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1、“费城杀手”:无处不在的环境细菌——嗜肺军团菌的出现:“费城杀手”:无处不在的环境细菌——嗜肺军团菌的出现 - 环境百科全书 (

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deguo,gujianggaishiqifanchengweishiliuguohuozhewuhushiliuguo,eryudongjinhechengjisuoweidongjinshiliuguo。dongjinyuzhiqiandesunwuyijiqihoudenanchaosong、nanchaoqi、nanchaoliang、nanchaochen,hechengweiliuchao。simazuozaijianlidongjinhouzengduocibeifa,danyouyuneibubuhe,chuliuyuwai,jieyishibaigaozhong。zuzuoyouwanghuifujiutu,beisimazuoxiezhi。huanwenbeifazexianhoubeiqianqindonghaiwangzuoxiong、qianyanwuwangmurongchuijibai。383nian,qianqinxuanzhaodizuojiannanqin,dongjinzaixiangxieanlizhukangji,paixieshi、xiexuanzaizuoshuizhizhandahuoquansheng,nanbeifenlicongciercheng。houyouhuanxuanpanluan,ziliweidi,zuizhongweiliuyusuoping,yonggongdi,daquanpangluo。420nian,liuyufeijingongdi,jianliliusong,zaijiashangbeifangdebeiweitongyi,zhongguojinrunanbeichao。?nanbeichao(gongyuan420nian-gongyuan589nian)nanbeichaoshinanchaohebeichaodetongcheng,zhizhongguolishishangcong420niandongjinmiewang、nanchaosongjianlidao589niansuichaotongyiquanguoxingchengdenanbeiduizhijumian。nanchaochengzidongjin,cong420nianliuyudaijinsuanqi,younanchaosong、nanchaoqi、nanchaoliang、nanchaochensichao,junyijiankang(jinjiangsunanjing)weidu。beichaochengzishiliuguo,zibeiwei439niantongyibeifangsuanqi,weibeiwei、dongwei、xiwei、beiqi、beizhou。534nian,beiweifenlieweidongwei、xiwei。houbeiqidaidongwei,beizhoudaixiwei,beizhouyouyu577nianmiebeiqi,581nianbeizhoubeisuisuomie,beichaojieshu。589nian,suimiechenhehouliang,jieshuliaoxijinmonianyihouyanxujinsanbainiandenanbeifenliejumian。nanbeichaoqianqirengshishizuzhengzhi,shehuijiecengfenweishizu、bianhuqimin、yifuhujinuzuo。nanfangsichaoshehuixiangduiwending,jiangnankaifaguimokongqian,nanfangjingjidedaochangzufazhan。duiwaijiaoliuyehenxingwang,dongdaoribenhechaoxianbandao,xidaoxiyu、zhongya、xiya,nandaodongnanyayunanya。cishiyechuxianminzudaronghedequshi,rubeiweixiaowendigaige,jinyibujiasushaoshuminzuhanhuadebufa。zaihuhanjiaorong、nanbeihuitongzhong,tongyideduominzuguojiadeyizhongsheng,weicihousuitangshiqidefanrongqiangshengdiandingjichu。?suichao(gongyuan581nian-gongyuan618nian)suichaoshizhongguolishidedayitongwangchao,suiwendiyangjiandingguohaowei“sui”,dingdudaxing(jinshanxishengxianshi)。gongerdi,jingli38nian。suiwendilijingtuzhi,kaichuangliaokaihuangzhizhifanrongjumian,604nian,suizuodiyangguangjiwei,qianduluoyang,xiujianguantongnanbeidedayunhe,ranerneiwaijucuoguoduxiaohaoguoli,yinfasuimominbian。618nian,suimotianxiaqunxiongbingqi,tangguogongliyuanchenshizaijinyangqibing,yuwenhuajidengrenzaiwaifadongbingbianshasiyangguang,liyuanbiyangzuozuorang,bingyu618nianchengdi,jianlitangchao,dingduchangan。619nianwangshichongbiyangdongzuowei,guohao“zheng”, suichaochedimiewang,danwangshichongjianlidezhengguozhiweixiliao3nian,cihou,tanggaozuliyuanqianqinwanglishimingongzheng,zhengguomiewang。suichaozaizhengzhi、jingji、wenhuahewaijiaodenglingyujinxingliaodagaige,zhengzhichuchuangsanshengliubuzhi,gongguzhongyangjiquan,zhengshituixingkejuzhi,xuanbayouxiurencai,ruohuashizulongduanshiguandexianxiang,jianlizhengshitangyishizhi、jianchazhi、kaojizhi,qianghualiaozhengfujizhi,genjunanbeichaodejingyangaigezhengzhi,xingjiansuitangdayunheyijichidaogaishanshuilujiaotongxian。junshishangjixutuixingwanshanfubingzhi,jingjishangshixingjuntianzhibinggaidingfuyi,jianqingnongminshengchanyali,youcaiqudasuomaoyueheshujidingyangdengqingchahukoucuoshizengjiacaizhengshouru。dangshizhoubianguojiarugaochang、zuoguo、gaojuli、xinluo、baijiyudongtuzuodengguojieshenshousuichaozhongguowenhuayuzhidudeyingxiang,yiribenqiansuishizuiweizhuming。?tangchao(gongyuan618nian-gongyuan907nian)tangchaoshizhongguolishishangjisuichaozhihoudedayitongzhongyuanwangchao,qiyouliyuanjianli,gongliershiyidi,gongcunxuerbaibashijiunian。tangtaizonglishiminjiweihoukaichuangliaozhenguanzhizhi,weishengtangdiandingjichu,tanggaozongchengzhenguanyifeng,kaichuang“yonghuizhizhi”690nian,wuzetiangaiguohaoweizhou,705nianshenlonggeminghou,huifutangguohao。tangxuanzongshiqichuxiankaiyuanshengshi,shitangchaodadaoquansheng。tianbaomonian,anshizhiluanhoujielianchuxianfanzhengeju、huanguanzhuanquanxianxiang,guolijianshuai。lijingtangxianzongyuanhezhongxing、tangwuzonghuichangzhongxingjitangxuanzongdazhongzhizhi,guoshifuzhen。suizhierlaidetangmonongminqiyipohuailiaotangchaotongzhigenji,bingshifanzhenshilidazeng。huangdichengweijunfazhengduodeduixiang。tangchaofenbenglixi,mingcunshiwang。907nianfanzhenjianglingzhuwencuantang,tangchaomiewang。tangchaotongzhishiqijiangyukongqianliaokuo,jishengshidongqiribenhai、nanjuannan、xidixianhai、beiyubeijiaerhu。tangchaoduizhoubianminzucaiyongzuozuozhengce,bingtongguocefeng、heqindengduozhongfangshi,yugezujianlimiqiedezhengzhi、jingjishangdelianxi 。tongzhijiejiyikaifangxintaiyubodaxiongjinjianrongbingnawailaiwenhua ,riben、nanzuo、xinluo、bohaidengguojunqianshixuexitangdezhidu、wenhua,bianjiang、neidigeminzuchengxiandajiaorongjumianzuoweidangshishijieshangzuiqiangshengdeguojiazhiyi,tangchaoshengyuyuanbo,yuyaouguojiaduoyouwanglai。tangyihouhaiwaiduochengzhongguorenwei“tangren” ertangchaojijiyugeguojiaoliuxuexi,shiqijingji、shehui、wenhua、yishuchengxianchuduoyuanhua、kaifangxingdengtedian,zaishige(tangshi)、shufa、huihua、yinledengfangmianjunqudeliaozhongyaodechengguo。?wudaishiguo(gongyuan907nian-gongyuan979nian)tangchaomiewanghou,zhongguojinruliaowudaishiguoshiqi,wudaishiguoshizhongguolishishangdeyiduandafenlieshiqi。gongyuan907nianliangwangzhuhuangjianlihouliang,dingdukaifengfu,zhanyouzhongguobeifangdabudiqu,wudaishiguokaishi。cihouxiangjichuxianhoutang、houjin、houhanhehouzhousigechaodai,zhewugedingduyuzhongyuandiqudezhengquan,beihechengwei“wudai”。960nian,zhaokuangzuofadongchenqiaobingbian,huangpaojiashen,jieshouzhougongdizuorang,jianlibeisong,wudaizicijieshu。zaitangmo、wudaijisongchu,zhongyuandiquzhiwaicunzaiguoyangwu、zuoyandengxuduogejuzhengquan,qizhongqianshu、houshu、nanwu、nantang、wuyue、minguo、nanchu、nanhan、jingnan(nanping)、beihandengshigegejuzhengquan,beihoushishixuejiatongchengshiguo ,beisongjianlihou,xianhoutongyiliaonanfangshangcundegegejuzhengquan,zhidao979nianbeihanmiewang,shiguoxuangaojieshu。?beisong(gongyuan960nian-gongyuan1127nian)beisongshizhongguolishishangjiwudaishiguozhihoudechaodai,chuanjiuweihuangdi,xiangguo167nian,yunansonghechengsongchao,youchengliangsong,yinhuangshixingzhao,yechengzhaosong。zhaokuangzuojianlisongchaozhihou,tongguobeijiushibingquan,jiangbingquanyucaizhengquanjizhongyuzhongyang,bimianliaozhongwantangfanzhengejudeluanxiang。 danyedaozhisongchaoyuliaoguo、xixia、jinguodezhanzhengzhongshili。jingkangyuannian(1126nian)fashengjingkangzhinan,cinianbeijinguomiewang。beisongjiangyudongbeiyijinhaihe、hebeibazhou、shanxiyanmenguanweijie;xibeiyishanxihengshan、gansudongbu、qinghaizuoshuiweijie;xinanyizuoshan、daduheweijie。songshenzongshitongguoxihekaibianshoufuhezuo,songhuizongshiqiyuqinghaibeibuzhilongyouduhufu,bingzhongjinshuhuiyouyunqizhou。songchaozhengzhitizhidatiyanxitangchao,caiyongfenhuashiquanfangshi,zaixiangzhiweiyouduorendanren,huanshixingguanxianyushijizhiwufenlideguanlirenyongzhidu,duiweihuguojiatongyiqiliaozhongyaodezuoyong,danyezaocheng“jipinjiruo”dejumian。yourenrenweibeisongshizhongguogudailishishangjingjiwenhuazuifanrongdeshidai ,renkoudedaoxunsuzengchang,kejitufamengjin,ruxuededaofuxing,dangshiderenjunGDPchaoguoliaoxiou,jingjishiligengshizhanjushijiebizhongde22.7%?nansong(gongyuan1127nian-gongyuan1279nian)gongyuan1127nian,beisongmiewanghou,songhuizongzhizizhaogouyuyingtianfu(jinhenanshangqiu)chengdijianlinansongzhengquan,zhaogoushiweisonggaozong,nansongshisongchaodiergeshiqi,yinyilinan(jinzhejianghangzhou)weiducheng,shichengnansong,lijiudi,xiangguo152nian。nansongchuqineiyouwaihuan,songgaozongxianrenyongyuefeidengzhuzhanpaikangjin,zhihouzhuhepaiqinzuoduxiangshibanian,qianding“shaoxingheyi”。shaoxingheyihou,duoshushijianyujinchao“huaishui—dasanguan”weijie, tongzhifanweixianyuqinlinghuaihexianyinandiqu,yujinchao、menggu(yuanchao)changqiduizhi。1162nianxiaozongshouzuo,lijingtuzhi,fadong“longxingbeifa”shibaiyihe,suihoudalifazhanneizheng,kaichuang“qianchunzhizhi”。1189nian、1194nianguangzong、ningzongshouzuo,hanzuoduoquan,kaiqingyuandangjin,fadong“kaizuobeifa”。suihoushimiyuanzhuhanshanzhengershiliunian1233nian,lizongqinzheng,zaoqirenyongzhengqingzhi、shizuozhishixing“duanpinggenghua”,duimengzhanshijiji,zhonghouqizhongyongjianchendingdaquan、jiasidao,songduzongjiweihouzhuanshixiangle,guoshishuaitui。1276nianyuanjungongrulinan,chaotingliuwangnanfang,wentianxiangdengzhongchenhuitianwuli。1279nianyashanhaizhanshibaihou,luxiufuyuyouditiaohaishenwang,nansongzuizhongmiewang。nansongshiqisuiranwaihuanshenzhong,tongzhizhepiananyiyu,danqijingjishangwaimaogaodufada ,zhongxinwanchengliaolishixingnanyi;sixiangxueshuhewenhuayishugaodufazhan,lixuechengxingquelizhengtongdiwei,bingxianghaiwaichuanbo,xingchengliaodongya“ruxuewenhuaquan”。nansongkaiqiliaozhongguoshehuidepingminhuajincheng,bingchuxianliaoouzhoujindaiqiandeyixietezheng:shiminjiecengxingcheng、guyongguanxi、chengshihua,huantuidongliaozhonghuaminzudedajiaorong。zaizhonghuawenmingfazhanzhongjuyouwenyifuxinghejingjigemingdeyiyi ,zaishijielishijinchengzhongyouzhuozhongyaodediwei。?yuanchao(gongyuan1271nian-gongyuan1368nian)yuanchaoshizhongguolishishangshouciyoushaoshuminzujianlidedayitongwangchao。tiemuzhenyu1206nianjianguo;1271nianhubiliedingguohaoweiyuan,chuanwushishiyidi。1279nianmienansong,zimienansongqi,tongyishijiangong89nian。1206nian,tiemuzhentongyimenggugebu,jianlidamengguguo。xianhougongmiexiliao、xixia、jinchao、dalidengzhengquan,zhaojiangtuzuozhubu。menggequshihouyinfaliaoalibugeyuhubiliedehanweizhizheng,cushidamengguguofenlie。1260nian,hubiliezaikaipingfuchenghan,jianyuan“zhongtong”,shangduchengweixindeducheng。1271nian,hubiliequ《yijing》“dazaiqianyuan”zhiyigaiguohaoweidayuan,ciniandingdudadu。1279nian,miewangnansongliuwangzhengquan,jieshuliaozitangmoyilaichangqidefenliegejujumian。yuanchaozhongqi,huangweijichengwenluan、zhengbianpinfan,erqiehanhuachizhi,fazhanbuqian。yuanchaohouqi,zhengzhifubai,quanchenganzheng,minzumaodunyujiejimaodunriyijiaju,daozhiyuanmonongminqiyi。1368nian,mingchaogongzhandaduheshangdu,yuantingtuishoumobei,shichengbeiyuan,chengweiyumingchaoduizhidezhengquan。beiyuanhantongyizhichixudao1635nian,weihoujinsuomie。yuanchaoshiqitongyiduominzuguojiajinyibugonggu,jiangyuchaoyuelidai。yuanchaojiangyudongqiribenhai、nandinanhai、xizhitianshan、beibaobeijiaerhu,yuanshicheng“dongjinliaozuoxijiliusha,beiyuyinshannanyuehaibiao,hantangjishengzhishibujiye”。yuanchaobaoliuzhongshushengyushumiyuan、yushitaifenzhangzheng、jun、jianchasanquan,difangshixingxingshengzhidu,kaizhongguoxingshengzhiduzhixianhe。yuanchaodeshangpinjingjihehaiwaimaoyiyejiaoweifanrong,yugeguowaijiaowanglaipinfan。zaiwenhuafangmian,chuxianliaoyuanqudenggengjiashisuhuawenhuaxingshi。?mingchao(gongyuan1368nian-gongyuan1644nian)mingchaoshimingtaizuzhuyuanzuosuojianlidechaodai。chuqijiandunanjing,mingchengzushiqiqiandubeijing。chuanshiliudi,gongji276nian。yuanmozhengjuhunan,baixingkubukanyan,xiangjibaofanongminqiyifankangyuanchaotongzhi,zhuyuanzuokaijuyigewan,cihoujiaruguozixinghongjinqiyijunfankangyuanchao。1356nianzhuyuanzuolvjungongzhanjiqinglu,gaimingyingtian,yu1364nianchengwuwang。cihoutaluxuxiaomiechenyouliang、zhangshichengdenggejushili,yu1367nianyi“quzhuhulu,huifuzhonghua”weihaozhao,paiqianxuda、changyuchunjubingbeifa,yituifanyuanchaotongzhi。1368nianzhengyue,zhuyuanzuoyuyingtian(nanjing)chengdi,jianlimingchao,guohaodaming,nianhaohongwu。tongnianqiugongzhandadu,jieshuliaoyuanchaozaiquanguodetongzhi。cihoushuciqianjiangbeizheng,dajibeiyuancanyushili。hongwusinian(1371nian)miexiapingsichuan;hongwushinian(1377nian)pingyunnan,zhujiantongyiquanguo。1421nianzhuzuoqianduzhibeijing ,nanjingweipeidu。mingchulijinghongwuzhizhi、yongleshengshi、renxuanzhizhidengzhishi ,mingchushehuijingjidedaohuifuhefazhan,shimingchaodedingshengqi。1449niandetumuzhibianshimingchaozhongqidekaiduan,chuxianchangqiwendingheshouchengdejumian,huanguanzhuanzhengheshoufuzhizhengfeichangjilie,beifangmengguzuhezuokoushilifenzhizuolai。jiajingzhongqiyihou,gaigedechaoliuyuelaiyueqiang。1582nianmingshenzongqinzheng,mingchaohouqizhengzhifubai,jiazhenggezhongfushuidaozhinongminqiyi,qijiannvzhenhoujincongdongbeizuoqi。1644nianlizichenggongrubeijing,chongzuodizizuo,mingchaomiewang, suihouqingbingruguan。1662niannanmingfumie,1683nian,qingjungongzhantaiwan,mingzhengfumie。mingdaijiangyunangkuohandi,dongbeidiribenhai、waixinganling,housuozhiliaoheliuyu;beidayinshan,houchezhimingchangcheng;xizhihamiwei,houtuishoujiayuguan;xinandaodamiandianhezuoluobeijing,houzhehuiyuejinyunnanjing;bingzaiqingcangdiqusheyouzuozuoweisuo ,huanzengshoufuannan 。mingchaoshiqijunzhuzhuanzhikongqianjiaqiang,duominzuguojiayejinyibutongyihegonggu。mingchufeizuoxiang、shelichangweitewujigou,jiaqiangliaozhuanzhizhuyizhongyangjiquan,dantongshiyeweizhonghouqihuanguanzhuanzhengmaixiafubi。mingchaoshiqinongminfanfengjiandouzhengyejinruliaoyigexinjieduan。mingdaishougongyeheshangpinjingjifanrong,chuxianshangyejizhenhezibenzhuyimengya。wenhuayishuchengxianshisuhuaqushi。?mingchao(gongyuan1616nian-gongyuan1912nian)qingchaoshizhongguolishishangzuihouyigefengjianwangchao,gongchuanshierdi,chuchenghoujin。 congnuerhachijianguoqi,zongji296nian; conghuangtaijigaiguohaoweiqingqi,guozuo276nian; congqingbingruguan,jianliquanguoxingzhengquansuanqiwei268nian。1616nian,jianzhounvzhenshoulingnuerhachijianguo, zizunweitianminghuangdi,jianyuantianming,guohaojin,huochenghoujin。1636nian,huangtaijichengdi,gaiguohaoweidaqing。1644nian,zhushoushanhaiguandemingjiangwusanguijiangqing,duoerzuolvlingqingbingruguan。ruguanhou20nianshijianli,pingdingdashun、daxi、nanmingdengzhengquan, kangxishiqitongyitaiwan,wanchengquanguotongyi。kangyongqiansanchaozouxiangdingsheng,zaiciqijian,zhongguodechuantongshehuiqudeliaoqiansuoweiyoudefazhanchengjiu。tudizengken,wuchanyingfeng,xiaonongjingjideshehuishenghuofanrongwending,zongheguoliqiangsheng。yapianzhanzhengzhihou,qingchaoduocizaowaiguolieqiangruqin,xianhoujinxingliaoyangwuyundonghewuxubianfadengjindaihuadetansuohegaige。1912nian2yue12ri,zuoyituiwei,banbuliaoqingdituiweizuoshu,qingchaomiewang。qingchaoshiqi,tongyiduominzuguojiadedaogongguhefazhan,qingchaotongyimengguzhubu,jiangxinjianghexicangnarubantu,jijiweihuguojialingtuzhuquandewanzheng。qianlongnianjian,zhongguozuoweitongyideduominzushijiedaguodegejuzuizhongqueding。quanshengshiqideqingchao,xidiconglinghebaerkashihu,xibeibaokuotangnuwulianghai,beizhimobeihexiboliya,dongdaotaipingyang(baokuokuyedao),nandananshaqundao,baokuo50duogeminzu,guojiakongqiantongyi,qijianzhongguogudaidezhuanzhizhuyiyetuixiangzuigaofeng。qingchaoqianqinongyeheshangyefada,jiangnanchuxianmijideshangyechengshi,bingzaiquanguochuxiandashangbang。zaicijichushang,renkoutuposiyidaguan,zhanshijiezongrenkoushiyidejinyiban。

让(搁补苍驳)高(骋补辞)校(齿颈补辞)青(蚕颈苍驳)年(狈颈补苍)走(窜辞耻)村(颁耻苍)、走(窜辞耻)县(齿颈补苍)、走(窜辞耻)实(厂丑颈)践(闯颈补苍),让(搁补苍驳)传(颁丑耻补苍)统(罢辞苍驳)村(颁耻苍)落(尝耻辞)见(闯颈补苍)人(搁别苍)、见(闯颈补苍)物(奥耻)、见(闯颈补苍)生(厂丑别苍驳)活(贬耻辞)。松(厂辞苍驳)阳(驰补苍驳)县(齿颈补苍)尝(颁丑补苍驳)试(厂丑颈)以(驰颈)清(蚕颈苍驳)华(贬耻补)大(顿补)学(齿耻别)乡(齿颈补苍驳)村(颁耻苍)振(窜丑别苍)兴(齿颈苍驳)工(骋辞苍驳)作(窜耻辞)站(窜丑补苍)为(奥别颈)突(罢耻)破(笔辞),探(罢补苍)索(厂耻辞)校(齿颈补辞)地(顿颈)合(贬别)作(窜耻辞)助(窜丑耻)力(尝颈)传(颁丑耻补苍)统(罢辞苍驳)村(颁耻苍)落(尝耻辞)现(齿颈补苍)代(顿补颈)化(贬耻补)治(窜丑颈)理(尝颈)新(齿颈苍)路(尝耻)径(闯颈苍驳)。

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而且不同于每个独立包装的袋装葡萄干散装的葡萄干在售卖的过程中是可以被任何人摸一摸、尝一尝的

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