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2024年12月19日,《科学》(20230113出版)一周论文导读2023-01-16 09:51·科学网编译 | 冯维维SCIENCE, January 2023, Volume 379 Issue 6628《科学》2023年1月,第379卷,6628期物理学PhysicsDuctile 2-GPa steels with hierarchical substructure具有分层子结构的2吉帕韧性钢▲ 作者:YUNJIE LI, GUO YUAN, LINLIN LI, JIAN KANG, FENGKAI YAN, PENGJU DU, DIERK RAABE, AND GUODONG WANGAuthors Info & Affiliations▲ 链接:https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add7857▲ 摘要:从交通运输到轻量化设计再到安全的基础设施,很多领域都需要机械强度和延展性的承重材料。但其中一大挑战是在一种材料中统一这两种功能。作者研究表明,在均匀伸长率>20%的情况下,普通中锰钢可以加工成抗拉强度>2.2吉帕。这需要多个横向锻造、深冷处理和回火步骤的结合。由层状和双重拓扑排列的马氏体与精细分散的保留奥氏体组成的分层微结构,同时激活多种微观机制来增强和延展性材料。组织良好的马氏体中的位错滑移和渐进变形刺激相变协同作用产生了较高的延性。研究者表示,该纳米结构设计策略可以生产出强度为2吉帕且具有延展性的钢,具有大规模工业生产的潜力。▲ Abstract:Mechanically strong and ductile load–carrying materials are needed in all sectors, from transportation to lightweight design to safe infrastructure. Yet, a grand challenge is to unify both features in one material. We show that a plain medium-manganese steel can be processed to have a tensile strength >2.2 gigapascals at a uniform elongation >20%. This requires a combination of multiple transversal forging, cryogenic treatment, and tempering steps. A hierarchical microstructure that consists of laminated and twofold topologically aligned martensite with finely dispersed retained austenite simultaneously activates multiple micromechanisms to strengthen and ductilize the material. The dislocation slip in the well-organized martensite and the gradual deformation-stimulated phase transformation synergistically produce the high ductility. Our nanostructure design strategy produces 2 gigapascal–strength and yet ductile steels that have attractive composition and the potential to be produced at large industrial scales.Unveiling facet-dependent degradation and facet engineering for stable perovskite solar cells稳定钙钛矿太阳能电池的面依赖性降解和面工程▲ 作者:CHUNQING MA, FELIX T. EICKEMEYER, SUN-HO LEE, DONG-HO KANG, SEOK JOON KWON, MICHAEL GR?TZEL , AND NAM-GYU PARK▲ 链接:https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf3349▲ 摘要:有大量研究和策略致力于提高钙钛矿薄膜的稳定性;然而,不同钙钛矿晶面在稳定性中的作用仍然未知。作者揭示了甲胺碘化铅(FAPbI3)薄膜的面依赖性降解的潜在机制。研究明,(100)面基本上比(111)面更容易受到水分诱导的降解。通过实验和理论研究相结合,研究揭示了降解机理;随着铅-碘键长距离的延长,观察到强烈的水黏附,这导致(100)面上的δ相变。通过工程设计,可以获得更高的(111)面表面分数,(111)为主的晶体FAPbI3薄膜表现出优异的抗潮气稳定性。该发现阐明了未知的面相关降解机制和动力学。▲ Abstract:A myriad of studies and strategies have already been devoted to improving the stability of perovskite films; however, the role of the different perovskite crystal facets in stability is still unknown. Here, we reveal the underlying mechanisms of facet-dependent degradation of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) films. We show that the (100) facet is substantially more vulnerable to moisture-induced degradation than the (111) facet. With combined experimental and theoretical studies, the degradation mechanisms are revealed; a strong water adhesion following an elongated lead-iodine (Pb-I) bond distance is observed, which leads to a δ-phase transition on the (100) facet. Through engineering, a higher surface fraction of the (111) facet can be achieved, and the (111)-dominated crystalline FAPbI3 films show exceptional stability against moisture. Our findings elucidate unknown facet-dependent degradation mechanisms and kinetics.微生物学MicrobiologyDome1–JAK–STAT signaling between parasite and host integrates vector immunity and development寄生虫和宿主间信号传递整合媒介免疫和发育▲ 作者:VIPIN S. RANA, CHRYSOULA KITSOU, SHRABONI DUTTA, MICHAEL H. RONZETTI, MIN ZHANG, QUENTIN BERNARD, ALEXIS A. SMITH, JULEN TOMáS-CORTáZAR, XIULI YANG, UTPAL PAL, etc.▲ 链接:https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl3837▲ 摘要:蜱起源于近2.25亿年前的一种自由生活的食腐螨,已经进化成一种具有高度适应性的单系吸血体外寄生虫。与大多数喜欢单一脊椎动物宿主的地理活动受限的蜱种不同,硬蜱可以寄生在许多脊椎动物体内,传播不同的病原体。硬蜱在其多年的生命周期中只经历三次进食活动,摄取的血餐几乎是它们体重的100倍。它们特有的生理适应可能是由其复杂的吸血和与共同进化的脊椎动物宿主的联系所形成的。蜱虫如何维持其复杂的胚胎后发育程序以及它们的媒介能力的分子基础尚不清楚。作者发现,蜱含有一种功能性的JAK-STAT信号级联,可诱导强有力的抗菌反应,能够限制蜱传病原体的增殖。该途径在许多节肢动物中被 UPD等细胞因子样分子激活。但硬蜱基因组异常缺乏可识别的UPD直系同源物。▲ Abstract:Ticks have evolved into a monophyletic group of highly adapted blood-feeding ectoparasites that originated from a clade of free-living scavenger mites nearly 225 million years ago. Unlike most geographically confined tick species that prefer a single vertebrate host, Ixodes spp. can parasitize many vertebrates and transmit diverse pathogens. Ixodid ticks undergo only three feeding events during their multiyear lifespan, ingesting blood meals that are nearly 100 times their weight. Their characteristic physiological adaptations were likely shaped by their sophisticated hematophagy and associations with coevolving vertebrate hosts. The molecular basis of how ticks maintain their complex postembryonic developmental program as well as their vectorial competence remains unclear. Ticks contain a functional JAK–STAT signaling cascade that induces robust antibacterial responses capable of limiting the proliferation of tick-borne pathogens. The pathway is activated in many arthropods by cytokine-like molecules such as Unpaired (UPD). However, the Ixodes scapularis genome is unusually devoid of recognizable UPD orthologs.ApoE isoform– and microbiota-dependent progression of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathyTau小鼠病理模型解析依赖ApoE亚型和微生物群的神经退行性疾病▲ 作者:DONG-OH SEO, DAVID O’DONNELL, NIMANSHA JAIN, JASON D. ULRICH, JASMIN HERZ, YUHAO LI, MACKENZIE LEMIEUX, JIYE CHENG, HAO HU,, AND DAVID M. HOLTZMAN, etc.▲ 链接:https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add1236▲ 摘要:大脑中某些形式的Tau蛋白的积累与神经细胞的损失、炎症以及阿尔茨海默病和其他几种神经退行性疾病的认知能力下降有关。载脂蛋白-E(APOE)是阿尔茨海默病最强的遗传风险因素,调节脑炎症和Tau介导的脑损伤;然而,肠道菌群也调节大脑炎症。在Tau介导的脑损伤小鼠模型中,研究者发现,肠道微生物群的操纵导致炎症、Tau病理和脑损伤因性别和APOE依赖的方式大幅减少。▲ Abstract:The accumulation of certain forms of the tau protein in the brain is linked to loss of nerve cells, inflammation, and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease and several other neurodegenerative diseases. Apolipoprotein-E (APOE), the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease, regulates brain inflammation and tau-mediated brain damage; however, the gut microbiota also regulates brain inflammation. In a mouse model of tau-mediated brain injury, Seo et al. found that manipulation of the gut microbiota resulted in a strong reduction of inflammation, tau pathology, and brain damage in a sex- and APOE-dependent manner.生物物理学BiophysicsNeuromorphic functions with a polyelectrolyte-confined fluidic memristor聚电解质受限流体忆阻器的神经形态功能▲ 作者:TIANYI XIONG, CHANGWEI LI, XIULAN HE, BOYANG XIE, JIANWEI ZONG, YANAN JIANG, WENJIE MA, FEI WU, JUNJIE FEI, AND LANQUN MAO▲ 链接:https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adc9150▲ 摘要:利用人工流体系统再现基于离子通道的神经功能一直是神经形态计算和生物医学应用的一个理想目标。在这项研究中,聚电解质-受限流体忆阻器(PFM)成功地实现了神经形态功能,其中受限的聚电解质-离子相互作用导致了滞后的离子传输,从而导致了离子记忆效应。采用超低能耗的PFM模拟了各种不同的电脉冲模式。PFM的流体特性使模拟化学调节电脉冲成为可能。更重要的是,化学-电信号转导是由单个PFM实现的。由于其结构与离子通道相似,PFM是通用的,易于与生物系统接口,为通过引入丰富的化学设计构建具有高级功能的神经形态设备铺平了道路。▲ AbstractReproducing ion channel–based neural functions with artificial fluidic systems has long been an aspirational goal for both neuromorphic computing and biomedical applications. In this study, neuromorphic functions were successfully accomplished with a polyelectrolyte-confined fluidic memristor (PFM), in which confined polyelectrolyte–ion interactions contributed to hysteretic ion transport, resulting in ion memory effects. Various electric pulse patterns were emulated by PFM with ultralow energy consumption. The fluidic property of PFM enabled the mimicking of chemical-regulated electric pulses. More importantly, chemical-electric signal transduction was implemented with a single PFM. With its structural similarity to ion channels, PFM is versatile and easily interfaces with biological systems, paving a way to building neuromorphic devices with advanced functions by introducing rich chemical designs.Long-term memory and synapse-like dynamics in two-dimensional nanofluidic channels二维纳米流体通道中的长时记忆和突触样动力学▲ 作者:P. ROBIN, T. EMMERICH, A. ISMAIL, A. NIGUèS, Y. YOU, G.-H. NAM, A. KEERTHI, A. SIRIA, A. K. GEIM, AND L. BOCQUET▲ 链接:https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adc9931▲ 摘要:通过纳米级孔隙进行微调的离子传输是许多生物过程的关键,包括神经传递。最近的进展使水和离子的限制成为二维,揭示了在更大尺度上无法实现的传输特性,并引发了重现生物系统离子机械的希望。作者通过实验证明了记忆出现在水电解质运输(亚)纳米级通道。他们揭示了两种类型的纳米流体忆阻器,取决于通道材料和限制,记忆范围从分钟到小时。研究解释了离子自组装或表面吸附等界面过程如何出现大的时间尺度,能够用纳米流控系统实现Hebbian学习。该结果为水电解芯片的仿生计算奠定了基础。▲ Abstract:Fine-tuned ion transport across nanoscale pores is key to many biological processes, including neurotransmission. Recent advances have enabled the confinement of water and ions to two dimensions, unveiling transport properties inaccessible at larger scales and triggering hopes of reproducing the ionic machinery of biological systems. Here we report experiments demonstrating the emergence of memory in the transport of aqueous electrolytes across (sub)nanoscale channels. We unveil two types of nanofluidic memristors depending on channel material and confinement, with memory ranging from minutes to hours. We explain how large time scales could emerge from interfacial processes such as ionic self-assembly or surface adsorption. Such behavior allowed us to implement Hebbian learning with nanofluidic systems. This result lays the foundation for biomimetic computations on aqueous electrolytic chips.
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订单已满1500℃铁水流星下的火龙灯舞龙年春节火起来2024-01-13 11:26·全国党媒信息公共平台来源:【红星新闻网】岁岁春节烧火龙烟花遍地乐融融一任火焰高百尺龙腾人欢气势雄这描述的便是黄龙溪烧火龙的真实场景当无数颗滚烫的铁水流星在夜空中绽放火龙从1500℃的铁水流星下穿行跟随音乐鼓点追逐龙珠时舞龙者们便迎来了表演的高光时刻万点星火洒向龙身围观人群无一不为此景欢呼雀跃大家用掌声致敬这浴火的浪漫用欢呼声迎来一年中最重要的节日——春节如果没有人敢往火海里面冲黄龙溪的火龙就舞不起来了这样的信念黄龙溪火龙灯舞的传承人李恩东坚持了45年在另一火龙灯舞传承人苏磊的带领下火龙龙狮俱乐部的订单量较去年翻了一番龙年春节的订单也已预定满了初一到元宵节平均每天都有4场演出过完春节我们还要到全国巡演近日红星新闻记者来到黄龙溪古镇探秘这项2008年被列入中国非物质文化遗产的烧火龙技艺提前寻找龙年年味儿听火龙灯舞传承人讲述火龙与千年古镇的故事火龙队正在练习走位爆单龙年春节不缺订单但缺舞龙人火龙灯舞便是当地人口中的烧火龙中国自古将龙视为能行云布雨、消灾降福的祥瑞象征因而常以舞龙的方式来祈求平安、丰收每到农历新年来临之际黄龙溪火龙灯舞第四代传承人、同时也是当地火龙龙狮俱乐部带头人苏磊就迎来了一年中最忙碌的时刻今年是龙年我们舞龙队比往年都要忙过完春节我们还要到全国巡演苏磊手持生铁正在将成堆的生铁敲打成小片为打铁花表演做准备工作他初步估算了一下早在一个多月前今年春节邀请他们去表演烧火龙的订单就已经预订满了订单量比去年翻了一番从初一到元宵节平均每天都有4场演出这个龙年我们不缺订单但缺舞龙人摆放在院子里的舞龙道具在苏磊的记忆里烧火龙离不开放烟花舞龙队伍由10人组成1人舞动龙珠其余9人追逐龙珠过程中要展现出游龙出海、滚翻腾云、喜聚蟠龙等技艺当烟花化作漫天华彩、遍地生金时也迎来了舞龙互动感最强的时候在我小时候围观的群众可以用烟花‘烫’龙身甚至连冲天炮都可以往龙周围放烟花越耀眼、呐喊声越大龙舞的就越精神场面很是热闹这烫龙身和龙尾的烟花大有讲究由祖传秘方制成烟花热量低火焰艳丽、耀人眼目、喷射有力却不伤及舞龙艺人的身体苏磊笑着说烟花的制作传到自己这已是第四代了熟悉我的老乡都会叫我‘火药哥’回忆起当年看烧火龙的热闹场景他说两边的街道、二楼阳台都站满人舞龙队经过时有的老乡为了拿烟花‘烫’龙甚至把鞋都跑掉了火龙队正在练习走位不过随着环保政策以及诸多原因火龙队用打铁花技艺取代了传统烟花燃放的表演我还专门去重庆铜梁学习打铁花苏磊说烧火龙的精髓就在这铁水当中用焦煤将生铁熬制成1500℃的可流动铁水并根据风速控制打铁花的角度滚烫的铁水抛向空中时被击打得越重铁花就会绽放得越高这样落下来时火星的温度就会更低大概30℃-40℃不容易烫伤打赤膊的舞龙队员而对于打铁花这门技艺苏磊依然充满期待我们考虑加入更多的元素比如改变铁花的颜色或形态目前还在持续尝试创新中舞龙在树上诞生的念头他坚持了45年在成都双流黄龙溪火龙龙狮俱乐部里2名队员正在忙着制作火龙做一条上好的火龙要运用编、绕、缠、别、剔等十多种工艺技巧和多种材料分别制成龙头、龙尾、龙鳞和龙角等火龙灯舞传承人李恩东是苏磊的师傅他指着一条用过的火龙说这些布料虽然是不易燃材料但铁花落在上面还是会留下印记一个一个的小黑点队员正在制作舞龙所需的道具时间回到1964年正月初二那年我11岁爬到一棵大黄桷树上看火龙灯舞还被火花烫到手就是在这棵树上李恩东萌生了成为一名舞龙技艺人的想法就好像冥冥之中我和火龙被一根隐形的线捆绑在一起谈及当时感受他说:舞火龙的人好勇敢往火海里冲不怕烫因为不管火花有多耀眼人群有多拥挤始终没有一个舞龙人放下手中的龙逃跑从最初在舞龙队里跟着师傅扎龙、打鼓到真正开始舞龙李恩东始终保持热忱在他心里这是勇气和力量的象征更是一种精神的传承他认为舞龙和做人一样要有直面恐惧的勇气浴火前行才能看到星火如雨的浪漫如果没有人敢往火海里面冲黄龙溪的火龙就舞不起来了这样的信念他坚持了45年火龙灯舞传承人李恩东如今71岁的李恩东很少上场舞龙了尽管徒弟们已经学会了制龙的全套手艺但李恩东会常来监督徒弟们完成龙头的制作龙头制作最费时费力一个人要7天的时间才能做完它得先把毛竹劈成竹篾按照龙脸凹进、鼻子隆起、龙嘴张开、吐出舌头等造型要求将竹篾用石灰水泡过后煮至弯曲、串连扎牢再进行外表装饰整个过程需要一气呵成不能有半点犹豫作为曾经的舞龙好手李恩东制作火龙时第一考虑的不是火龙的外观而是它舞起来的舒适度在一次次的改良中他把火龙的质量减到最轻骨架的韧性增到最大所有的竹篾都是由他亲自挑选不易发霉长斑、韧性好不会断的竹子劈成的秋天的竹子最好因为冬天的竹子脆、易断春天的也不行水分重夏天热它容易招虫所以冬至以前就要把制龙用的竹子准备好摆放在制作间里等待加工的龙头传承总要有人去守护浴火前行的勇气在李恩东的家里有一个高1.9米的根雕摆件这是他花3年时间自学雕刻设计制作而成的龙凤呈祥摆件而雕刻用的3块树根都是汛期涨水时河里捡来的每条火龙都有它的生命舞完后会将其烧了寓意送龙回东宫这是传统我舞了一辈子龙总想留下一些实物让后辈了解火龙灯舞这项技艺这算是一个执念吧我最喜欢舞龙珠可以变换不同的动作由龙珠引路完成龙的游、穿、腾、跃等造型李恩东说自己曾当过兵学过跳舞经常将舞蹈动作和武术动作结合在舞龙的过程里为了让火龙队的舞龙技艺更胜一筹我把孙子送到河南嵩山少林寺学武几乎每年春节他(孙子)都要回队里参加舞龙他认为不同的武术技艺能增加舞龙的视觉观赏效果而这也是一种传承方式不管年轻一辈走多远舞火龙的技艺不能忘只要有人看舞龙就不会断火龙队正在练习走位当年为了壮大火龙队伍李恩东常骑着自行车到双流周边招人他招人的要求只有2个:勇敢、身体强壮甚至隔壁的舞狮队都成了他锁定的目标大家觉得舞火龙危险我只能一个一个去做思想工作我想总会有勇敢的年轻人在他和团队的努力下这支队伍得到黄龙溪政府的帮助和支持知名度也越来越高同时也带动了黄龙溪旅游业的发展目前火龙队固定队员一共有17个人年龄最大的58岁最小的是1997年出生的周芮我们还有一部分临时队员来自各行各业有建筑工人、厨师等平时他们有各自的工作火龙队忙不过来的时候他们会回来支援我们至于为啥加入火龙队他说我是看着舞龙长大的本地人黄龙溪的‘龙’是一种精神也是一种传承现在我会在网上学习各种舞龙视频学到好的动作和技巧就和师兄们分享希望这项技艺能一直传承下去队员正在制作龙头如今在苏磊的带领下火龙队多次参加全国大型赛事还走出国门前往韩国、澳大利亚等地表演苏磊表示下一步计划考虑将舞狮队伍也恢复起来今后来黄龙溪古镇游玩的游客不仅能看到火龙灯舞还能看到在梅花桩上的舞狮(表演)不仅如此他们还考虑进行跨界合作其中包括游戏产业苏磊说:这也是传承这项技艺的另一种方式红星新闻记者 赵雨欣 摄影记者 王效编辑:段琪琳 责编:董乐本文来自【红星新闻网】仅代表作者观点全国党媒信息公共平台提供信息发布传播服务ID:jrtt
五年生叁女,事业停滞不前南方是我国水稻主产区,水稻播种面积占全国94%左右,南方水稻生产能否丰收直接关系国家粮食安全。今年6月中下旬以来,南方多地遭遇持续强降雨天气,使处于抽穗扬花和灌浆结实期的早稻面临“雨洗禾花”的高风险,有可能影响早稻产量和品质。而且,高温高湿天气非常容易发生病虫害,易引发稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟以及稻瘟病的出现。当前,南方多地进入早稻集中收获期、中稻病虫害防治关键期,晚稻播栽加快推进。各地正全力以赴做好早稻抢收、中稻病虫害防治和晚稻抢插工作,确保水稻丰收,为全年粮食丰收打下基础。