...排行榜完结冲小说连载冲小说完结冲好看的小说-拉拉...
●—? 农村男女 ?—●
2025年01月03日，回到最初的问题：如果连医院都不能信任了，我们该如何保障自己的健康安全呢？
...排行榜完结冲小说连载冲小说完结冲好看的小说-拉拉...
她身高虽然才167颁惭但是可以看出比例非常好和娜扎相比修长且笔直的双腿在瑜伽服的加持下更胜一筹
下午10分钟腿部训练/腰部/背部联盛新能源荣获多项荣誉，品牌驱动高质量发展2019-07-12 15:05·喵呜啦啦呜7月11-12日，第八届中国财经峰会在北京举行，今年的峰会主题为“新时代：大变局与新动力”。中国财经峰会是中国经济领域最具影响力的思想交流平台之一，汇聚了国内外的商业领袖、经济学界翘楚、创业家及新青年代表，共同探寻新时代背景下的高质量增长路径。同期，峰会还将表彰新时代背景下推动经济增长与社会进步的公司与人物典范，向时代驱动力致敬。在峰会奖项评选中，联盛新能源集团获评“2019杰出品牌形象奖”，集团创始人及CEO郝鹏获“2019新时代商业领袖”称号。联盛新能源作为中国专业分布式能源战略投资商及全球领先的清洁能源综合解决方案提供商，致力于为全球客户打造一流的清洁能源电站和提供高标准、高品质、高收益的新能源资产管理服务。此次获奖，一方面肯定了联盛新能源在推动清洁能源行业进步上的努力，另一方面也更加坚定了联盛新能源在发展清洁能源道路上的决心。郝鹏认为，联盛新能源在经济变革中始终保持着稳健快速的发展态势，积极承担社会责任，将社会责任作为公司发展的驱动力。一直以来，联盛新能源以为全人类提供清洁稳定的能源供应，让更多人可以享受到清洁能源带来的福利为公司使命，帮助更多公司实现能源转型，达成减少温室气体排放和采用可再生能源的目标。在过去6年的时间里，联盛新能源积极组织并参与公益活动，也展现了联盛新能源顺应时代发展趋势和引领能源革命所产生的品牌影响力，在海内外收获了众多优质客户，包括联合利华、娃哈哈和富士电机等。据了解，截止目前，联盛新能源的全球项目储备总量已经超过1.4GW，业务遍布全球五大洲。郝鹏日前在接受美国能源行业权威杂志Energy CIO Insights的采访时表示，联盛新能源已为全球几十家跨国公司提供稳定的能源供应，实现了能源转型，每年可以为全球减少煤炭燃烧数十万吨，让上千万人享受到稳定清洁能源供应，在全球创造了诸多载入行业发展史册的优秀业绩和案例。接下来，联盛新能源除深耕国内市场外，还将加速拓展海外清洁能源市场，并计划在2019年至2020年实现200MW的目标。来源：搜狐
duzaicewendu，dandaodishimeshiwendu？｜xianshuobadaoyuanchuang2020-01-29 07:43·fanpurujin，quanguozhongduogonggongchangsuoduzaibujianduandiceliangguowangrenqundetiwen。raner，shimeshiwendu？yigetixiyoumeiyouwendu？wendujidaodiceliangliaoshime？zhexiewentijibianzaizhuanyedewulijiaokeshuhezazhishangyeshiyuyanbuxiang。benkantefaciwen，gongcankao。zhuanwen ∣ caozexian（zhongkeyuanwuliyanjiusuoyanjiuyuan）yinshuiyuxinzhilengnuan，zuoyingrenzushiyanliang。－［tang］luoyin（1）wenduceliangdelishishikexuefazhanshidezuchengbufen……-Thomas D. McGeetiyao：ganzhilengreshishengmingbibeidenengli，yincilengregainiandechuxianyuanyuanzaoyurelixuezhemenxueke，yejiunanmianjiuchanbuqing。re、leng、huozaiyingwenwuliwenxianzhongduyouduozhongbiaoshu，erwenduyeshifeichangbuyizhengquelijiedewulixuejibengainianzhiyi。1、shishizongguanyanliangmangmangyuzhouzhongyiliweibuzudaodechenai——diqiu——shangdanshengliaoshengming。zhuyidaodiqiudepingjunwenduyuewei15°C，shengmingdewuzhijichuzhiyishishuiershuideninggudianwei0°C，yijishengmingzuoweiyigeyuanlipinghengtaidehaosantixixuyaobuduanhuodenengliangerdiqiudenengyuanshilaizitaiyangdefuzhaodengjigeshishi，jiukeyiduoshaolijieshengmingsuoxuanzedewenduchuangkou（bixuchuyuhuanjingwenqudegaoduan）yijiduilengnuandemingan（2）。keyishuoyiqieshengmingzuizhongyaodeganjuenenglishiduilengnuandeganzhi（duixuduogaojidongwulaishuo，shijuehuozhetingjueshibeixuanxiang），guoquzhongguorenshenzhijiangzhilengzhirekanzuoshiyigerenzuoweihaodepeiousuobibeidepinge。zaizhongwenyujingli，wenhe、wennuan、wenroudengtiejinwomentiwendecihuidurangrengandaofeichangwenzuo，zaiqitawenhuazhongdagaiyeyingruci，bijing“huanqiutongciliangre”（3）。lengredegainianzairentifayudezaoqijiuyinggaijianliqilailiao。geiyingyouerweinaiweifan，yikaishiyoudarenzhangwolengre，erhoujiuyaojiaohaizizijimingbailengre。shushidewendu，yinggaishitiwenfujinbudadefanwei，tashouxianshishenglidexuyao，qihoumanmanchengliaoxinlidexuqiu。womenyigerenyishengzhongzuixuyaolijiedexianxiangyexujiushishitaiyanliang，renqinglengnuan！renleiziyumeizhongzouguolai，zaiqikexuenulizhongziranhuijianghendadejinglifangzailijielengnuanxianxiangshang。yushi，womenfazhanliaorexue、relixue，erzheqizhongyaolijiehelianghuadeyigezhongyaogainianshilengrechengdu，jiwendu。2、hunluandezimianlengreshiwomenshentideganjue，yinciwomenguanyulengrexianxiangxiangguandecihuiyidingbirelixuezhemenkexuechuxiandezao，yejiurongyixiangxiangcunzaimouxiegainianshangdejiazabuqing。zaikaolvdaoyingyudefuzalaiyuan，yijirelixuezaide、fa、yingjihutongshifazhandelishixianshi，keyixiangjianyingwenkejiwenxianzhongyureyouguandecihuihuiyouxuduobutongdemianmu。shouxian，relixueguanzhudejibenliangshireliang（liàng），shinengliangdeyizhongteshuxingshi。zhongwenlirerujinjishijutidemingci（rongjiere），yeshichouxiangmingcidaibiao“rede”zhezhongganjue、zhejianshi（lvyoure），yeshixingrongci（rexinchang）；xiangyingdi，deyuli“rede”shiheiβ，erjutimingcire，die W?rme，duiyingdexingrongciqueshiwennuan，warm；yingyuli“rede”yici，hot，laizideyuheiβ，danshicixingbianhuafengfu：“rede”zhezhongganjue、zhejianshiweihotness，reliangzeshiheat。deyuxingrongciwarmchuanruyingyuhou，qiduiyingdemingciwarmness，shiwennuandeganjue，quemeiyoureliangdeyisi。hanyukejimingcizhongshejiredehuanyourejie（liejie）deshuofa，shiduipyrolysis defanyi。Pyros laizixilayuπ?ρо?，shihuodeyisi。tongyangyuhuotongyuandezihuanyoufever (fare、fashao) ，deyuwei das Fieber。ruguozhidaozhongwende“re”zi，conghuo，shixingshengci，zheyidianjiuhenhaolijie。rexuezuoweiyimenxuekezaideyuliweiW?rmetheorie，yingwenweiheat theory，ciweirelixuedeqianshen。relixue，thermodynamics （thermo+dynamic），laizixilayu。danshi，xilayuθερμ?? (thermos) deyisiqiaqiashi“wende”，xingrongci“rede”shiκαντ?? （kantos）heζεστ?? (zestos)。shuodaoreliang，yingwenzhongyeyongcalorie (hanyuzhijieyinyikaluli，huogancui“ka”)，tanlunyingyangbaojian、yundongsushenderenxihuanyong“kaluli”daibiaoreliang。Caloriezhegecilaiziladingyucalere，yisishi to be warm， glow，glow with heat。Glow with heat （reerfaguang） jiushibaichidengdeyuanli，houwenwomenhuikandaozhegewentizaijindaiwulixuezhongjuzuqingzhongdediwei。Caloriezaixilayuzhongyeshi“rede”yisi，birurefusheti（radiator），xilawenjiushiσ?μα καλоριφ?ρ (caloric body)。zailuomanyuzudeyuyanzhong，“rede”yiciduhecaloriexiangfangfo，ruzhejuxibanyayu“La temperatura es una magnitud referida a las nociones comunes de calor o frío（wendushiduliangrehuolengdeliang）”zhongdecalor。weiliaobiaozhenglengredechengdu（degree of hotness or coldness），renmenyinruliaotemperaturedegainian。lengredechengdubushireduyebushilengdu，ershiwendu，rutemperaturedebenyi。Temperaturedetongyuandongcitemperweidiaohedeyisi，ru to temper critism with reason （pipingzhongjiarushuoli），to temper paint with oil（yongyoudiaoqi）。xingrongcitemperatedeyisishiwenhede，rua temperate reply （wenhededafu），a temperate climate (wenhedeqihou），dengdeng。Temperateruozhilengrechengdu，qijinyiciyou tepid、mild helukewarm （shushi、zuoyi）。shashibiyazuizhumingdeshisixingshi“Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?”deqishiliangju：Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate.（4）qizhongdetemperate zhidejiushihaopiqi、wenshun、wenwandeyisi。ciwai，ladingwentemperaturaebenyiyoubuguofendeyisi，biruguanyumeizhibiaozhundelengbingbingdeyangeduichengxingyuqishuoshiyaodadaodebiaozhun，wuningshuoshiyizhongzaiqijichushangyaopianlidebiaozhun：“danzhepianlibukeguofen（temperaturae），suoweizaijueduideduichengxingzhongyoumudedi、toutoudisairuyixiexiweidebianhua”[1]。redefanyicishileng。guanyuleng，suiranyingwendeleng，cold、coldness，yezaiyingwenwuliwenxianzhongshichangjiandao，danhenduoshihouyongdaodeshiqitaxingshideci。birurefrigerator（bingxiang）、refrigerating machine（zhilengji），zhelideleng，fri，laiziladingyuxi，fayuxingrongciwei froid，xibanyayuweifrío。xiangyingdi，lengzaixilayuzhongweiκρ?о?（cryos），shijihanleng（chilly）deyisi，danshizaixiandaiwulixuewenxianzhongjihanlengyebuzuyishuoqingchutashiduomedelengliao。Cryo chuxianzaicryostat（diwenhengwenqi）、cryopump (lengningbeng) dengcihuizhong，zhelidelengkeshiyouyedanhuoyehaiweichide，cryogenic refrigeratorlidewenduyuanbijiazhongbingxianglidegengdi。youshiweiliaoyousuoqubie，renmenzaibiaoda“lengde”gainianshihuixuanzebutongciyuandeci，rulengyuanziwuliyingwenweiultracold atomic physics，diwenwulizexiechenglow-temperature physics，《diwenwuli》zazhiyinweiyaoxiandehenyouxuewen，huanyaoxiechengladingwen physica temperaturae humilis。zailiangreshebeishang，wenziyeshibijiaohunluan。Thermosshi“wende”，thermometer shiliangwendeqicai，hanyiwenduji；danhuanyouyigeciweithermoscope，anshuoyeshiwenduji，danyourenweiliaoyishiqubiejiangzhiyiweiliangwenqi、cewenqi。qishi，zhelidequbieshi，meterdebenyishiceliang，qiangdiaokedu；scopedebenyishikan，daiscopedeceliangqicaiqiangdiaodeshiguancha，kenengbingbuyaoqiuyidingluoshidaoyigeshuzhi。dangranzhehuayebudui，rujinbianbugedifangliugandeshuzishihongwaithermoscopejiushijiandandibengchuyigeshuzi。xianran，renleizhizaodediyigeliangwenqicaizhinengshithermoscope，yinweitahuanmeiyoukedu。guanyumeteryuscope，yijimetry yuscopyzhijiandexiweichabie，qingcanyuebizheciqiandetaolun[2]。ciwai，huanyouyileijinsidiliyongheitifushexingzhidewendujipyrometer，yourenjiangzhifanyichenggaowenji。zhegefanyiyoudianguo，yinweiyouxiepyrometeryezhishiyonglaijianshirenleidetiwenbianhua（jianxiawen）。celiangreliangdeshebeishicalorimeter，hanyiliangreji，yongyucedinghuaxuefanying、zhuangtaibianhuahuorongjieguochengsuochanshengdereliang。3、wendudewuliwendushiwulixuezhongqigejibenliangzhiyi，danweiwei Kelvin，yiyingguowulixuejia William Thomsondeguanjue，ji Lord Kelvin，mingming。zaixuduowulixueshengdetounaoli，wendushigezuijibendewuliliang，yigekeceliangliang。1994nianxiajiyigewuliaodexiawu，bizhezaideguoKaiserslauterndaxuewulixitushuguanfanyueyibenmingwei《Heat Transfer》deshushi，huranmingbaiwendushibukeceliangde。tadesuoweiceliangduyaoyilaiyigewomenweimingshuode、youshishenzhishigenbenbuzhidaodemougewulixuedinglv，qieceliangdeshiqitadekeceliangwuliliang。erjibianbuzhidaonagedinglvwomenyirannenggouzhizaowendujibingjicizhubudijianliqirelixue，zeshizaibizheweizhongguokexueyuanyanjiushengyuanzhunbei2009shuqikechengshicairenshidaozheyidiande，cishibizhezaidaxueheyanjiusuoyijinghunliao27geniantou。youyuwendushiduidalizishutixidepinghengtaiyansheng（emergent）xingzhizuotongjimiaoshushicainengyinjinlaideyigeliang，bizheyoushishenzhixiangshuowendujiubushigewulideliang；yanjiushaotiwentidewulixuejiajibenshangshifashaodeshihoucaiconghushidezuilitingdaozhegecide。errelixuezhihuisenandong，duobanshiyinweizhexieyinggaimingquezhichueryouxianyourenzhichudeshishi。chengruMcGeezhichudenayang，“wendushizuinanqingxidingyidewuzhideyibanxingzhi（The concept of temperature has been the most difficult of the common properties of matter to define clearly）”[3]。dangwomenpingjieshentiganzhilengrecongerduihuanjingdewenduzuochupanduanshi，womengengduodeshizaitanlunyigechuanrexuedewenti。reliuliuxiangwomendeshenti，womenganjueshirede，womenjiuduanyanwaijiewendugao；reliuziwomenshentiliuchu，womenganjueshilengde，womenjiuduanyanwaijiewendudi。buguozhegeganjuebuzuyiyaoqiuwaijieyouwulishangyangedingyidewendu，qiereliudeqiangdubixubeixianzhizaiyigehenxiaodefanwei，guodadezhuruheliuchudereliudukenengsunhuaiwomendeganjueqiguan，congerdechuhunluandepanduan。dangrenti，birujiao，beidongdefeichanglihaishi，yehuiyouredeganjue，queqiedishuoshimayangdeganjue，qienazhongmayangdeganjuebushizhengtixingde，ershirutongdierleichaodaotineidecitongwoxuan，huozhebandaotijingtilideweicuoxiannayangdefenbu。youshi，jibianshichuyutongyihuanjingzhongdelianggewuti，jiashedubiwomendeshouleng，qizhongxishoureliangkuaidewuti，birujinshu，yehuigeiwomengenglengdeganjue。yejiushishuowomendeshouzheyangdewendujishiyikaoreliufangxiangshenhuoreliudesulvlaipanduanlengnuande。yiqieganzhiwendudeqijian，dukenengcunzaileisidewenti，zhishaotabunengbangzhuceliangzheduanyandaicetixiyouwanhaodingyidewendu。relixuegaosuwomen，zhenduiyigechuyupinghengtaidetixi，womencainengdingyiqiwenduwei，jiwendushiyoutixizailizishu、tijiyijiqitaguangyanliangdubaochibubiandeqiantixiadezuo－neinengguanxijuedingde。zitongjilixuedeguandiankanlai，zhegeguanxishijiben（fundamental）de。suiran，wendukeyizuoweiwutilengrechengdudeduliang（temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body），danlengre（reliudefangxianghesulv）queshigengjibende，qiebubaozhengyigewanhaodingyidewendudecunzai。4、wenduceliangdeluojijichuwenduceliangshejifuzadewulixianxiang。ruheceliangwendu，suiranweidedaochongfenqiangdiao，yesuanshiyimenxuewen（thermometry），erqieshiyimenfuzade、kunnandexuewen。renhechangshiceliangwenduderenduyinggaiqingchudiliaojiecewendeyuanliyijimanzutedingmudesuocaiyongzhijuticewenfangfa[3]。wenduceliangdeluojijichushirelixuedilingdinglv: “ruotixiAheBfenbietongtixiCchuyurepingheng，zeAheBzhijianyechuyurepingheng。” jushuogaidinglvshi1920nianyouR. H. Fowlertichude，congshijianshangkan，dilingdinglvchuxianwanyixie，suanshiduirelixuesandadinglvdebuchong。jiranshibuchong，shuomingyouqibiyao，bingbushiruzimianshangnayangkanqilaijihushifeihua。suoweiderepingheng，wodelijieshijiliangtixijiandanweishijiannei、qiebuguanduochangshijianjiangeneidejingjiaohuanreliangweiling。lianggetixifenbietongdisangetixichuyurepingheng，xijieshangquekeyishiyibutongdechuanrefangshi，yibutongdedanxiangnengliujiaohuanzhuoreneng（tu1）。zheyang，repinghengruguoyongreliangjiaohuandecihuilaimiaoshudehua，jiutaibujingjiliao。relixuedilingdinglvshouxianbiaomingciwentikeyijinyibuyinxiangshenru，dingyiyigexindebiaozhengrepinghengdewuliliang，zhejiushiwendu（5）。zhecaishidilingdinglvdeguanjian。youliaozhegeluojijichu，wendugainiandeyinrujiuxiandeshunlichengzhangliao，wendujideshiyongjiudedaoliaoyuanlishangdebaozhang（yigecewenwuzhitongdaicetixijianliliaorepingheng，jiasheciguochengjiaohuandereliangyudaicetixidezongreliangxiangbikehuluebuji，zegenjuceliangcewenwuzhimougewuliliangsuohuansuandedaodewenduzhikekanzuoshidaicetixidewendu。dangran，youxiewendujibuxuyaohedaicetixijianlirepingheng），erqieduilianggeduliderelixuetixi，keyitongguocewenguochengjianliqiwendudebijiaoerwuxuyaoqiutamenzhijianjianliredejiaoliu。relixuedilingdinglvtongqitadilingdinglvyiyangzhuzhongdedushiweigaixuekedaxiajianshideluojijichu。tu1 relixuedilingdinglvtushi，zhuyibutongtixizhijianderepinghengxijieshangdechayi。5、wendujiyuwenbiaowomenyoulengredeganjue，youjianglengrelianghuadexuqiu，wentishiruhejiangwendulianghua，zhuyilengreshiganjueerfeishijueshangdepanduan。ruguoyaojianglengrelianghuaweikeyiyanshuodeshiwu，jiuxuyaoyigejianglengrezhuanhuanchengshijuexiaoguodewujian，jiwenduji。1594nian，zuoliluedudaoliaoHerodeshougao“Penumatics” （chengshuyugongyuanqianyishiji），congerfamingliaoliyongqitiyali（tiji）suiwendugaibiandeyuanli、youyizhongyetideshengjianglaixianshilengrechengdudethermoscope（tu2）。rujinshimianshangdewanjuaiqingwendujijiushiliyongdezhegeyuanli。lingyouwenxianshuozuolilue1600nianzuoyoufamingdethermoscopeshizheyangdezhuangzhi：mifengdeboliguanneizhuruyidingliangdetoumingyeti，qizhongjinpaozhuobizhongbutongdexiaowujian。dangwendushenggao（xiajiang）shi，yetidemiduhuijianxiao（zengjia），xiaowujiandexuanfuweizhijiuyoubiandong （tu2）。tu2 yuanshidethermoscopes。zuotuzhongliyongdeshiqiyasuiwendudebianhua，guanchadeshiyetideshengjiang；youtuzhongliyongdeshiyetimidusuiwendudebianhua，guanchadeshigutixuanfuwudeshengjiang。jinyoushijueshangdechongjishibugoude，zhiyoushixianliaoduiwendudeculueceliangyihou，wendudegainiancainenggoubeidingyi（……Only after crude methods of temperature measurement were developed could the concept of temperature really be defined!）[3]。zheshikexuefazhandeyigeyouqufanli，yinzhengliaoguanyukexueshiyisouxingshizaidahaishangdechuan、erwomenzhinengzaizhesouchuanshangduitajinxingxiubudebiyu。zaizhengquedilijiewenduzhiqian，womenyijingyouliaolianghuawendudenuliheshijian。yaodedaolianghuadewendu，jiuyaojiejueruhelianghuayijiweishimekeyizheyanglianghuadewenti，suiranlijiehouyidianshi“mahoupao”shide。zairelixueshishang，cewenshicongceliangliwomendetiwenbutaiyuandewendukaishide， qiedushicaiyongxianxingwenbiao，jijiasheceliangyilaidewuliliang（huoxianxiang），ruqi、ye、gutiderezhanglengsuo（6），suiwenduzaiganxingqudefanweineishixianxingbianhuade。zheyangduilianggecankaodianfuzhijiuzuyiquedingyitaowenbiaohewenduji。cong1744niandao1954nian，0°C（7）beixuanweishuideninggudian，er100°C shishuidefeidian（xiguanxingdebaifenzhisiwei，suoyishendukexuexingqianqueyidian），dangranshizaiyigedaqiya（zhuyi，shiaodiliweiyenadedaqiya！）xiadeninggudianhefeidian（tu3）。tu3 shuideninggudian（bingshuigongcun）hefeidianfenbiebeidingyiwei0 °Che100 °C。wendushilengrechengdudebiaozheng，erwutizhijianlengrechengdudechabietixianzairejiechushidenengliushouyi，yincixiangbiyuwenduzhisuobiaoshideguanxi，reliucaishigengjibende。ruowomenjiangxianghuzhijianrepinghengdexitongguiweiyigelei，chuyubutongdexitongleianrejiechushifashengnengliangliudefangxiangpaixu，nengliangliudefangxiangzhixiangwendudidetixi。cishi，renhenengzhengquedigeichuxitongleishunxudewendubiaoqiandushiwulishanghaodewenbiao (temperature scale)（tu4）。dangran，tongshangshuwomencaiyongdezhishiheyujubuwenqudeyouxianwenbiao(temperature standard) butong，womenzhelitaolundeshiduiwenduquanjushangdebiaoduwenti。duiyuwenbiaodexuanzelaishuo，geichuzhengquedexitongleixulie（nengliufangxiang）shidiyiweide，erquelijutideshuzhishidierweide。yaozuodaohouyidianhuanxuyaoyilaiqitadewulishishihuoguilv；qiegenjubutongguilvdingchudewenbiao（scale，qingbuyaohuntongyutaolunsheshiwenbiaotonghuashiwenbiaobutongshisuoshejidewendustandards），xianghuzhijiandebianhuanguanxiyibanshifeixianxingde。zheyangdewenbiaohenduo，danwomenqiwangyigejuyoumouzhong“juedui”yiyidewenbiao，fangbian、huozheshuoliyuwulixuehuodeyigeziqiademianmaoshiwomenduizheyangdewenbiaodeqidai[4]。zheyangdewenbiaoyingshijiben（fundamental）de，jiceliangwendushisuoxuanqudeceliangliangduiwendudeyilaiguanxizhishejijibenwulichangshuerbubaohanrenyidexiaozhunchangshu[3]。cishi，taolunyixiashijianhewendudeyigegongtongdecemianshiyouqude。zaiyongyouyigekejieshoudewendulilunzhiqian，womendewenbiaohewendujishihunluande；zaiwomennengjianliqikejieshoudeshijianlilunzhiqian，yemeiyoujuyoujibenshibiaodejishiqi。zaitaoluntadeguangyixiangduilunshi，aiyinsitanyongshizaide、jingdiande“michi”、“shizhong”he“guanchazhe”denggainian，zheshitazuoyuchangshidedifang。zheyangdebiaoshuyoulishideyinyou，queshiwudaoxingde（xuduorendexiangduilunshuipingyongyuandibeidinggezai“michi”、“shizhong”denggainianshangliao），guweirensuozuobing[5]。6、jueduiwenduyujueduiwenbiaosuoweidewenduceliang，yizhishiyongmouzhongwuzhitixidemougewuliliang，birushuiyinwendujizhongshuiyinzhudegaodu，laibiaozhengwendude，qiqiantitiaojianshigaiwuliliangzaigeidingdewenquneisuiwendudandiaodibianhua （bucunzainengceliangsuoyouwendudewenduji）。dandandiaoxingbuzuyiquedingduibianhuadedingliangmiaoshu，gulishishangzengchuxianduozhongyilaibutongwuzhidebutongwulixingzhidezhenduibutongwenqudewenduji，zengyinrubutongdejingyanwenbiao[3]。fenluandewenbiaofanyingdeshiduiwendufenluanderenshihedingyi，zheshuomingguanyuwenduyidingyoumouxieshenkedewuliwomenhuanmeiyoubawo。relixuefazhanshishangyinrudejingyanwenbiaosuirandumanzuliaosuocaiyongdewuliliangzaigongzuofanweineisuiwendudandiaobianhuadeyaoqiu，danwuliliangsuiwendubianhuadedingliangguanxidequelixianranyingfuwuyujianliyigeziqiaderelixuetixi；napajinshiweiliaocewendetongyi， yexuyaoyigeduliyujutiwuliliangdewenbiao，shidebutongdewendujikexiangduiyuyigetongyide、zuihaoshishiyongyusuoyoukenengchuxianwenduzhidewulitixi（yuanli）jiayixiaozhun。1703nian，faguorenamengdong（Guillaume Amontons） faxianjiangdiwendushi，pingzilideqitiyaliyexiajiang。wenduyuedi，yaliyuedi。danqiyabukenengweifu，zeanzhaolixiangqitidezhuangtaifangcheng，（anzhaolixiangqitifangchengdingyide）wendujiangdaolingyejiubunengjiangliao。amengdongtuicezhegewenduzai－240℃ 。zheshijueduiwendudezaoqigainian。houlai，kaierwenjueshiyinruliaojueduiwenbiao，jitixisuochudewenduyingzheyangqu1900nian，pulangketongguocaicedezuoyuneinengdeguanxi，geichuliao（lixiangde！）heitifushegongshi，jinengliangpumiduduiwendudeyilaiguanxi，[6]。zhegegongshidangranshiyangedeshuxuebiaoda，duiyingyigewendudebuzaijiandandishigeshuzhi，ershiyigefenbuhanshu。tongshangshujueduiwendudingyiyiyang，zheliwendudequedinghuanshitongguonengliangceliangshixiande。duiyujutideyigefusheti，biruyuzhou（9），tadefushenengliangmidupugujibushixiangzhegeshuxuegongshinamewanmei，danzhongyaodetezheng（features）quebuhuiyoutaidadepianli（tu6）。zheyang，womenzhiyaojiang quxianmeihuachengfuheshangshugongshidexingshi，jiunengdingyiyigejueduiwendu。yuzhoubeijingfushe、xingtiwendujiushizheyangquedingde。duiheitifushegongshidejinsidingyiliaojueduiwendu，huozheshuoheitifushelilunweiwomentigongliaoyigejueduiwendujideshuxuejichu，celiangheitifushepudeshebeijiuchengliaopushidewenduji，qiezhezhongjueduiwendujishiyuanchengde。liyongciyuanlidejueduiwendujizhiyi，daxingshediantianwenwangyuanjing (tu6)，weitiantiwuli、yuzhouxue、yinlililundeyanjiutigongliaojudadebangzhu。tu6 jueduiwendujihetadelixiangceliangjieguo，jimanzupulangkegongshidefusheqiangdusuibochang（huozhepinlv）debianhua。zhuyi，youtuzhongdepunapajingguomubiaozhixiangdemeihua，yeshibuwanzhengde。youcidelaidesuoweiyuzhoubeijingwenduwei2.725 K, tanameyishuo，ninameyiting。daxingshediantianwenwangyuanjingzheyangdejueduiwendujitaiangguiliao，muqianyiyouduozhongbutaiyangede—zhicehenzhaifanweineidebopu，huozheqiyilaidepanjuhuojisuanyebuyange—jueduiwendujigongshiyanshiherichangshenghuozhongshiyong。zheleiwendujiyingwenweipyrometer。liru，youyizhongdengsixiaoshiguangxuecewenyi（the disappearing filament optical pyrometer）：tongguoyigehongse（jihudanse）delvguangchuangkoujiangdaicedebaichiguangyuanheyiqineizhidedengsi（xiaozhunguode）fachudefusheyiqibijiao，dangfusheyuandeqiangduhedengsideqiangduyiyangshi，dengsidexiangxiaoshiliao，youcikeyipanduanfusheyuandewendujiushineizhidengsidedangqianwendu。zheleiwendujiyibanyongyujiejin1000°Cdegaowenceliang，wuchajiaoda。huanyouyileicelianghongwaiboduanfashepuhuofashelv（emissivity）dehongwaicewenyi，yingwenweiinfrared thermometerhuoinfrared radiation pyrometer huo radiometer，youyuqishuchushibengchuyigebiaoshiwendudeshuzi，yinciyejiaoinfrared thermoscope （tu7）。youyuemissivity yilaiyuwutidewendu，yeyilaiyuwutibiaomiandezhuangkuang，yincizheleiwendujixuyaoyangexiaozhun。tu7 shuzishihongwaithermometer huozhethermoscopehuozhepyrometer。liangwenbianchengliaozhijieduquyiqixianshichudeshuzi。7、wenduceliangdejiaxiangqianshuwoyijingchanming，wenduzuoweiyigetongjixingzhideqiangduliang，shibukeyibeizhijieceliangde。suoweidewenduceliang，shitongguoduiqita（guangyan）wuliliang（shoureyingxiang）deceliangdeyishixiande。qitadewulixianxiangbeidangzuowendudezhibiao，suodedewenduzhikenenghuiyinweimouxieshigudedaobujingquede、shenzhicuowudejieguo。shouxianyaozhuyideyidianshi，wuzhitixishouraodonghoudadaoxindewenduzhuangtaikenengshixuyaomougetezhengshijiande，eryigefanyinghenkuaidecewenzhuangzhi，birudianzuwenduji（resistor thermometer），huishunjianjiugeichuyigewenduzhierbuguantixishichuyushimezhuangtai。xuduoyanjiuxiangbiandewenzhanggeichudejieguozhisuoyichurujiaoda，wohuaiyiyucewenyouguan。qitadecuowugenyuanbaokuocewendiantongwenduji（birureouwenduji）detantousuozaidibingbushiyuanlaishedingdedidian，huozhezhuanhuanhuoxianshibufendedianluchuliaowenti（birureshuiqixianshiwendudedianluyinweishuigouguozaodiliangdengzhishishuikailiao），dengdeng。ruguorendingyouguomaoqipaojiudaibiaogaowendehuahuanyoushoupiandekeneng（cishirendechangshibanyanliaowendujidejiaose），yinweijiarudiwenfenjieqihuadewuzhi，birupengsha，henrongyizaidiwenxiajiurangyouguofantengbuyi。jiushehuiliumangdouhen，jiuyourenyongguozhezhaobiaoyanxiayouguo。8、fuwendu“yubujingrensibuxiu”bingbushishirenteyoudetaidu。wulixuejiamenweiliaoboqubuxiudemingsheng， zaitichuxingainiandeshihouyiyangshichuyujingren。birurelixuedinglvqiangdiaoliaojueduiwendulingdushibukenengdadaode，danruguozuodadaoliaone，youhuozherangninwuyiweibitahuandine，nagaishiduomehongdongya。“fuwendu”jiushizheyangdeyigegainian。peishangxiangzheyangdejuzi“fuwendudetixibirenhe zhengwendutixidure（Rather, a system with a negative temperature is hotter than any system with a positive temperature）”，jianzhitaihouxiandailiao。qishi，suoweidefuwendushejideshijiguanggongzuojiezhihuozhecichangzhongfenliedehezixuanzheyangdejinyoujigenengji（shijishangshiliangge）detixi，yinweiwaizaibengpu（pumping）deyuanyin，tixizhongdegaonengjiyijiaodadebilibeizhanju，jichuxianlizishufanzhuan（population inversion）。suoyi，ruguoyingyaoyongboerzimanfenbuzhileidemiaoshu，jirendingmidusuanfuρyoushigeichudehua，H shitixidehamierdunsuanfu，zeTyingqufuzhi。zhuyidaolizishufanzhuanshiyouwaijiedebengpuhenengjidexingzhi，birunengjijiandeshuaibiansulv，suogongtongjuedingde，jiashetixiyousangenengjidehua，anzhaoshangshudingyishenzhinengdedaosangebutongdefuwendu。zhedangranyoudianzuozuo。erruojiangfuwenduxiandingzailiangnengjitixidehua，zhijieyongzhanjuzhuangtaimiaoshujiuxingliao，yinruyigewenducanshuchuliaoxinwenxiaoyingyiwaihuannengyoushimeyichu？leisifuwenduzhileidegainianwulixueshanghuanyouyixie，duzhezhujunyudaoshibufangyixiaozhizhi。9、duodanyuanrelixuetixidewenduruoyigetixisuiranqizhengtishangbushichuyurepinghengtai，ziranyongdanyiwenducanshumiaoshushibuqiadangde，danzuchengtadezixitongqueshigezijinsidichuyupinghengtai，zeduizheyangdetixikeyizhenduizixitongdingyichuyizuwendulaibiaozhengqirelixuetexing。pinghengtaidedengliziti，ruguobushitaiyangedehua，huanyouyuanyanghuoguo （tu8），jiushizheyangderelixuetixi。duipinghengtaidengliziti，keyigenjulizinengliangfenbuhedianzinengliangfenbufenbiedingyiliziwenduhedianziwendu。ruguoyeyongKelvinwenbiaodehua，yibanqitideliziwendu，jinsidikekanzuoshizhudaodenglizititonghuanjingjiaohuanreliangdecanshu，bingbubishiwengaoduoshao。danshi，dianziwenduyaogaodeduo，yibanzai10^5Kyishang，zheyangdedenglizitibeichengweinon-thermal plasma；ruoshidenglizitineidianzihelizishichuyurepingheng de，zeshithermal-plasma。Non-thermal plasma yourenjiangzhifanyiweifeiredengliziti，yourenzesuishoushiyongdiwendenglizitizhegeyiming。liyongjiguangdenggengjuxuanzexingdelihuagongjukeyishideqitizhongzhongxingyuanzihelizidewendubaochihendi，biruweichizai1Kwendudeshuiping，zheyangdedenglizitibeichengweicold plasma huoultra-cold plasma.tu8 yuanyanghuoguoheqitifangdian，dianxingdejuyoulianggejinsirepinghengzixitongderelixuetixi。10、jie shu yuwenduzuoweiyigetongjicanshu，tayuqidingyisuoyilaidetongjiyiqicaigouchengduitixidatishangdekexuemiaoshu。kandaoyigewenduzhi，yaobatatongguanliandewuliliangdefenbulianxiqilai，zheyeshidianziwenduchangchangyongnengliangdanweigeichudedaoli。duiyuzhengtishangyanzhongfenhuade、feipinghengdetixi，jiandandigeichuyilaimougezhengtixingzhi (refushedeqiangdu；mougedianzuzhishenqizhongsuobiaoxiandedianzuzhi) cuowudihuansuanchulaidewenduzhiqishishiwudaoxingde。zhezhengruduipinfuyanzhongfenhuadeshehui，“suanshupingjun”houdegongzishuipinghuoxiaofeizengchangsuduzhihuiyangaishehuidezhenshi，zhezhongxuewendechuxianjikenengshiyinweimouleixuezhexueshugongdizhibuzu，gengkenengshiyinweigaileixuezhexianshenreqingzhiguotou。benwenguanyuwendudetaolunjibenshangshijishucengmiande，cishiwotebiexiangzhongwenyiqiandeyijuhua，jiguanyurenheyigewulixuegainianduyoutaiduowobudongdeneirong。qishiwendushiwulixuezuiguanjiandejibengainianzhiyi，zailiangzichanglun、chouxiangdaishudecengcishangtaolunwenduhuokechujiwenduneihandepimao。biru，jueduilingdushibukedadaode，danjueduilingdudezhuangtaiquebeijiasheshicunzaide，qieshiliangzichanglunchuligutiyijiqitawuliwentishideqidian，beidangchengmouzhongyiyishangdezhenkongtai。zhegechulifangshiyinqidebujinjinshizhexuedezhenglun，huanshejiyixiejibenwuliliangdeshencenglianxi。zhegehuatishuitaishen，yuanchaobizhenenglizhiwai。weimianduzhezhujunyiweiwogunongxuanxu，tezhaichaoyijugongxinshang：“Temperature is the only fundamental way of getting around the problem of relativity of motion (wendushijiejueyundongxiangduixingnantideweiyidegenbenchulu)。”zenmeyang，lingrenjingchahu？buzhui1. guanyuciwen，liujixinglaoshifalaijijupinglun，zhaoluruxia：zhepianwenzhangyouqu，shiwoxiangqiyijianwangshi。jide1959nianbeijingdaxuewulixililunwulijiaoyanshizengxiangyingdangdehaozhaokaizhanliaoduiwangzhuxisuozhu《relixue》depipan，pipangaishu“xuanyangweixinzhuyi”，“liluntuolishiji”dengdeng。pipanwangxiansheng“xuanyangweixinzhuyi”dezhengjuzhiyishitazaigaishuxulunzhongdediyiduanhua：“rexuezheyimenkexueqiyuanyurenleiduiyureyulengxianxiangdebenzhidezhuiqiu。youyuzaiyoushizhiqianrenleiyijingfamingliaohuo，womenkeyixiangxiangdao，zhuiqiureyulengdebenzhideqitukenengshirenleizuichuduiziranjiefazedezhuiqiuzhiyi。”lingrenjingpeideshi，wangzhuxixianshengbingweizaizhezhongpipanmianqianhoutui，zai1960nian1yuechubandegaishudierbanzhong，suiranzengbu、xiudingliaobushaoneirong，shangyindenaduanhuajingyiziweigai，zhaoyangfangzaixulundiyiduan。caozexiankenengbuzhicishi（nashitakenenghuanmeiyouchushengba？），danzhepianwenzhangtixianliaowangxianshengzheduanhuadejingshen，suoyiwojuedeyouqu，zhenlikanlaishipibudaode。wenzhongduiyu “fuwendu”tifadefengciwaku，kenengtaiguo，gujidangshiPurcelldengrentichuzhegegainianshi，bingfeiyao“yubujingrensibuxiu”，ershiBoltzmannfenbuzhishushangquliaofuhao，bidetamenshuochu“fuwendubizhengwendugengre”dehualai。dancaoshizhishuoyeyouxiedaoli，bieyoufengge，liudaiyinqitaolunyehao。zuozhezhu：ruguozhitaolunlianggenengjishangdezhanjushu，jiumeiyoushimefenbudewenti Boltzmannfenbuzhezhongzuoweigaowenjinsidefenbuhanshu，qishejidenengjishumuyinggaishihongguandashumude。erduiyuluegaoyujueduiwendulingdudefeimizitixi（bosezitixi），zezaifeiminengji（zuidinengji）zhishangzhiyoushaoshujigenengjibeizhanju，kongpabuzuyigeichuyigekexindefenbuhanshu。fanguolai，duiyingshaoshujigelizizhanjulingxingdejigenengji，zeyijufeimitongjihuobosetongjigeichudesuoweiwendu，benrenyujian，payeshikeyide。zhushi（1）luoyinkesuanshenzhirenjianlengnuan， yiju“woweichengmingjunweijia，suanlaidushibururen”daochugujinduoshaorendezhuixinzhitong。－bizhezhu（2）xuduodongwuweiliaozhaoxunwenduheshidewaibuhuanjingbudebumeinianduzuochangjulideqianzuo。renleidecelueshifazhanchuliaoqunuanhechengliangdekexueyujishu。relixuehediandonglixuenenghenhaodijieshiquyanfushixianxiang，yinciyeyinggaishishehuixuedelilunjichu。－bizhezhu（3）yuchumaozedong《niannujiao. kunlun》，zuoyu1935nian。－bizhezhu（4）dayishi：kefoujiangnibizuoqinglangdexiari？niqueshigengjiaxiuli、wenwan！cishiliuchuandehanyibeichengweizaichuangzuo，yiyufanyiwuguan。－bizhezhu。（5）weiliaogeizhongxueshengjiangqingchurelixuedilingdinglvshizhongyaodedinglverbushifeihua，wojuliaozheyangyigelizi：ruonitonglianggetongxuefenbiezaijiaowangzhongzaicaiwufangmianjibenshangshiyoulaiyouwangde（caiwuwanglaikeyibiaoxianweisongxiaolipin、jieqian、qingkedengdengbutongfangshi）， jiyiduanshijianneiwanglaidecaiwuruoduhuansuanchengqiandehuashuiyebukuiqianshui， namewomenkeyibuguanjutijiaowangdexijieeryinruyigexindegainian，jiajing，laimiaoshudajiadejiatingjingjiqingkuang。womenhuishuo，ruonidejiajinghenalianggetongxuedejiajingchabuduo，zenalianggetongxuedejiajingxiangbiqilaiyechabuduo。yongjiajinggainiansuozuodemiaoshubiluoliexiaopengyouzhijianjiaowangdexijiegengjingji、gengyoubiaoxianli、gengnengzhuazhuwentideshizhi。zhejiushirelixuedilingdinglvzheleikansifeihuadedinglvzhiweilisuozai。－bizhezhu。（6）youshaoshuwuzhitixizaimouxiewendufanweineishiresuolengzhangde。－bizhezhu（7）fuhao°ClaiziruidianrenAnders Celsius xingdeshouzimuC。Celsiusyu1742nianjianyiliaozhetaowendubiaozhun。°Czaihanyuzhongduzuo“sheshiwendu”。lingyouyitaozaihangbanshangchangtingdaodewenbiaoshihuashi（Fahrenheit）wenbiao. －bizhezhu（8）“guaide”，yingwenweiwell-behaved. xiangbiandianhuolinjiedianfujinmouxiewuliliangduiwendudeyilaiguanxijiushibuguaide。dianxingdeliziyouyehaizaiλ－diandebiresuiwendudebianhua。－bizhezhu。（9）yuzhoudebeijingfusheweishimekeyikanzuoshiheitifushe，wokebudong。－bizhezhu。cankaowenxian[1] Thomas Mann, Magic Mountain, Knopf , New York 1939.[2] caozexian，wulixueyaowenjiaozi005：puxue：kandemohuanyishu，《wuli》36juan11qi，886-887(2007）.[3] Thomas D. McGee, Principles and Methods of Temperature Measurement, John Wiley & Sons (1988).[4] wangkelin，caozexian，shijianbiaoduyushenzaoqiyuzhouyinanwenti，《wuli》38juan，11qi，769－778(2009).[5] Philip Anderson in L. M. Brown, A. Pais, B. Pippard (Eds.), Twentieth Century Physics，IOP Publishing, 1995）pp.2017.[6] caozexian，wulixueyaowenjiaozi027: zuofeishang－the myth of entropy, 《wuli》，38juan9qi，675－680（2009）.zhu：benwenweicaozexianzhu 《wulixueyaowenjiaozi》di28pian，yuantiwei《wendu：yuejinlengnuanshuoyanliang》。te bie ti shi1. jinru『fanpu』weixingongzhonghaodibucaidan“jingpinzhuanlan“，kechayuebutongzhutixiliekepuwenzhang。2. 『fanpu』kaitongliaoanyuejiansuowenzhanggongneng。guanzhugongzhonghao，huifusiweishuzuchengdenianfen+yuefen，ru“1903”，kehuoqu2019nian3yuedewenzhangsuoyin，yicileitui。banquanshuoming：huanyinggerenzhuanfa，renhexingshidemeitihuojigouweijingshouquan，budezhuanzaihezhaibian。zhuanzaishouquanqingzai「fanpu」weixingongzhonghaoneilianxihoutai。《fanpu》，kexuejialinghangdehaokepu。guojizhumingwulixuejiawenxiaogangyushengwuxuejiayanninggongtongchurenzongbianji，yushushiweibutonglingyuyiliuxuezhezuchengdebianweihuiyiqi，yunigongtongqiusuo。guanzhu《fanpu》（weixinhao：fanpu2019）canyugengduotaolun。ercizhuanzaihuohezuoqinglianxifanpugongzhonghaohoutai。congtoudaoweiduxuanzegezhuoyigeshenweidejuli，qufangshouduifang。
两(尝颈补苍驳)人(搁别苍)在(窜补颈)电(顿颈补苍)话(贬耻补)里(尝颈)争(窜丑别苍驳)执(窜丑颈)不(叠耻)休(齿颈耻)，声(厂丑别苍驳)音(驰颈苍)越(驰耻别)来(尝补颈)越(驰耻别)大(顿补)。刘(尝颈耻)秀(齿颈耻)芳(贵补苍驳)和(贬别)王(奥补苍驳)小(齿颈补辞)明(惭颈苍驳)面(惭颈补苍)面(惭颈补苍)相(齿颈补苍驳)觑(窜耻辞)，不(叠耻)知(窜丑颈)如(搁耻)何(贬别)是(厂丑颈)好(贬补辞)。
产耻测补辞蝉丑别苍驳辩颈，产耻测补辞产颈别锄丑耻辞辩颈。别谤蝉丑颈测补辞驳耻丑补辞锄颈箩颈诲别测颈苍蝉丑颈，驳别苍锄耻辞虫颈驳耻颈濒惫。肠丑耻蹿耻：7测耻别15谤颈-7测耻别24谤颈
美(惭别颈)国(骋耻辞)2月(驰耻别)非(贵别颈)农(狈辞苍驳)高(骋补辞)于(驰耻)预(驰耻)期(蚕颈)低(顿颈)于(驰耻)前(蚕颈补苍)值(窜丑颈)
对。什么时候打仗的坦克飞机甚至航母055变成全电驱，什么时候跟我扯电的好据悉，这7名球员是：库尔图瓦、阿拉巴、卢卡斯-巴斯克斯、弗兰-加西亚、巴列霍、塞巴略斯和布拉欣-迪亚斯。...排行榜完结冲小说连载冲小说完结冲好看的小说-拉拉...
北京：在北京宣布执行认房不认贷的首个周末地产圈的从业者格外忙碌除了宣传海报房产中介也晒出业绩