叫床指南叫床可不止嗯嗯啊啊冲情趣学院
菜鸟无忧：大厂和国企怎么选才能不后悔？
2025年01月01日，与通胀回落相关的乐观情绪本周在美国国债上得到了充分展现，因为经济数据支持最快9月降息的预期，收益率曲线整体下移。2年期美债收益率本周下跌12个基点至4.48%，为3月份以来最低。
叫床指南叫床可不止嗯嗯啊啊冲情趣学院
【李现同款】HOKA ONE ONE女款夏季克利夫顿9跑步鞋CLIFTON 9 C9
出院的时候，她来到医生办公室和大家道谢，姐姐很同情她，遇到这样的男人，以后也不会有啥好日子过。他根本没想到，好不容易才娶妻的自己，以后竟然能“二妻五妾”。
蝉丑耻辞蝉丑颈丑耻补，迟颈苍驳飞补苍苍补苍丑补颈诲别测颈蹿补苍丑耻补，飞辞锄丑别苍诲别驳补苍箩耻别迟颈苍驳肠补苍办耻颈诲别，飞辞箩耻别诲别锄耻辞飞别颈测颈驳别肠丑别苍驳苍颈补苍谤别苍，锄补颈测耻诲补辞锄丑别锄丑辞苍驳飞别苍迟颈蝉丑颈，飞辞锄丑别苍诲别尘别颈测辞耻苍补苍丑补颈锄丑别尘别测辞苍驳驳补苍，测颈苍飞别颈丑补颈锄颈丑耻补苍测补辞锄补颈虫耻别虫颈补辞濒颈蝉丑补苍驳虫耻别，飞辞锄丑别苍诲别诲补苍虫颈苍测辞耻谤别苍驳别颈丑补颈锄颈“肠丑耻补苍虫颈补辞虫颈别”。濒耻谤别苍锄补颈肠颈飞别苍迟补：苍颈苍丑补颈锄颈苍别？
5. 尽(Jin)量(Liang)避(Bi)免(Mian)原(Yuan)地(Di)打(Da)方(Fang)向(Xiang)盘(Pan)
shenzhishijiangbeidaodehongsemotuocheduzaicewendu，dandaodishimeshiwendu？｜xianshuobadaoyuanchuang2020-01-29 07:43·fanpurujin，quanguozhongduogonggongchangsuoduzaibujianduandiceliangguowangrenqundetiwen。raner，shimeshiwendu？yigetixiyoumeiyouwendu？wendujidaodiceliangliaoshime？zhexiewentijibianzaizhuanyedewulijiaokeshuhezazhishangyeshiyuyanbuxiang。benkantefaciwen，gongcankao。zhuanwen ∣ caozexian（zhongkeyuanwuliyanjiusuoyanjiuyuan）yinshuiyuxinzhilengnuan，zuoyingrenzushiyanliang。－［tang］luoyin（1）wenduceliangdelishishikexuefazhanshidezuchengbufen……-Thomas D. McGeetiyao：ganzhilengreshishengmingbibeidenengli，yincilengregainiandechuxianyuanyuanzaoyurelixuezhemenxueke，yejiunanmianjiuchanbuqing。re、leng、huozaiyingwenwuliwenxianzhongduyouduozhongbiaoshu，erwenduyeshifeichangbuyizhengquelijiedewulixuejibengainianzhiyi。1、shishizongguanyanliangmangmangyuzhouzhongyiliweibuzudaodechenai——diqiu——shangdanshengliaoshengming。zhuyidaodiqiudepingjunwenduyuewei15°C，shengmingdewuzhijichuzhiyishishuiershuideninggudianwei0°C，yijishengmingzuoweiyigeyuanlipinghengtaidehaosantixixuyaobuduanhuodenengliangerdiqiudenengyuanshilaizitaiyangdefuzhaodengjigeshishi，jiukeyiduoshaolijieshengmingsuoxuanzedewenduchuangkou（bixuchuyuhuanjingwenqudegaoduan）yijiduilengnuandemingan（2）。keyishuoyiqieshengmingzuizhongyaodeganjuenenglishiduilengnuandeganzhi（duixuduogaojidongwulaishuo，shijuehuozhetingjueshibeixuanxiang），guoquzhongguorenshenzhijiangzhilengzhirekanzuoshiyigerenzuoweihaodepeiousuobibeidepinge。zaizhongwenyujingli，wenhe、wennuan、wenroudengtiejinwomentiwendecihuidurangrengandaofeichangwenzuo，zaiqitawenhuazhongdagaiyeyingruci，bijing“huanqiutongciliangre”（3）。lengredegainianzairentifayudezaoqijiuyinggaijianliqilailiao。geiyingyouerweinaiweifan，yikaishiyoudarenzhangwolengre，erhoujiuyaojiaohaizizijimingbailengre。shushidewendu，yinggaishitiwenfujinbudadefanwei，tashouxianshishenglidexuyao，qihoumanmanchengliaoxinlidexuqiu。womenyigerenyishengzhongzuixuyaolijiedexianxiangyexujiushishitaiyanliang，renqinglengnuan！renleiziyumeizhongzouguolai，zaiqikexuenulizhongziranhuijianghendadejinglifangzailijielengnuanxianxiangshang。yushi，womenfazhanliaorexue、relixue，erzheqizhongyaolijiehelianghuadeyigezhongyaogainianshilengrechengdu，jiwendu。2、hunluandezimianlengreshiwomenshentideganjue，yinciwomenguanyulengrexianxiangxiangguandecihuiyidingbirelixuezhemenkexuechuxiandezao，yejiurongyixiangxiangcunzaimouxiegainianshangdejiazabuqing。zaikaolvdaoyingyudefuzalaiyuan，yijirelixuezaide、fa、yingjihutongshifazhandelishixianshi，keyixiangjianyingwenkejiwenxianzhongyureyouguandecihuihuiyouxuduobutongdemianmu。shouxian，relixueguanzhudejibenliangshireliang（liàng），shinengliangdeyizhongteshuxingshi。zhongwenlirerujinjishijutidemingci（rongjiere），yeshichouxiangmingcidaibiao“rede”zhezhongganjue、zhejianshi（lvyoure），yeshixingrongci（rexinchang）；xiangyingdi，deyuli“rede”shiheiβ，erjutimingcire，die W?rme，duiyingdexingrongciqueshiwennuan，warm；yingyuli“rede”yici，hot，laizideyuheiβ，danshicixingbianhuafengfu：“rede”zhezhongganjue、zhejianshiweihotness，reliangzeshiheat。deyuxingrongciwarmchuanruyingyuhou，qiduiyingdemingciwarmness，shiwennuandeganjue，quemeiyoureliangdeyisi。hanyukejimingcizhongshejiredehuanyourejie（liejie）deshuofa，shiduipyrolysis defanyi。Pyros laizixilayuπ?ρо?，shihuodeyisi。tongyangyuhuotongyuandezihuanyoufever (fare、fashao) ，deyuwei das Fieber。ruguozhidaozhongwende“re”zi，conghuo，shixingshengci，zheyidianjiuhenhaolijie。rexuezuoweiyimenxuekezaideyuliweiW?rmetheorie，yingwenweiheat theory，ciweirelixuedeqianshen。relixue，thermodynamics （thermo+dynamic），laizixilayu。danshi，xilayuθερμ?? (thermos) deyisiqiaqiashi“wende”，xingrongci“rede”shiκαντ?? （kantos）heζεστ?? (zestos)。shuodaoreliang，yingwenzhongyeyongcalorie (hanyuzhijieyinyikaluli，huogancui“ka”)，tanlunyingyangbaojian、yundongsushenderenxihuanyong“kaluli”daibiaoreliang。Caloriezhegecilaiziladingyucalere，yisishi to be warm， glow，glow with heat。Glow with heat （reerfaguang） jiushibaichidengdeyuanli，houwenwomenhuikandaozhegewentizaijindaiwulixuezhongjuzuqingzhongdediwei。Caloriezaixilayuzhongyeshi“rede”yisi，birurefusheti（radiator），xilawenjiushiσ?μα καλоριφ?ρ (caloric body)。zailuomanyuzudeyuyanzhong，“rede”yiciduhecaloriexiangfangfo，ruzhejuxibanyayu“La temperatura es una magnitud referida a las nociones comunes de calor o frío（wendushiduliangrehuolengdeliang）”zhongdecalor。weiliaobiaozhenglengredechengdu（degree of hotness or coldness），renmenyinruliaotemperaturedegainian。lengredechengdubushireduyebushilengdu，ershiwendu，rutemperaturedebenyi。Temperaturedetongyuandongcitemperweidiaohedeyisi，ru to temper critism with reason （pipingzhongjiarushuoli），to temper paint with oil（yongyoudiaoqi）。xingrongcitemperatedeyisishiwenhede，rua temperate reply （wenhededafu），a temperate climate (wenhedeqihou），dengdeng。Temperateruozhilengrechengdu，qijinyiciyou tepid、mild helukewarm （shushi、zuoyi）。shashibiyazuizhumingdeshisixingshi“Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?”deqishiliangju：Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate.（4）qizhongdetemperate zhidejiushihaopiqi、wenshun、wenwandeyisi。ciwai，ladingwentemperaturaebenyiyoubuguofendeyisi，biruguanyumeizhibiaozhundelengbingbingdeyangeduichengxingyuqishuoshiyaodadaodebiaozhun，wuningshuoshiyizhongzaiqijichushangyaopianlidebiaozhun：“danzhepianlibukeguofen（temperaturae），suoweizaijueduideduichengxingzhongyoumudedi、toutoudisairuyixiexiweidebianhua”[1]。redefanyicishileng。guanyuleng，suiranyingwendeleng，cold、coldness，yezaiyingwenwuliwenxianzhongshichangjiandao，danhenduoshihouyongdaodeshiqitaxingshideci。birurefrigerator（bingxiang）、refrigerating machine（zhilengji），zhelideleng，fri，laiziladingyuxi，fayuxingrongciwei froid，xibanyayuweifrío。xiangyingdi，lengzaixilayuzhongweiκρ?о?（cryos），shijihanleng（chilly）deyisi，danshizaixiandaiwulixuewenxianzhongjihanlengyebuzuyishuoqingchutashiduomedelengliao。Cryo chuxianzaicryostat（diwenhengwenqi）、cryopump (lengningbeng) dengcihuizhong，zhelidelengkeshiyouyedanhuoyehaiweichide，cryogenic refrigeratorlidewenduyuanbijiazhongbingxianglidegengdi。youshiweiliaoyousuoqubie，renmenzaibiaoda“lengde”gainianshihuixuanzebutongciyuandeci，rulengyuanziwuliyingwenweiultracold atomic physics，diwenwulizexiechenglow-temperature physics，《diwenwuli》zazhiyinweiyaoxiandehenyouxuewen，huanyaoxiechengladingwen physica temperaturae humilis。zailiangreshebeishang，wenziyeshibijiaohunluan。Thermosshi“wende”，thermometer shiliangwendeqicai，hanyiwenduji；danhuanyouyigeciweithermoscope，anshuoyeshiwenduji，danyourenweiliaoyishiqubiejiangzhiyiweiliangwenqi、cewenqi。qishi，zhelidequbieshi，meterdebenyishiceliang，qiangdiaokedu；scopedebenyishikan，daiscopedeceliangqicaiqiangdiaodeshiguancha，kenengbingbuyaoqiuyidingluoshidaoyigeshuzhi。dangranzhehuayebudui，rujinbianbugedifangliugandeshuzishihongwaithermoscopejiushijiandandibengchuyigeshuzi。xianran，renleizhizaodediyigeliangwenqicaizhinengshithermoscope，yinweitahuanmeiyoukedu。guanyumeteryuscope，yijimetry yuscopyzhijiandexiweichabie，qingcanyuebizheciqiandetaolun[2]。ciwai，huanyouyileijinsidiliyongheitifushexingzhidewendujipyrometer，yourenjiangzhifanyichenggaowenji。zhegefanyiyoudianguo，yinweiyouxiepyrometeryezhishiyonglaijianshirenleidetiwenbianhua（jianxiawen）。celiangreliangdeshebeishicalorimeter，hanyiliangreji，yongyucedinghuaxuefanying、zhuangtaibianhuahuorongjieguochengsuochanshengdereliang。3、wendudewuliwendushiwulixuezhongqigejibenliangzhiyi，danweiwei Kelvin，yiyingguowulixuejia William Thomsondeguanjue，ji Lord Kelvin，mingming。zaixuduowulixueshengdetounaoli，wendushigezuijibendewuliliang，yigekeceliangliang。1994nianxiajiyigewuliaodexiawu，bizhezaideguoKaiserslauterndaxuewulixitushuguanfanyueyibenmingwei《Heat Transfer》deshushi，huranmingbaiwendushibukeceliangde。tadesuoweiceliangduyaoyilaiyigewomenweimingshuode、youshishenzhishigenbenbuzhidaodemougewulixuedinglv，qieceliangdeshiqitadekeceliangwuliliang。erjibianbuzhidaonagedinglvwomenyirannenggouzhizaowendujibingjicizhubudijianliqirelixue，zeshizaibizheweizhongguokexueyuanyanjiushengyuanzhunbei2009shuqikechengshicairenshidaozheyidiande，cishibizhezaidaxueheyanjiusuoyijinghunliao27geniantou。youyuwendushiduidalizishutixidepinghengtaiyansheng（emergent）xingzhizuotongjimiaoshushicainengyinjinlaideyigeliang，bizheyoushishenzhixiangshuowendujiubushigewulideliang；yanjiushaotiwentidewulixuejiajibenshangshifashaodeshihoucaiconghushidezuilitingdaozhegecide。errelixuezhihuisenandong，duobanshiyinweizhexieyinggaimingquezhichueryouxianyourenzhichudeshishi。chengruMcGeezhichudenayang，“wendushizuinanqingxidingyidewuzhideyibanxingzhi（The concept of temperature has been the most difficult of the common properties of matter to define clearly）”[3]。dangwomenpingjieshentiganzhilengrecongerduihuanjingdewenduzuochupanduanshi，womengengduodeshizaitanlunyigechuanrexuedewenti。reliuliuxiangwomendeshenti，womenganjueshirede，womenjiuduanyanwaijiewendugao；reliuziwomenshentiliuchu，womenganjueshilengde，womenjiuduanyanwaijiewendudi。buguozhegeganjuebuzuyiyaoqiuwaijieyouwulishangyangedingyidewendu，qiereliudeqiangdubixubeixianzhizaiyigehenxiaodefanwei，guodadezhuruheliuchudereliudukenengsunhuaiwomendeganjueqiguan，congerdechuhunluandepanduan。dangrenti，birujiao，beidongdefeichanglihaishi，yehuiyouredeganjue，queqiedishuoshimayangdeganjue，qienazhongmayangdeganjuebushizhengtixingde，ershirutongdierleichaodaotineidecitongwoxuan，huozhebandaotijingtilideweicuoxiannayangdefenbu。youshi，jibianshichuyutongyihuanjingzhongdelianggewuti，jiashedubiwomendeshouleng，qizhongxishoureliangkuaidewuti，birujinshu，yehuigeiwomengenglengdeganjue。yejiushishuowomendeshouzheyangdewendujishiyikaoreliufangxiangshenhuoreliudesulvlaipanduanlengnuande。yiqieganzhiwendudeqijian，dukenengcunzaileisidewenti，zhishaotabunengbangzhuceliangzheduanyandaicetixiyouwanhaodingyidewendu。relixuegaosuwomen，zhenduiyigechuyupinghengtaidetixi，womencainengdingyiqiwenduwei，jiwendushiyoutixizailizishu、tijiyijiqitaguangyanliangdubaochibubiandeqiantixiadezuo－neinengguanxijuedingde。zitongjilixuedeguandiankanlai，zhegeguanxishijiben（fundamental）de。suiran，wendukeyizuoweiwutilengrechengdudeduliang（temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body），danlengre（reliudefangxianghesulv）queshigengjibende，qiebubaozhengyigewanhaodingyidewendudecunzai。4、wenduceliangdeluojijichuwenduceliangshejifuzadewulixianxiang。ruheceliangwendu，suiranweidedaochongfenqiangdiao，yesuanshiyimenxuewen（thermometry），erqieshiyimenfuzade、kunnandexuewen。renhechangshiceliangwenduderenduyinggaiqingchudiliaojiecewendeyuanliyijimanzutedingmudesuocaiyongzhijuticewenfangfa[3]。wenduceliangdeluojijichushirelixuedilingdinglv: “ruotixiAheBfenbietongtixiCchuyurepingheng，zeAheBzhijianyechuyurepingheng。” jushuogaidinglvshi1920nianyouR. H. Fowlertichude，congshijianshangkan，dilingdinglvchuxianwanyixie，suanshiduirelixuesandadinglvdebuchong。jiranshibuchong，shuomingyouqibiyao，bingbushiruzimianshangnayangkanqilaijihushifeihua。suoweiderepingheng，wodelijieshijiliangtixijiandanweishijiannei、qiebuguanduochangshijianjiangeneidejingjiaohuanreliangweiling。lianggetixifenbietongdisangetixichuyurepingheng，xijieshangquekeyishiyibutongdechuanrefangshi，yibutongdedanxiangnengliujiaohuanzhuoreneng（tu1）。zheyang，repinghengruguoyongreliangjiaohuandecihuilaimiaoshudehua，jiutaibujingjiliao。relixuedilingdinglvshouxianbiaomingciwentikeyijinyibuyinxiangshenru，dingyiyigexindebiaozhengrepinghengdewuliliang，zhejiushiwendu（5）。zhecaishidilingdinglvdeguanjian。youliaozhegeluojijichu，wendugainiandeyinrujiuxiandeshunlichengzhangliao，wendujideshiyongjiudedaoliaoyuanlishangdebaozhang（yigecewenwuzhitongdaicetixijianliliaorepingheng，jiasheciguochengjiaohuandereliangyudaicetixidezongreliangxiangbikehuluebuji，zegenjuceliangcewenwuzhimougewuliliangsuohuansuandedaodewenduzhikekanzuoshidaicetixidewendu。dangran，youxiewendujibuxuyaohedaicetixijianlirepingheng），erqieduilianggeduliderelixuetixi，keyitongguocewenguochengjianliqiwendudebijiaoerwuxuyaoqiutamenzhijianjianliredejiaoliu。relixuedilingdinglvtongqitadilingdinglvyiyangzhuzhongdedushiweigaixuekedaxiajianshideluojijichu。tu1 relixuedilingdinglvtushi，zhuyibutongtixizhijianderepinghengxijieshangdechayi。5、wendujiyuwenbiaowomenyoulengredeganjue，youjianglengrelianghuadexuqiu，wentishiruhejiangwendulianghua，zhuyilengreshiganjueerfeishijueshangdepanduan。ruguoyaojianglengrelianghuaweikeyiyanshuodeshiwu，jiuxuyaoyigejianglengrezhuanhuanchengshijuexiaoguodewujian，jiwenduji。1594nian，zuoliluedudaoliaoHerodeshougao“Penumatics” （chengshuyugongyuanqianyishiji），congerfamingliaoliyongqitiyali（tiji）suiwendugaibiandeyuanli、youyizhongyetideshengjianglaixianshilengrechengdudethermoscope（tu2）。rujinshimianshangdewanjuaiqingwendujijiushiliyongdezhegeyuanli。lingyouwenxianshuozuolilue1600nianzuoyoufamingdethermoscopeshizheyangdezhuangzhi：mifengdeboliguanneizhuruyidingliangdetoumingyeti，qizhongjinpaozhuobizhongbutongdexiaowujian。dangwendushenggao（xiajiang）shi，yetidemiduhuijianxiao（zengjia），xiaowujiandexuanfuweizhijiuyoubiandong （tu2）。tu2 yuanshidethermoscopes。zuotuzhongliyongdeshiqiyasuiwendudebianhua，guanchadeshiyetideshengjiang；youtuzhongliyongdeshiyetimidusuiwendudebianhua，guanchadeshigutixuanfuwudeshengjiang。jinyoushijueshangdechongjishibugoude，zhiyoushixianliaoduiwendudeculueceliangyihou，wendudegainiancainenggoubeidingyi（……Only after crude methods of temperature measurement were developed could the concept of temperature really be defined!）[3]。zheshikexuefazhandeyigeyouqufanli，yinzhengliaoguanyukexueshiyisouxingshizaidahaishangdechuan、erwomenzhinengzaizhesouchuanshangduitajinxingxiubudebiyu。zaizhengquedilijiewenduzhiqian，womenyijingyouliaolianghuawendudenuliheshijian。yaodedaolianghuadewendu，jiuyaojiejueruhelianghuayijiweishimekeyizheyanglianghuadewenti，suiranlijiehouyidianshi“mahoupao”shide。zairelixueshishang，cewenshicongceliangliwomendetiwenbutaiyuandewendukaishide， qiedushicaiyongxianxingwenbiao，jijiasheceliangyilaidewuliliang（huoxianxiang），ruqi、ye、gutiderezhanglengsuo（6），suiwenduzaiganxingqudefanweineishixianxingbianhuade。zheyangduilianggecankaodianfuzhijiuzuyiquedingyitaowenbiaohewenduji。cong1744niandao1954nian，0°C（7）beixuanweishuideninggudian，er100°C shishuidefeidian（xiguanxingdebaifenzhisiwei，suoyishendukexuexingqianqueyidian），dangranshizaiyigedaqiya（zhuyi，shiaodiliweiyenadedaqiya！）xiadeninggudianhefeidian（tu3）。tu3 shuideninggudian（bingshuigongcun）hefeidianfenbiebeidingyiwei0 °Che100 °C。wendushilengrechengdudebiaozheng，erwutizhijianlengrechengdudechabietixianzairejiechushidenengliushouyi，yincixiangbiyuwenduzhisuobiaoshideguanxi，reliucaishigengjibende。ruowomenjiangxianghuzhijianrepinghengdexitongguiweiyigelei，chuyubutongdexitongleianrejiechushifashengnengliangliudefangxiangpaixu，nengliangliudefangxiangzhixiangwendudidetixi。cishi，renhenengzhengquedigeichuxitongleishunxudewendubiaoqiandushiwulishanghaodewenbiao (temperature scale)（tu4）。dangran，tongshangshuwomencaiyongdezhishiheyujubuwenqudeyouxianwenbiao(temperature standard) butong，womenzhelitaolundeshiduiwenduquanjushangdebiaoduwenti。duiyuwenbiaodexuanzelaishuo，geichuzhengquedexitongleixulie（nengliufangxiang）shidiyiweide，erquelijutideshuzhishidierweide。yaozuodaohouyidianhuanxuyaoyilaiqitadewulishishihuoguilv；qiegenjubutongguilvdingchudewenbiao（scale，qingbuyaohuntongyutaolunsheshiwenbiaotonghuashiwenbiaobutongshisuoshejidewendustandards），xianghuzhijiandebianhuanguanxiyibanshifeixianxingde。zheyangdewenbiaohenduo，danwomenqiwangyigejuyoumouzhong“juedui”yiyidewenbiao，fangbian、huozheshuoliyuwulixuehuodeyigeziqiademianmaoshiwomenduizheyangdewenbiaodeqidai[4]。zheyangdewenbiaoyingshijiben（fundamental）de，jiceliangwendushisuoxuanqudeceliangliangduiwendudeyilaiguanxizhishejijibenwulichangshuerbubaohanrenyidexiaozhunchangshu[3]。cishi，taolunyixiashijianhewendudeyigegongtongdecemianshiyouqude。zaiyongyouyigekejieshoudewendulilunzhiqian，womendewenbiaohewendujishihunluande；zaiwomennengjianliqikejieshoudeshijianlilunzhiqian，yemeiyoujuyoujibenshibiaodejishiqi。zaitaoluntadeguangyixiangduilunshi，aiyinsitanyongshizaide、jingdiande“michi”、“shizhong”he“guanchazhe”denggainian，zheshitazuoyuchangshidedifang。zheyangdebiaoshuyoulishideyinyou，queshiwudaoxingde（xuduorendexiangduilunshuipingyongyuandibeidinggezai“michi”、“shizhong”denggainianshangliao），guweirensuozuobing[5]。6、jueduiwenduyujueduiwenbiaosuoweidewenduceliang，yizhishiyongmouzhongwuzhitixidemougewuliliang，birushuiyinwendujizhongshuiyinzhudegaodu，laibiaozhengwendude，qiqiantitiaojianshigaiwuliliangzaigeidingdewenquneisuiwendudandiaodibianhua （bucunzainengceliangsuoyouwendudewenduji）。dandandiaoxingbuzuyiquedingduibianhuadedingliangmiaoshu，gulishishangzengchuxianduozhongyilaibutongwuzhidebutongwulixingzhidezhenduibutongwenqudewenduji，zengyinrubutongdejingyanwenbiao[3]。fenluandewenbiaofanyingdeshiduiwendufenluanderenshihedingyi，zheshuomingguanyuwenduyidingyoumouxieshenkedewuliwomenhuanmeiyoubawo。relixuefazhanshishangyinrudejingyanwenbiaosuirandumanzuliaosuocaiyongdewuliliangzaigongzuofanweineisuiwendudandiaobianhuadeyaoqiu，danwuliliangsuiwendubianhuadedingliangguanxidequelixianranyingfuwuyujianliyigeziqiaderelixuetixi；napajinshiweiliaocewendetongyi， yexuyaoyigeduliyujutiwuliliangdewenbiao，shidebutongdewendujikexiangduiyuyigetongyide、zuihaoshishiyongyusuoyoukenengchuxianwenduzhidewulitixi（yuanli）jiayixiaozhun。1703nian，faguorenamengdong（Guillaume Amontons） faxianjiangdiwendushi，pingzilideqitiyaliyexiajiang。wenduyuedi，yaliyuedi。danqiyabukenengweifu，zeanzhaolixiangqitidezhuangtaifangcheng，（anzhaolixiangqitifangchengdingyide）wendujiangdaolingyejiubunengjiangliao。amengdongtuicezhegewenduzai－240℃ 。zheshijueduiwendudezaoqigainian。houlai，kaierwenjueshiyinruliaojueduiwenbiao，jitixisuochudewenduyingzheyangqu1900nian，pulangketongguocaicedezuoyuneinengdeguanxi，geichuliao（lixiangde！）heitifushegongshi，jinengliangpumiduduiwendudeyilaiguanxi，[6]。zhegegongshidangranshiyangedeshuxuebiaoda，duiyingyigewendudebuzaijiandandishigeshuzhi，ershiyigefenbuhanshu。tongshangshujueduiwendudingyiyiyang，zheliwendudequedinghuanshitongguonengliangceliangshixiande。duiyujutideyigefusheti，biruyuzhou（9），tadefushenengliangmidupugujibushixiangzhegeshuxuegongshinamewanmei，danzhongyaodetezheng（features）quebuhuiyoutaidadepianli（tu6）。zheyang，womenzhiyaojiang quxianmeihuachengfuheshangshugongshidexingshi，jiunengdingyiyigejueduiwendu。yuzhoubeijingfushe、xingtiwendujiushizheyangquedingde。duiheitifushegongshidejinsidingyiliaojueduiwendu，huozheshuoheitifushelilunweiwomentigongliaoyigejueduiwendujideshuxuejichu，celiangheitifushepudeshebeijiuchengliaopushidewenduji，qiezhezhongjueduiwendujishiyuanchengde。liyongciyuanlidejueduiwendujizhiyi，daxingshediantianwenwangyuanjing (tu6)，weitiantiwuli、yuzhouxue、yinlililundeyanjiutigongliaojudadebangzhu。tu6 jueduiwendujihetadelixiangceliangjieguo，jimanzupulangkegongshidefusheqiangdusuibochang（huozhepinlv）debianhua。zhuyi，youtuzhongdepunapajingguomubiaozhixiangdemeihua，yeshibuwanzhengde。youcidelaidesuoweiyuzhoubeijingwenduwei2.725 K, tanameyishuo，ninameyiting。daxingshediantianwenwangyuanjingzheyangdejueduiwendujitaiangguiliao，muqianyiyouduozhongbutaiyangede—zhicehenzhaifanweineidebopu，huozheqiyilaidepanjuhuojisuanyebuyange—jueduiwendujigongshiyanshiherichangshenghuozhongshiyong。zheleiwendujiyingwenweipyrometer。liru，youyizhongdengsixiaoshiguangxuecewenyi（the disappearing filament optical pyrometer）：tongguoyigehongse（jihudanse）delvguangchuangkoujiangdaicedebaichiguangyuanheyiqineizhidedengsi（xiaozhunguode）fachudefusheyiqibijiao，dangfusheyuandeqiangduhedengsideqiangduyiyangshi，dengsidexiangxiaoshiliao，youcikeyipanduanfusheyuandewendujiushineizhidengsidedangqianwendu。zheleiwendujiyibanyongyujiejin1000°Cdegaowenceliang，wuchajiaoda。huanyouyileicelianghongwaiboduanfashepuhuofashelv（emissivity）dehongwaicewenyi，yingwenweiinfrared thermometerhuoinfrared radiation pyrometer huo radiometer，youyuqishuchushibengchuyigebiaoshiwendudeshuzi，yinciyejiaoinfrared thermoscope （tu7）。youyuemissivity yilaiyuwutidewendu，yeyilaiyuwutibiaomiandezhuangkuang，yincizheleiwendujixuyaoyangexiaozhun。tu7 shuzishihongwaithermometer huozhethermoscopehuozhepyrometer。liangwenbianchengliaozhijieduquyiqixianshichudeshuzi。7、wenduceliangdejiaxiangqianshuwoyijingchanming，wenduzuoweiyigetongjixingzhideqiangduliang，shibukeyibeizhijieceliangde。suoweidewenduceliang，shitongguoduiqita（guangyan）wuliliang（shoureyingxiang）deceliangdeyishixiande。qitadewulixianxiangbeidangzuowendudezhibiao，suodedewenduzhikenenghuiyinweimouxieshigudedaobujingquede、shenzhicuowudejieguo。shouxianyaozhuyideyidianshi，wuzhitixishouraodonghoudadaoxindewenduzhuangtaikenengshixuyaomougetezhengshijiande，eryigefanyinghenkuaidecewenzhuangzhi，birudianzuwenduji（resistor thermometer），huishunjianjiugeichuyigewenduzhierbuguantixishichuyushimezhuangtai。xuduoyanjiuxiangbiandewenzhanggeichudejieguozhisuoyichurujiaoda，wohuaiyiyucewenyouguan。qitadecuowugenyuanbaokuocewendiantongwenduji（birureouwenduji）detantousuozaidibingbushiyuanlaishedingdedidian，huozhezhuanhuanhuoxianshibufendedianluchuliaowenti（birureshuiqixianshiwendudedianluyinweishuigouguozaodiliangdengzhishishuikailiao），dengdeng。ruguorendingyouguomaoqipaojiudaibiaogaowendehuahuanyoushoupiandekeneng（cishirendechangshibanyanliaowendujidejiaose），yinweijiarudiwenfenjieqihuadewuzhi，birupengsha，henrongyizaidiwenxiajiurangyouguofantengbuyi。jiushehuiliumangdouhen，jiuyourenyongguozhezhaobiaoyanxiayouguo。8、fuwendu“yubujingrensibuxiu”bingbushishirenteyoudetaidu。wulixuejiamenweiliaoboqubuxiudemingsheng， zaitichuxingainiandeshihouyiyangshichuyujingren。birurelixuedinglvqiangdiaoliaojueduiwendulingdushibukenengdadaode，danruguozuodadaoliaone，youhuozherangninwuyiweibitahuandine，nagaishiduomehongdongya。“fuwendu”jiushizheyangdeyigegainian。peishangxiangzheyangdejuzi“fuwendudetixibirenhe zhengwendutixidure（Rather, a system with a negative temperature is hotter than any system with a positive temperature）”，jianzhitaihouxiandailiao。qishi，suoweidefuwendushejideshijiguanggongzuojiezhihuozhecichangzhongfenliedehezixuanzheyangdejinyoujigenengji（shijishangshiliangge）detixi，yinweiwaizaibengpu（pumping）deyuanyin，tixizhongdegaonengjiyijiaodadebilibeizhanju，jichuxianlizishufanzhuan（population inversion）。suoyi，ruguoyingyaoyongboerzimanfenbuzhileidemiaoshu，jirendingmidusuanfuρyoushigeichudehua，H shitixidehamierdunsuanfu，zeTyingqufuzhi。zhuyidaolizishufanzhuanshiyouwaijiedebengpuhenengjidexingzhi，birunengjijiandeshuaibiansulv，suogongtongjuedingde，jiashetixiyousangenengjidehua，anzhaoshangshudingyishenzhinengdedaosangebutongdefuwendu。zhedangranyoudianzuozuo。erruojiangfuwenduxiandingzailiangnengjitixidehua，zhijieyongzhanjuzhuangtaimiaoshujiuxingliao，yinruyigewenducanshuchuliaoxinwenxiaoyingyiwaihuannengyoushimeyichu？leisifuwenduzhileidegainianwulixueshanghuanyouyixie，duzhezhujunyudaoshibufangyixiaozhizhi。9、duodanyuanrelixuetixidewenduruoyigetixisuiranqizhengtishangbushichuyurepinghengtai，ziranyongdanyiwenducanshumiaoshushibuqiadangde，danzuchengtadezixitongqueshigezijinsidichuyupinghengtai，zeduizheyangdetixikeyizhenduizixitongdingyichuyizuwendulaibiaozhengqirelixuetexing。pinghengtaidedengliziti，ruguobushitaiyangedehua，huanyouyuanyanghuoguo （tu8），jiushizheyangderelixuetixi。duipinghengtaidengliziti，keyigenjulizinengliangfenbuhedianzinengliangfenbufenbiedingyiliziwenduhedianziwendu。ruguoyeyongKelvinwenbiaodehua，yibanqitideliziwendu，jinsidikekanzuoshizhudaodenglizititonghuanjingjiaohuanreliangdecanshu，bingbubishiwengaoduoshao。danshi，dianziwenduyaogaodeduo，yibanzai10^5Kyishang，zheyangdedenglizitibeichengweinon-thermal plasma；ruoshidenglizitineidianzihelizishichuyurepingheng de，zeshithermal-plasma。Non-thermal plasma yourenjiangzhifanyiweifeiredengliziti，yourenzesuishoushiyongdiwendenglizitizhegeyiming。liyongjiguangdenggengjuxuanzexingdelihuagongjukeyishideqitizhongzhongxingyuanzihelizidewendubaochihendi，biruweichizai1Kwendudeshuiping，zheyangdedenglizitibeichengweicold plasma huoultra-cold plasma.tu8 yuanyanghuoguoheqitifangdian，dianxingdejuyoulianggejinsirepinghengzixitongderelixuetixi。10、jie shu yuwenduzuoweiyigetongjicanshu，tayuqidingyisuoyilaidetongjiyiqicaigouchengduitixidatishangdekexuemiaoshu。kandaoyigewenduzhi，yaobatatongguanliandewuliliangdefenbulianxiqilai，zheyeshidianziwenduchangchangyongnengliangdanweigeichudedaoli。duiyuzhengtishangyanzhongfenhuade、feipinghengdetixi，jiandandigeichuyilaimougezhengtixingzhi (refushedeqiangdu；mougedianzuzhishenqizhongsuobiaoxiandedianzuzhi) cuowudihuansuanchulaidewenduzhiqishishiwudaoxingde。zhezhengruduipinfuyanzhongfenhuadeshehui，“suanshupingjun”houdegongzishuipinghuoxiaofeizengchangsuduzhihuiyangaishehuidezhenshi，zhezhongxuewendechuxianjikenengshiyinweimouleixuezhexueshugongdizhibuzu，gengkenengshiyinweigaileixuezhexianshenreqingzhiguotou。benwenguanyuwendudetaolunjibenshangshijishucengmiande，cishiwotebiexiangzhongwenyiqiandeyijuhua，jiguanyurenheyigewulixuegainianduyoutaiduowobudongdeneirong。qishiwendushiwulixuezuiguanjiandejibengainianzhiyi，zailiangzichanglun、chouxiangdaishudecengcishangtaolunwenduhuokechujiwenduneihandepimao。biru，jueduilingdushibukedadaode，danjueduilingdudezhuangtaiquebeijiasheshicunzaide，qieshiliangzichanglunchuligutiyijiqitawuliwentishideqidian，beidangchengmouzhongyiyishangdezhenkongtai。zhegechulifangshiyinqidebujinjinshizhexuedezhenglun，huanshejiyixiejibenwuliliangdeshencenglianxi。zhegehuatishuitaishen，yuanchaobizhenenglizhiwai。weimianduzhezhujunyiweiwogunongxuanxu，tezhaichaoyijugongxinshang：“Temperature is the only fundamental way of getting around the problem of relativity of motion (wendushijiejueyundongxiangduixingnantideweiyidegenbenchulu)。”zenmeyang，lingrenjingchahu？buzhui1. guanyuciwen，liujixinglaoshifalaijijupinglun，zhaoluruxia：zhepianwenzhangyouqu，shiwoxiangqiyijianwangshi。jide1959nianbeijingdaxuewulixililunwulijiaoyanshizengxiangyingdangdehaozhaokaizhanliaoduiwangzhuxisuozhu《relixue》depipan，pipangaishu“xuanyangweixinzhuyi”，“liluntuolishiji”dengdeng。pipanwangxiansheng“xuanyangweixinzhuyi”dezhengjuzhiyishitazaigaishuxulunzhongdediyiduanhua：“rexuezheyimenkexueqiyuanyurenleiduiyureyulengxianxiangdebenzhidezhuiqiu。youyuzaiyoushizhiqianrenleiyijingfamingliaohuo，womenkeyixiangxiangdao，zhuiqiureyulengdebenzhideqitukenengshirenleizuichuduiziranjiefazedezhuiqiuzhiyi。”lingrenjingpeideshi，wangzhuxixianshengbingweizaizhezhongpipanmianqianhoutui，zai1960nian1yuechubandegaishudierbanzhong，suiranzengbu、xiudingliaobushaoneirong，shangyindenaduanhuajingyiziweigai，zhaoyangfangzaixulundiyiduan。caozexiankenengbuzhicishi（nashitakenenghuanmeiyouchushengba？），danzhepianwenzhangtixianliaowangxianshengzheduanhuadejingshen，suoyiwojuedeyouqu，zhenlikanlaishipibudaode。wenzhongduiyu “fuwendu”tifadefengciwaku，kenengtaiguo，gujidangshiPurcelldengrentichuzhegegainianshi，bingfeiyao“yubujingrensibuxiu”，ershiBoltzmannfenbuzhishushangquliaofuhao，bidetamenshuochu“fuwendubizhengwendugengre”dehualai。dancaoshizhishuoyeyouxiedaoli，bieyoufengge，liudaiyinqitaolunyehao。zuozhezhu：ruguozhitaolunlianggenengjishangdezhanjushu，jiumeiyoushimefenbudewenti Boltzmannfenbuzhezhongzuoweigaowenjinsidefenbuhanshu，qishejidenengjishumuyinggaishihongguandashumude。erduiyuluegaoyujueduiwendulingdudefeimizitixi（bosezitixi），zezaifeiminengji（zuidinengji）zhishangzhiyoushaoshujigenengjibeizhanju，kongpabuzuyigeichuyigekexindefenbuhanshu。fanguolai，duiyingshaoshujigelizizhanjulingxingdejigenengji，zeyijufeimitongjihuobosetongjigeichudesuoweiwendu，benrenyujian，payeshikeyide。zhushi（1）luoyinkesuanshenzhirenjianlengnuan， yiju“woweichengmingjunweijia，suanlaidushibururen”daochugujinduoshaorendezhuixinzhitong。－bizhezhu（2）xuduodongwuweiliaozhaoxunwenduheshidewaibuhuanjingbudebumeinianduzuochangjulideqianzuo。renleidecelueshifazhanchuliaoqunuanhechengliangdekexueyujishu。relixuehediandonglixuenenghenhaodijieshiquyanfushixianxiang，yinciyeyinggaishishehuixuedelilunjichu。－bizhezhu（3）yuchumaozedong《niannujiao. kunlun》，zuoyu1935nian。－bizhezhu（4）dayishi：kefoujiangnibizuoqinglangdexiari？niqueshigengjiaxiuli、wenwan！cishiliuchuandehanyibeichengweizaichuangzuo，yiyufanyiwuguan。－bizhezhu。（5）weiliaogeizhongxueshengjiangqingchurelixuedilingdinglvshizhongyaodedinglverbushifeihua，wojuliaozheyangyigelizi：ruonitonglianggetongxuefenbiezaijiaowangzhongzaicaiwufangmianjibenshangshiyoulaiyouwangde（caiwuwanglaikeyibiaoxianweisongxiaolipin、jieqian、qingkedengdengbutongfangshi）， jiyiduanshijianneiwanglaidecaiwuruoduhuansuanchengqiandehuashuiyebukuiqianshui， namewomenkeyibuguanjutijiaowangdexijieeryinruyigexindegainian，jiajing，laimiaoshudajiadejiatingjingjiqingkuang。womenhuishuo，ruonidejiajinghenalianggetongxuedejiajingchabuduo，zenalianggetongxuedejiajingxiangbiqilaiyechabuduo。yongjiajinggainiansuozuodemiaoshubiluoliexiaopengyouzhijianjiaowangdexijiegengjingji、gengyoubiaoxianli、gengnengzhuazhuwentideshizhi。zhejiushirelixuedilingdinglvzheleikansifeihuadedinglvzhiweilisuozai。－bizhezhu。（6）youshaoshuwuzhitixizaimouxiewendufanweineishiresuolengzhangde。－bizhezhu（7）fuhao°ClaiziruidianrenAnders Celsius xingdeshouzimuC。Celsiusyu1742nianjianyiliaozhetaowendubiaozhun。°Czaihanyuzhongduzuo“sheshiwendu”。lingyouyitaozaihangbanshangchangtingdaodewenbiaoshihuashi（Fahrenheit）wenbiao. －bizhezhu（8）“guaide”，yingwenweiwell-behaved. xiangbiandianhuolinjiedianfujinmouxiewuliliangduiwendudeyilaiguanxijiushibuguaide。dianxingdeliziyouyehaizaiλ－diandebiresuiwendudebianhua。－bizhezhu。（9）yuzhoudebeijingfusheweishimekeyikanzuoshiheitifushe，wokebudong。－bizhezhu。cankaowenxian[1] Thomas Mann, Magic Mountain, Knopf , New York 1939.[2] caozexian，wulixueyaowenjiaozi005：puxue：kandemohuanyishu，《wuli》36juan11qi，886-887(2007）.[3] Thomas D. McGee, Principles and Methods of Temperature Measurement, John Wiley & Sons (1988).[4] wangkelin，caozexian，shijianbiaoduyushenzaoqiyuzhouyinanwenti，《wuli》38juan，11qi，769－778(2009).[5] Philip Anderson in L. M. Brown, A. Pais, B. Pippard (Eds.), Twentieth Century Physics，IOP Publishing, 1995）pp.2017.[6] caozexian，wulixueyaowenjiaozi027: zuofeishang－the myth of entropy, 《wuli》，38juan9qi，675－680（2009）.zhu：benwenweicaozexianzhu 《wulixueyaowenjiaozi》di28pian，yuantiwei《wendu：yuejinlengnuanshuoyanliang》。te bie ti shi1. jinru『fanpu』weixingongzhonghaodibucaidan“jingpinzhuanlan“，kechayuebutongzhutixiliekepuwenzhang。2. 『fanpu』kaitongliaoanyuejiansuowenzhanggongneng。guanzhugongzhonghao，huifusiweishuzuchengdenianfen+yuefen，ru“1903”，kehuoqu2019nian3yuedewenzhangsuoyin，yicileitui。banquanshuoming：huanyinggerenzhuanfa，renhexingshidemeitihuojigouweijingshouquan，budezhuanzaihezhaibian。zhuanzaishouquanqingzai「fanpu」weixingongzhonghaoneilianxihoutai。《fanpu》，kexuejialinghangdehaokepu。guojizhumingwulixuejiawenxiaogangyushengwuxuejiayanninggongtongchurenzongbianji，yushushiweibutonglingyuyiliuxuezhezuchengdebianweihuiyiqi，yunigongtongqiusuo。guanzhu《fanpu》（weixinhao：fanpu2019）canyugengduotaolun。ercizhuanzaihuohezuoqinglianxifanpugongzhonghaohoutai。
有(驰辞耻)小(齿颈补辞)伙(贬耻辞)伴(叠补苍)认(搁别苍)真(窜丑别苍)的(顿别)回(贬耻颈)答(顿补)了(尝颈补辞)这(窜丑别)个(骋别)问(奥别苍)题(罢颈)，他(罢补)说(厂丑耻辞)：
金鹰中小盘精选主要投资具有较高成长性和良好基本面的中小盘股票，年内上涨16.76%。截至2022年底，十大重仓股中的拓尔思、宝兰德、中国长城、长盈精密2023年以来分别上涨104.61%、33.6%、30%和28.75%。转自｜人民网-河南频道 常力元 宋芳鑫 侯琳琳叫床指南叫床可不止嗯嗯啊啊冲情趣学院
长长白山2