingdezhishiqi(Nissen & Henriksen, 2006; Schmitt, 2007)。duieryucihuilianxiangdeyanjiuzheyeyiciweicanzhao, shituzhaodaoeryuxinlicikuzunxuntongyanglujingdegoujianmoshidezhengju。qi、eryuxinlicikulilunduiyiyucihuilianxiangyanjiudehuiguzhengmingliaoyiyuxinlicikushijiyuyuyilianjiedeyinyipipeidecihuiwangluoxitong。dancifaxianbingbuyidingnengzaieryuyanjiuzhongzhaodaowanquandeduiying,yinweiqixinlicikuzhongwufabimianyiyuxitongdejieruheyingxiang。weiliaojieshieryucikudebiaozhenghefazhantedian,yuyanxuejiatichuruoganlilunjixiangyingdejiegoumoxing,shituhuidaeryucikudaodishihunhedehuanshidulide,ciyucizhijiandaodishitongguocixianglianjiehuanshigainianxianglian,gainiantezhengshigongxiangdehuanshifenbudedengzhongyaowenti。1.hunheyudulicunchuhunheyudulicunchudegainianzaozaibangeshijiyiqianjiubeiWeinreich(1953, 1968)tichu。tongguocihuilianxiangceshidefangfa, Weinreichfaxian, eryuxuexizheyouzhuobutongyuyiyuzhedecihuichucunxitonghecihuilianxiangmoshi。tagenjuzijideyanjiujieguotichuliaosanzhongmoxing:yiyouyiyuyuxinxueeryucixianggongxiangtongyicunchuxitong;eryucihuiyuyiyuxitong“geziweizheng”; eryucihuijieziyiyuxitongtongdayuyi。eryucikudaodiyihezhongfangshicunchukenenghuiyucidejutixing chayi (de Groot, 1989, 1993; de Groot et al., 1994)、cixing(de Groot, 1992; Lotto & de Groot, 1998)yijixuexizhedeyuyanfazhanshuiping(de Groot & Poot, 1997; Kroll & Stewart, 1994; Potter et al., 1984)youguan。liruzaiyuyanxuexichuqi,suoxueeryucihuitongchangbixujiezhuxuexizheyizhideyiyuzhishizhijiefanyichengduiyingdecixiang;ersuizhuoeryuyuyanshuipingdetigao,cidexidechengdubutong,eryucikukenenghuiyousanzhongbutongdebiaozhengtongshicunzai, cihuidelianjiefangshiyehuigeyoubutong。yinci, duieryucikuderenshikenengbunengjiandandiguileiweimouyizhongmoshieryi。2.cixiangyugainianlianjiesuiranWeinreichduieryucikudebiaozhengmoshijinxingliaojiaoweiqingchudeyucefenxi,houlaideyanjiuzherenweitadefenleirengxianmohu, bunenghuidaeryuxinlicikudebenzhiwenti(Bialystok, 2001),yinci,houxudeyanjiuzhuanerguanzhueryuxinlicikulilundelingyizhongyaowenti:cixingheciyidepipei。yiwangxiangguandeyanjiucezhongzaihuidacixingheyiyi(gainian)zaigegeyuyanxitongzhongdaodishifenbiebiaozhengdehuanshigongxiangyigeciku(Potter et al., 1984; Kroll & Sholl, 1992; Altarriba & Mathis, 1997; Kroll & de Groot, 1997; Paradis, 1997)。weiciertichudediyigejieshimoxingshiPotterdeng(1884)debingliebiaozhengmoxing(jiantu1):zaicixingcengmian,eryucihuitongguoyiyumeijietongdayuyi;erzaiciyicengmian,yiyuheeryucihuijunkezhijietongdagainianhuoyiyi。yejiushishuo, zaicixingcengmian,geyuyancihuifenbiecunchuhebiaozheng;erzaiyiyicengmian,liangzhongyuyangongxiangyigegainianxitong。Potterdengdemoxingdedaobushaoshizhengyanjiudeguanzhu(de Groot & Nas, 1991; Chen & Leung, 1989; de Groot, 1992; Kroll, 1993; Kroll & de Groot, 1997; Kroll & Tokowicz, 2001; Kroll & Sunderman, 2003)。zhelianggemoxingqishidaibiaoliaobutongeryushuipingdexuexizhedecihuibiaozhengtedian:jiezhuyiyudecihuizhongjiemoshizhuyaobiaoxianzaijiaodishuipingdeeryuzhedeshiyanjieguoshang, ergainiantongdamoshizenengjieshijiaogaoyuyanshuipingdexuexizhedefaxianjieguo。yinci,zhelianggemoxingfanyingliaoeryucihuisuizhuoyuyanshuipingdetigaoerbiaoxianchudecongcihuizhongjiedaogainiantongdadefazhanguocheng,jieryucihuidefazhanshiyigecongyilaimuyuzhongjiezhuanxiangyilaigainiantongdadeguocheng。weiliaogenghaodijieshizheyibianhua, KrollheStewart(1994)zaiyuanlaidecengjimoxingjichushangtichuxiuzhengmoxing(the Revised Hierarchical Model , RHM , jiantu2),mingqueliaoyouyumuyuxitongdecunzaierdaozhideeryuyuyiyuxinlicikuzhongcihuiyugainianlianjieqiangdudebuduidengguanxi:eryuheyiyujiandecihuilianjieqiangyuyiyuyueryudecihuilianjie(biaozhongshixianbiaoshijiaoqianglianjieguanxi,xuxianzebiaoshijiaoruolianjieguanxi);yiyuhegainianjiandelianjieqiangyueryuhegainiandelianjie;yiyucikudeyuyiwangluodayueryuciku,youyueryubutonggainiandejiarudaozhigainianxitongdekuoda(yibutongdaxiaodekuangxingbiaoshi)。xiuzhengguodecengjimoxingbujinkeyijieshicixiangfanyishiyan、tupianmingmingshiyanheStroopjieguo, tongshiyekeyiyonglaijieshiheyuceeryuxuexizhecihuilianxiangkenengchuxiandefanying,tebieshiyouyumuyudecanyuheyuyanshuipingdebutongsuodaozhidefeimuyuhuafanying。suiranxiuzhenghoudecengjimoxingxiangbiqitamoxingeryanjiaohaodimiaoshuliaoeryuxinlicikudebiaozhenghefazhantedian ,danrengyoujidianyinsuweinengsheji:1)meiyoushuomingjufagainianzhishihuodapeizhishi(hengzuhezhishi)zaiqizhongdebiaozhengtedian。moxingzhongde“gainian”jinxianyuyiyuheeryuzhongdezongjuhegainianzhishi, tebieshiyujuti/chouxiangmingcihetongyuan/yiyuancixiangguandegainianzhishi(de Groot & Nas, 1991; de Groot, 1992; de Groot et al., 1994; Kroll & de Groot, 1997),biruzaidanyuheshuangyuqidongshiyanzhongsuoshiyongdeqidongcizongshihebeiqidongciyouyuyishangdexiangguan(DOCTOR-nurse; BODY-finger)(Chen & Leung, 1989; Kroll & Sholl,1992; Dong et al., 2005), henshaoyouyanjiuguanzhueryucihuizhongjuyoudapeiguanxidegainianzhishishiruhecunchubingyihezhongxingshichanshenglianxiangfanyingde。2)cixiuzhengmoxingzhuyaoguanzhudeshixiangjinyuyanxitongdeeryuxuexi。youyuyuyanxiangjinkegongxiangdegainianzhishiyehuigengduo, erhanyuheyingyufenshubutongyuyanxitong, qichanshengdeleixingjulisuodaozhidegeziteyoudegainianzhishihuizaieryuxinlicikuzhongzhanyouxiangduijiaodadebili, zhexieteyougainianzhishiduieryucikudegoujianhecihuilianxiangdeyingxiangzaixiuzhengmoxingzhonghuanhennanzhaodaojieshi。3.gongxiangyufenbutezhengweiliaogenghaodijieshigainiantezhengzaieryucihuixidezhongdezuoyong, de Groothetongshi(de Groot , 1992; de Groot, et al., 1994; van Hell & de Groot, 1998a,1998b)fenxiliaoyixiliejuti/chouxiangcifanyishibierenwudeshiyanjieguo, tichuliaofenbutezhengmoxing(the Distributed Feature Model, DFM, jiantu3), bagainianfenjiechengjiedian, renweizaiyiyuheeryuzhongjuticiyaobichouxiangcigongxianggengduodegainianjiedian, yinweijuticizhichengdeshijiduixiangzaiyuyanjianshixiangside, erchouxiangciyinweiyuyanwenhuadengyinsukenengzhiyoubufendegainianjiedianzhongdie。zheyidianyecongSchonpflug(1997)guanyude—yingshuangyuzhedeyanjiubaogaodedaozhengshi。zaitadefenxizhong, chouxiangcidedangefanyiduiyingcidebiliyaobijuticigao, zheyiweizhuojuticidegongxianggainianjiediangengduo,eryuxuexizhehuiduijuticilianxiangchugengduogengfengfudeyuyifanying, erchouxiangcixiangbizhixiagengjuyouyuyanteyoudefeigongxianggainianjiedian(Jin, 1990; de Groot & Nas, 1991)。de Grootdengdefenbumoxingzhuyaoshijiyuduijuticihechouxiangcidefanyirenwuyanjiujieguoertichude。weiliaoshimoxinggengjuyoujieshixinghepubianxing,Dongdeng(2005)zaicijichushangtichuliaogongxiangfenbushidebuduichengmoxing,zhichu,yiyuheeryufanyidengzhicigongyoudegainianyuansuxiangyouxiangtongdegainianbiaozheng;yiyuheeryufanyidengzhicidegainianbiaozhengyouyixiliegongxiangheduyougainianyuansudejiedianzucheng,chengfenbuzhuangtai;yiyucihegongyougainianyuansudelianjieqiangyueryucihetadelianjie,yiyuheyiyugainianyuansudelianjie、eryuheeryugainianyuansudelianjieqiangyuyiyuheeryugainianyuansu、eryuheyiyugainianyuansudelianjie, xingchengbuduichenglianxiqiangdu。gaimoxingjiaozhiyiwangmoxinggengweiwanshandeyidianzhuyaozaiyu,tabaeryuxinlicihuizhongliangyuduyoudegainianyiyiyuansufenlichulai,qiangdiaoliaoliangyujiangainian/yiyizhongdiedebuduichengxing, yijiyuyanjiankeyigongyoudegainianyuansuhebunenggongxiangdeyuyanteyoudeyiyiyuansu(jiantu4)。suiranDongdengdemoxinggouleliaoshuangyuxinlicikudegongxiangheduyougainianbiaozhengjiegou ,qieduishuangyuzhenaochengxiangyanjiudejieguozhengshiliaoliangyugongyougainianyuansujihuduchucunzaitongyiquyujizuoyeyuyanqu(Wernicke's area), dangaimoxingrengweishejijufadapeizhishidebiaozhenghefazhantedian,qigainianyuansuzhuyaozhiyuyixiangguandebutongjiedian,yujufadapeizhishiwuguan。Dongdengduicibuzudejieshiwei, jufadapeizhishikenengchucunzaibutongdequyu, ruqianeyequ(Broca's area),muqiandeyanjiuyouyugezhongyuanyinhuanbunengtigongxinlicikusuoyouyuansudecunchufanshihetedian,xianyoumoxingdangranyeyoudaixiuzhenghewanshan。Jiang (2000)desanjieduanmoxing(Three-Stage Model)shimuqianweizhijiaoweiquanmiandemiaoshuketangjiaoxuehuanjingxiaeryucihuifazhanguochengdejieshililunmoxing。Jiangrenwei,youyumuyuxitongdecunzai,eryuxinlicikudegoujiancongbenzhishanglaishuojiuyoubieyuyiyuxinliciku。tabaeryuxinlicihuidefazhanhuafenweisangejieduan, jicixingjieduan(formal stage)、yiyumeijiejieduan(L1-mediation stage)heeryuronghejieduan(L2-integration stage)。zaieryucihuifazhandezuichujieduan, xuexizheeryuxinlicikuzhongdecitiaozhihanyoucihuidefayinhepinxiexinxi,cihuizhishiqibangzhuzhixianggaicidemuyufanyidengzhici。zhegejieduandeeryucihuiyiyiheyufaxinxidubixutongguofanyiduidengcicainenghuode, qieryugainianyiyigongxiangyiyudegainianbiaozheng。ersuizhuoeryushuipingdetigao, eryudecixingheyiyudeyuyijufazhishijiandelianjiededaobuduandejiaqiang, danyouyucihuidexingtaiyinyuyaneryi, eryuxuexizheyoujiechubudaodaliangdegaoduyujinghuademubiaoyushuru, qieyinweikeyijiezhuyuyiyuqingsonghuoqueryuciyidengxinxi,suoyijuedaduoshudeeryuxuexizhecihuifazhanzhitingliuzaidierjieduan,jibufengongxiangmuyugainianyiyideyiyumeijiejieduan,erwufadadaoJiangsuomiaohuidezuizhongjieduan:eryuxuexizhezidongyunyongeryucihuinengli,qufenyiyuheeryucihuigainianyiyidexiangtonghechayi。Jiangdemoxingbujinmiaohuiliaoeryucihuidegouchengyuansuhefazhanguocheng, gengzhongyaodeshitaxizhijieshiliaomuyuzaieryucihuixidezhongwufataobidecanyuzuoyong, yuceliaoeryucihuihennanbikaideshihuajieduan。yihandeshi,Jiangdemoxingrengranmeinenghuidagouchengeryucihuideyigezhongyaoyuansu——jufadapeizhishidaodizaieryucihuizhongruhebiaozheng,butongleixingdecishifouyoubutongdefazhantezheng, yuyanduyoudegainianzhishiruheyueryucihuilianjiedengdeng。ba、eryucihuilianxiangdeshizhengyanjiuzaozaishangshijiliuqishiniandai, yiyucihuilianxiangyanjiujieguozhengshiliaoxinlicikudelianxiangmoshiyouyidingdefazhanguilv,youcieryuyanjiuzhekaishitansuoeryucikudegoujianxingshi,shituliaojieqishifouheyiyuyiyang,youxiangtongdebiaozhengtedian。xiangguanyanjiucong1978niankaishi,danmeiyouyinqitaiduodeguanzhu,zhidaojihubenshijichu,eryucihuidelianxiangyanjiucaikaishifengfuqilai(Meara, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984; Sǒderman, 1989, 1993; Singleton, 1990, 1999; Wolter, 2001, 2002, 2006; Namei, 2002, 2004; Wilks et al., 2005; Fitzpatrick, 2006, 2007; Zareva, 2007)。duieryucikuheyiyucikudebijiaojieguoxingchengliaoliangzhongbutongdeguandian。yizhongrenweieryucikuconggenbenshangbutongyuyiyuciku, zhuyaoshijiyuyuyindelianjiewangluo(Meara, 1978, 1984; Laufer, 1989; Channel, 1990; Read, 1993; Meara &Wolter, 2004)。zaozai1978nian, Mearajiutichu, eryucikubenzhishangshiyuyinde,eryiyucikushijiyuyuyide。1982nian, MearaduitasuofuzedeBirkbeckcihuilianxiangyanjiuxiangmujieguojinxingliaofenxi,zongjieliaoeryucihuilianxiangdesigetezheng,renwei“youchongfendeliyouxiangxineryuxuexizhedexinlicikuyumuyuzhedeyouxianzhuqubie”(1984:231):1)eryulianxiangfanyingjieguohenbuguize, butongyumuyuzhedefanyingjieguo。2)eryuxuexizhexinlicikudelianjiechengduyuanbibenzuyuzhedebuwending。3)yuyinzaieryucikuzhongqifeichangzhuyaodezuoyong。eryuzhejingchangwujieliaocijici, geichuhaowuguanliandelianxiangjieguo。4)eryucikuzhongdeyuyilianjiehebenzuyuzhedeyoubenzhidequbie。Mearadeguandianluxudedaoqitayanjiuzhederentong,tamencaiyongbutongdelianxiangrenwudechuliaoxiangsidejielun(Laufer, 1989; Channel, 1990; Read, 1993; Schmitt & Meara, 1997; Verhallen & Schoonen, 1993, 1998)。MearaheWolter (2004)huanshejiliaoyizhongcihuilianxiangdeceshirenwuV-Link (Vocabulary Link),gaiceshigongjuzhuyaoyou20zucihuilianxigoucheng,meizucihuibaohan10geyushouceciyuyiguanlianhewuguandecidui, shoushizhixuzaidiannaopingmushangdianjiyouyuyixiangguandecixiang, zhengqueyufoukeyitongguodianjididuandesijiguanlianqiangduliangbiaolaiyanzheng。MearaheWolteryongtashoujiliaobutongeryuxuexizhedelianxiangshuju,faxianeryucikubujinyaobiyiyudexiaohenduo, qicihuijiandelianjiefangshiyeyuanbiyiyudejiandanhenduo。SchmittheMeara (1997)dui95mingribeneryuxuexizhejinxingde20gechangyongdongcidelianxiangceshijieguotigongliaojinyibudezhengshi, xuexizhemuyuhualianxiangfanyingzhiyoubenzuyuzhedeyiban, erqiefaxianjibianshiduifeichangshuxidechangyongciyequefazugoudelianxiangzhishi。VerhallenheSchoonen (1993, 1998)yanjiuzhongdehelaneryuxuexizhedelianxiangfanyingtongyangruci。tamenzhiyongliaoliugegaopinshuciduixuexizhegenzongyanjiu, faxianjishizaiyuyanjinruxiangmuzhongxuexideeryuertong, qicihuilianxiangdeshulianghezhongleiduyuanyuanluohouyutonglingdeyiyuzhe。suiranruoganyanjiuzhengshiliaoeryucikubutongyuyiyucikudelianxiangjiegou, danzhezhongyiMearaweidaibiaodeyuyinguanhoulaihuanshishoudaoliaoyiSingleton (1999)weidaibiaodetiaozhan。houzhetongguoduidubailinsanyixueyuandexiandaiyuyanyanjiuxiangmu(Modern Languages Research Project,MRLP)zhongdewanxingtiankong、cihuilianxiang、gushijiangshuyijifanyilianxirenwujieguojinxingfenxi, renweieryucikudebiaozhengheyiyuyiyang, dushizunxunyuyilianjiedefangshigoujiande。SingletonhetongshixuanquliaoKent-Rosanoff (1910)zhongde50geci,duimuyuweifayudegaoshuipingyingyuxuexizhejinxingliaocihuilianxiangceshi。shoushiyaoqiuzai30miaoneiduixianshizaitouyingyishangdemeigecijicixiechujinkenengduodefanyingci。jieguofenxibiaoming, jinyoujixiaobufendefanyingshitongguoyuyinlianjie(Azu3.6%; Bzu0.4%)。Singletonjucirenwei,eryucihuilianxiangdemoshiheyiyumeiyoubutong,dushijiyuyuyidelianjie。wentizaiyu,SingletonsuocaiyongdecizhengruMeara(1982, 1983)duiKent-Rosanoffcitiaosuopipingdenayang,dushigaopinshuci, qieshiyanzhongdeshoushidushigaoshuipingdeeryuzhe, zuochujiaoduodeyuyifanyingyezaiyuliaozhizhong, danqijidideyuyinfanyingbiliyinqiliaorenmenduiqifanyingleixingfenleifangfadezhiyi。cihuilianxiangyanjiuzuirongyiyinfabutongjieguodezhongyaoyinsuyouliangge:yishisuoxuandecijici,ershiduilianxiangfanyingleixingdefenleifangfa。womenyijingfaxianSingletonsuoyongdecijicicunzaiwenti,jijunweigaopinshuci;tasuocaiyongdeduiyuyinfanyingdefenleiyoujinxianyuyuyinxiangguandefanyingci, banaxieyuyibuguanliandefanyingci、shengzaocidengpaichuzaiwai,zheshidetadeyuyinfanyingbilibiandehendi。youcifaxianqijielundegenjibingbuwengu, dangrandechudejielunyenanyilingrenxinfu。shishishang,Singletonzijiyechengren, jibianshicaiyongliaogaopinshuci,zhifenxichunyuyinguanliandefanying,zaitadeshujuzhongzhishaoyousimingshoushirengranlianxiangchuliaohengaobilidechunyuyinfanyingci,zuigaoda16.2%(1999), ruguojiashangqitafanying,eryuzhedefeiyuyifanyingbilihuigenggao。Singletondetongyiguantongyangdedaoyixieyanjiudezhichi。Zerava (2007)deyanjiujiushiyigebijiaojiduandelizi。tayangezunxuncihuilianxiangyanjiuchuqiduihengzuhehezongjuhededingyi, jigouchenghengzuheguanxidecibixucixingbutong,erzongjuhedecibixuweitongyicixing。wentizaiyushijifenleishihuipengdaohenduonanyiguileidefanying。Zeravadezuofashi,duizhexiefanyingtongtongguiweizongjuheguanxi;erqiebasuoyouquzhehecizhuifanyingciyeduguiweizongjuheguanxi,zhejiushideshiyanjieguozhongdezongjuhefanyingdadagaoyuqitafanying, yuyinfanyingdejieguowei0%。tadejielunshi,eryucikuheyiyucikudebutongzhizaiyushuliangshangdechayi, bingbushizhidequbie。yeyouyanjiuduieryuyuyiyucikudetongyiguancaiquliaoxiangduiwenhedetaidu(Ard & Gass, 1987; Sǒderman, 1989, 1993; Cunningham, 1990; Namei, 2004)。Sǒdermanfenxisizubutongyingyushuipingdefenlaneryuxuexizhedecihuilianxiangjieguo,faxiansuizhuoeryushuipingdetigao,shoushideyuyinfanyinghehengzuhefanyingbilizaijiangdi,biaoxianchucongyuyinlianjiedaoyuyilianjiedebianhua, conghengzuhefanyingdaozongjuhefanyingdezengjia, zheshuomingeryucikubingbuxiangyuanyoudelijienayangwanquanbutongyuyiyuciku。zhegejieguoyebeiCunningham (1990)heNamei (2004)deyanjiudedaozhengshi。dantongshiSǒdermanyefaxian,yuyinzaieryucihuilianxiangzhongqizhuofeichangzhongyaodezuoyong, jibianshigaoshuipingdeeryuxuexizhe, qicihuilianxiangzhongdeyuyinfanyingbiliyexiangdanggao, zhezaiyiyuzhedejieguozhongshimeiyoufaxiande。Nameideyanjiujieguoyucixiangtong。tadui100mingbosi—ruidianshuangyuzhehege100mingbosiheruidiandanyuzhejinxinglianxiangceshi,faxianjibianshigaoshuipingdeeryuzhe,yuyinfanyingyeshiqilianxiangdejibentezheng。Nameiyijushoushiduicidebutongshuxiduzuochudebutongfanyingjieguotichuliaoeryucikudegoujiantezhengmoxing(tu5):suiranNameigoulechuliaoeryucihuizaixinlicikuzhongdejibenfazhantezheng, youyuduilianxiangfanyingsuocaiyongdecijicidecixinghuocileizaiyanjiuzhongbingmeiyoumingquehuafen, duixiangyingdefanyingjinxingfenleiyemeiyoutongyidebiaozhun,yinci,zheyangdeeryucikugoujianmoshihuanyoudaiyugengduoyanjiujieguodezhengshi。jiu、cihuilianxiangzhongweinengjiejuedewentihezhengyicihuilianxiangzuoweiyizhongjianbian、kuaijie、caozuoxingqiangdeceshiheshiyanshouduan, zaixinliyuyanxuelingyuheyingyongyuyanxuelingyuyijingdedaozhongduodeguanzhu。tongguocihuilianxiangdedaodejieguokeyifenxihejieshixuexizhexinlicihuidelianjietedian,congerzhenduanchucihuixidezhongcunzaidewenti,genghaodizhidaowaiyujiaoxue,yeweijiaocaidebianxiejicidiandebianzhuantigongyoujiazhidefankuixinxi。bukefouren, muqiandexiangguanyanjiuzaieryucihuixidelingyurengzaiqibujieduan, cunzaidewentiyijiduiyanjiujieguodezhengyiyebushao。zhuyaoyouyixiajigefangmian:1)duieryuxinlicikudegoujianmoshicunzaizhengyi。shiyuyiyubutongdeyuyinlianjiemoshiweizhu, huanshiyuyiyuxiangtongdeyuyilianjiemoshiweizhu,gezhiyiduan。2)duizongjuhehehengzuhefanyingdebianhuashifouyekeyihezaiyiyuzhongdefaxianyiyang,zuoweieryuxinlicikudefazhanbiaozhi,muqianrengbuqingchu。3)eryucihuililunmoxinghuanbunengwanquanjieshicileixiaoyingduieryuxinlicikudegoujianmoshideyingxiang,yemeiyoujieshiyuyanduyoudedapeihuohengzuheguanxizaieryuxuexizhexinlicikuzhongdegoujianhebiaozhengtezheng。4)cihuilianxiangceshizaifangfashanghuanmeiyoujiejuexuanzecijicihelianxiangfanyingfenleidebiaozhunhunluandewenti。shi、jieyuxinlicikushiyouguancidexinxizaidanaozhongdebiaozheng(Murphy , 2003)。danzhexiexinxidaodishishime,youshiyishimeyangdefangshijiehezaiyiqi, juebushiyigenengjiandanhuidadewenti。cihuilianxiangsuiranjianbianyixing, danzuoweiyizhongkexuedeyanjiufangfa, rengranxuyaojinyibuwanshanhexiuzheng。jinguanruci, lianxiangceshisuozheshechudecihuizhishigoujiankeyifanyingchueryuxuexizhecihuinenglidejibenfazhantedian、duieryucihuishenduzhishizhangwodechengduyijiyumuyuzhedechayi。duieryucihuixidedeyanjiudaolumanchang,qidaigengduodeyanjiuzhezuogengduogengshendetansuo。cankaowenxianAitchison, J. 1994/ 2003. 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Second Language Research 23/2Word Associations and Mental Lexicon: A Review of Lexical Network Structure ResearchPing ZhangAbstract: This paper reviews the studies on the relationship between depth of lexical knowledge (lexical network structure) and word associations in mental lexicons. It further reviews the development and patterns of word association test, a classical research method widely employed in psycholinguistics. Comparisons were conducted from the perspectives of L1 and L2 theoretical and empirical research that, the organization of L1 mental lexicon follows the route of vocabulary acquisition: from sound-meaning mapping to syntactic knowledge expansion to semantic network construction. L2 mental lexicon however, bears much controversy not only in independent storing, conceptual mediating, and the role of L1 knowledge, but also in the same or similar developmental patterns with L1 mental lexicon. Defects in word association test as a research method were as well pointed out in the end to lead the way for future research.（benwenshoucifabiaozai《waiyujiaoxuelilunyushijian》2009niandi3qi）
这(窜丑别)些(齿颈别)行(齿颈苍驳)为(奥别颈)虽(厂耻颈)然(搁补苍)在(窜补颈)表(叠颈补辞)面(惭颈补苍)上(厂丑补苍驳)为(奥别颈)超(颁丑补辞)市(厂丑颈)带(顿补颈)来(尝补颈)了(尝颈补辞)短(顿耻补苍)期(蚕颈)利(尝颈)益(驰颈)，却(蚕耻别)逐(窜丑耻)渐(闯颈补苍)使(厂丑颈)得(顿别)刘(尝颈耻)涌(驰辞苍驳)的(顿别)生(厂丑别苍驳)意(驰颈)越(驰耻别)来(尝补颈)越(驰耻别)依(驰颈)赖(尝补颈)于(驰耻)这(窜丑别)种(窜丑辞苍驳)非(贵别颈)法(贵补)的(顿别)手(厂丑辞耻)段(顿耻补苍)。
凑不够，小泥巴都没法熬到出仓。当时，他隐约觉得这个寻子的母亲可能是自己的亲生母亲，但因为种种原因没有联系。第79章 终于变身触手姬(求收藏投资)_真实游戏:我曝光...触手欺辱尤娜安卓版下载-触手欺凌尤娜最新下载地址v1.0.307_71...
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