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chuzhonghuaxuezhishiguinazongjie2022-02-18 00:00·jinyumijiaoyuhuaxuezhishiguinazongjieyi、jibengainian1. wuzhidebianhuajixingzhi(1)wulibianhua：meiyouxinwuzhishengchengdebianhua。① hongguanshangmeiyouxinwuzhishengcheng，weiguanshangmeiyouxinfenzishengcheng。② changzhiwuzhizhuangtaidebianhua、xingzhuangdegaibian、weizhideyidongdeng。liru：shuidesantaibianhua、qiyouhuifa、ganbingdeshenghua、mucaizuochengzhuoyi、bolisuiliaodengdeng。(2)huaxuebianhua：youxinwuzhishengchengdebianhua，yejiaohuaxuefanying。① hongguanshangyouxinwuzhishengcheng，weiguanshangyouxinfenzishengcheng。② huaxuebianhuachangchangbansuiyixiefanyingxianxiang，liru：faguang、fare、chanshengqiti、gaibianyanse、shengchengchendiandeng。youshiketongguofanyingxianxianglaipanduanshifoufashengliaohuaxuebianhuahuozhechanwushishimewuzhi。(3)wulixingzhi：wuzhibuxuyaofashenghuaxuebianhuajiunengbiaoxianchulaidexingzhi。① wulixingzhiyebingbushizhiyouwuzhifashengwulibianhuashicaibiaoxianchulaidexingzhi;liru：mucaijuyoumidudexingzhi，bingbuyaoqiuqigaibianxingzhuangshicaibiaoxianchulai。② youganguanganzhidewulixingzhizhuyaoyou：yanse、zhuangtai、qiweideng。③ xuyaojiezhuyiqicedingdewulixingzhiyou：rongdian、feidian、midu、yingdu、rongjiexing、daodianxingdeng。(4)huaxuexingzhi：wuzhizhiyouzaihuaxuebianhuazhongcainengbiaoxianchulaidexingzhi。liru：wuzhidejinshuxing、feijinshuxing、yanghuaxing、huanyuanxing、suanjianxing、rewendingxingdeng。2. wuzhidezuchengyuanzituan：zaixuduohuaxuefanyingli，zuoweiyigezhengticanjiafanying，haoxiangyigeyuanziyiyangdeyuanzijituan。lizi：daidianhedeyuanzihuoyuanzituan。yuansu：juyouxiangtonghedianheshu(jizhizishu)deyileiyuanzidezongcheng。3. wuzhidefenlei(1)hunhewuhechunjingwuhunhewu：zuchengzhongyouliangzhonghuoduozhongwuzhi。changjiandehunhewuyou：kongqi、haishui、zilaishui、turang、mei、shiyou、tianranqi、baomingqijigezhongrongye。chunjingwu：zuchengzhongzhiyouyizhongwuzhi。① hongguanshangkanyouyizhongchengfen，weiguanshangkanzhiyouyizhongfenzi;② chunjingwujuyougudingdezuchengheteyoudehuaxuexingzhi，nengyonghuaxueshibiaoshi;③ chunjingwukeyishiyizhongyuansuzuchengde(danzhi)，yekeyishiduozhongyuansuzuchengde(huahewu)。(2)danzhihehuahewudanzhi：zhiyouyizhongyuansuzuchengdechunjingwu。kefenweijinshudanzhi、feijinshudanzhijixiyouqiti。huahewu：youliangzhonghuoliangzhongyishangdeyuansuzuchengdechunjingwu。(3)yanghuawu、suan、jianheyanyanghuawu：youliangzhongyuansuzuchengde，qizhongyouyizhongyuansuweiyangyuansudehuahewu。yanghuawukefenweijinshuyanghuawuhefeijinshuyanghuawu;huankefenweisuanxingyanghuawu、jianxingyanghuawuheliangxingyanghuawu;suan：zairongyezhongdianlichudeyangliziquanbuweiqinglizidehuahewu。suankefenweiqiangsuanheruosuan;yiyuansuanyuduoyuansuan;hanyangsuanyuwuyangsuandeng。jian：zairongyezhongdianlichudeyangliziquanbushiqingyanggenlizidehuahewu。jiankefenweikerongxinghenanrongxingjian。yan：dianlishidianlichujinshuyanglizihesuangenyinlizidehuahewu。 yankefenweizhengyan、suanshiyanhejianshiyan。4. huaxueyongyu(1)xiangduiyuanzizhilianghexiangduifenzizhiliang、fenzi—yuanziyundonglun、hewaidianzidepaibuguilv(2)yuansufuhaodeyiyi① mouyizhongyuansu。② zhezhongyuansudeyigeyuanzi。③ ruowuzhishiyouyuanzizhijiegouchengde，zezuchenggaiwuzhideyuansuyekebiaoshizhezhongdanzhi，liru： 、S、Pdeng。(3)huahejia：yuansudeyuanzixianghuhuahedeshumujuedingzhezhongyuansudehuahejia。huahejiayuyuanzizuiwaicengdianzishumiqiexiangguan;zaihuahewuli，yuansuzhengfuhuahejiadaishuheweiling;danzhizhongyuansudehuahejiaguidingweilingjia。(4)huaxueshi：yongyuansufuhaolaibiaoshiwuzhizuchengdeshizi。(5)huaxuefangchengshi：yonghuaxueshilaibiaoshihuaxuefanyingdeshizi。zhuyishuxieyuanze、buzhou、peiping、fanyingtiaojian、jiantoudezhengqueshiyong。(6)huaxuefanyingleixing(7)zhiliangshouhengdinglv5. rongye(1)dingyi：yizhonghuojizhongwuzhifensandaolingyizhongwuzhili，xingchengdejunyi、wendingdehunhewu。(2)rongyedezucheng：rongzhi、rongji。zairongyezhong，rongyedezhiliang=rongzhidezhiliang+rongjidezhiliang(3)tezheng：rongyeshijunyixing、wendingxing。(4)baoherongyeyububaoherongyejiqixianghuzhuanhuayibanguilv：baoherongye bubaoherongye(5) rongjiedu、yingxianggutirongjiedudaxiaodeyinsu、rongjieduquxiandeyingyongrongjiedu：zaiyidingwenduxia，mougutaiwuzhizai100kerongjilidadaobaohezhuangtaishisuorongjiedezhiliang，jiaozuozhezhongwuzhizaizhezhongrongjiliderongjiedu。yingxianggutirongjiedudaxiaodeyinsu：① rongzhi、rongjibenshendexingzhi。tongyiwenduxiarongzhi、rongjibutong，rongjiedubutong。② wendu。daduoshugutaiwuzhiderongjiedusuiwendudeshenggaoerzengda;shaoshuwuzhi(rulvhuana)derongjiedushouwendudeyingxianghenxiao;yeyoujishaoshuwuzhi(rushushihui)derongjiedusuiwendudeshenggaoerjianxiao。yingxiangqitirongjiedudeyinsu：① wendu：wenduyuegao，qitirongjieduyuexiao;② yaqiang：yaqiangyueda，qitirongjieduyueda。6.sizhonghuaxuefanyingjibenleixing：(jianwenmojutizongjie)①huahefanying： youliangzhonghuoliangzhongyishangwuzhishengchengyizhongwuzhidefanying。ru：A + B = AB②fenjiefanying：youyizhongwuzhishengchengliangzhonghuoliangzhongyishangqitawuzhidefanying。ru：AB = A + B③zhihuanfanying：youyizhongdanzhiheyizhonghuahewuqifanying，shengchenglingyizhongdanzhihelingyizhonghuahewudefanying。ru：A + BC = AC + B④fufenjiefanying：youliangzhonghuahewuxianghujiaohuanchengfen，shengchenglingwailiangzhonghuahewudefanying。ru：AB + CD = AD + CB7.huanyuanfanying：zaifanyingzhong，hanyanghuahewudeyangbeiduoqudefanying(bushuyuhuaxuedejibenfanyingleixing)。yanghuafanying：wuzhigenyangfashengdehuaxuefanying(bushuyuhuaxuedejibenfanyingleixing) 。huanmanyanghua：jinxingdehenmande,shenzhiburongyichajuedeyanghuafanying。ziran：youhuanmanyanghuaeryinqidezifaranshao。8.cuihuaji：zaihuaxuebianhualinenggaibianqitawuzhidehuaxuefanyingsulv,erbenshendezhilianghehuaxuexingzhizaihuaxuebianhuaqianhoudumeiyoubianhuadewuzhi(yibianerbubian)9.zhiliangshouhengdinglv：canjiahuaxuefanyingdegewuzhidezhiliangzonghe，dengyufanyinghoushengchengwuzhidezhiliangzonghe。(fanyingdeqianhou，yuanzideshumu、zhonglei、zhiliangdububian;yuansudezhongleiyebubian)10.rongye：yizhonghuojizhongwuzhifensandaolingyizhongwuzhili，xingchengjunyide、wendingdehunhewurongyedezucheng：rongjiherongzhi。(rongzhikeyishiguti、yetihuoqiti;gu、qirongyuyetishi，gu、qishirongzhi，yetishirongji;liangzhongyetihuxiangrongjieshi，liangduodeyizhongshirongji，liangshaodeshirongzhi;dangrongyezhongyoushuicunzaishi，bulunshuideliangyouduoshao，womenxiguanshangdubashuidangchengrongji，qitaweirongzhi。)11.gutirongjiedu：zaiyidingwenduxia，mougutaiwuzhizai100kerongjilidadaobaohezhuangtaishisuorongjiedezhiliang，jiujiaozuozhezhongwuzhizaizhezhongrongjiliderongjiedu12.suan：dianlishishengchengdeyangliziquanbudushiqinglizidehuahewuru：HCl==H+ + Cl-HNO3==H+ + NO3-H2SO4==2H+ + SO42-jian：dianlishishengchengdeyinliziquanbudushiqingyanggenlizidehuahewuru：KOH==K+ + OH-NaOH==Na+ + OH-Ba(OH)2==Ba2+ + 2OH-yan：dianlishishengchengjinshulizi(zuogenlizi)hesuangenlizidehuahewuru：KNO3==K+ + NO3-Na2SO4==2Na+ + SO42-BaCl2==Ba2+ + 2Cl-13.suanxingyanghuawu(buyidingshuyufeijinshuyanghuawuruqiyanghuaermeng)：fannenggenjianqifanying，shengchengyanheshuideyanghuawu。jianxingyanghuawu(shuyujinshuyanghuawu)：fannenggensuanqifanying，shengchengyanheshuideyanghuawu。14.jiejingshuihewu：hanyoujiejingshuidewuzhiru：Na2CO3·10H2O、CuSO4·5H2O FeSO4·7H2O27.chaojie：mouwuzhinengxishoukongqilideshuifenerbianchaodexianxiang。fenghua：jiejingshuihewuzaichangwenxiafangzaiganzaodekongqili，nengzhujianshiqujiejingshuierchengweifenmodexianxiang。15.ranshao：keranwugenyangqifashengdeyizhongfaguangfaredejuliedeyanghuafanying。ranshaodetiaojian：①keranwu;②yangqi(huokongqi);③keranwudewenduyaodadaozhuohuodian。er、jibenzhishi、lilun1.kongqidechengfendanqizhan78%, yangqizhan21%, xiyouqitizhan0.94%, eryanghuatanzhan0.03%,qitaqitiyuzazhizhan0.03% 。2.zhuyaodekongqiwuranwuNO2 、CO、SO2、.H2S、NOdengwuzhi 。3.qitachangjianqitidehuaxueshiNH3(anqi)、CO(yiyanghuatan)、CO2(eryanghuatan)、CH4(jiawan)、 SO2(eryanghualiu)、SO3(sanyanghualiu)、NO(yiyanghuadan)、 NO2(eryanghuadan)、H2S(liuhuaqing)、HCl(lvhuaqing)。4.changjiandesuangenhuoliziSO42-(liusuangen)、NO3-(xiaosuangen)、CO32-(tansuangen)、ClO3-(lvsuangen)、 MnO4-(gaomengsuangen)、MnO42-(mengsuangen)、PO43-(linsuangen)、Cl-(lvlizi)、 HCO3-(tansuanqinggen)、HSO4-(liusuanqinggen)、HPO42-(linsuanyiqinggen)、 H2PO4-(linsuanerqinggen)、OH-(qingyanggen)、HS-(liuqinggen)、S2-(liulizi)、 NH4+(zuogenhuozuolizi)、K+(jializi)、Ca2+(gailizi)、Na+(nalizi)、 Mg2+(meilizi)、Al3+(lvlizi)、Zn2+(xinlizi)、Fe2+(yatielizi)、 Fe3+(tielizi)、Cu2+(tonglizi)、Ag+(yinlizi)、Ba2+(beilizi)geyuansuhuoyuanzituandehuahejiayushangmianlizidedianheshuxiangduiying：yijiajianaqingheyin，erjiagaimeibeihexin;yiertonggongersantie，sanjialvlaisijiagui。(yang-2，lvhuawuzhongdelvwei -1，fu-1，zuowei-1)(danzhizhong，yuansudehuahejiawei0 ;zaihuahewuli，geyuansudehuahejiadedaishuhewei0)5.huaxueshihehuahejia(1)huaxueshideyiyi①hongguanyiyia.biaoshiyizhongwuzhi;b.biaoshigaiwuzhideyuansuzucheng;②weiguanyiyia.biaoshigaiwuzhideyigefenzi;b.biaoshigaiwuzhidefenzigoucheng;③liangdeyiyia.biaoshiwuzhideyigefenzizhonggeyuanzigeshubi;b.biaoshizuchengwuzhidegeyuansuzhiliangbi。(2)danzhihuaxueshideduxie①zhijieyongyuansufuhaobiaoshide：a.jinshudanzhi。ru：jiaK tongCu yinAg deng;b.gutaifeijinshu。ru：tanC liuS linP dengc.xiyouqiti。ru：hai(qi)He nai(qi)Ne zuo(qi)Ardeng②duoyuanzigouchengfenzidedanzhi：qifenziyoujigetongzhongyuanzigouchengdejiuzaiyuansufuhaoyouxiajiaoxieji。ru：meigeyangqifenzishiyou2geyangyuanzigoucheng，zeyangqidehuaxueshiweiO2shuangyuanzifenzidanzhihuaxueshi：O2(yangqi)、N2(danqi) 、H2(qingqi) F2(fuqi)、Cl2(lvqi)、Br2(yetaizuo)duoyuanzifenzidanzhihuaxueshi：chouyangO3deng(3)huahewuhuaxueshideduxie：xiandudehouxie，houxiedexiandu①liangzhongyuansuzuchengdehuahewu：ducheng“mouhuamou”，ru：MgO(yanghuamei)、NaCl(lvhuana)②suangenyujinshuyuansuzuchengdehuahewu：ducheng“mousuanmou”，ru：KMnO4(gaomengsuanjia)、K2MnO4(mengsuanjia) MgSO4(liusuanmei)、CaCO3(tansuangai)(4)genjuhuaxueshipanduanyuansuhuahejia，genjuyuansuhuahejiaxiechuhuahewudehuaxueshi：①panduanyuansuhuahejiadeyijushi：huahewuzhongzhengfuhuahejiadaishuheweiling。②genjuyuansuhuahejiaxiehuaxueshidebuzhou：a.anyuansuhuahejiazhengzuofuyouxiechuyuansufuhaobingbiaochuhuahejia;b.kanyuansuhuahejiashifouyouyueshu，bingyuechengzuijianbi;c.jiaochaduidiaobayiyuechengzuijianbidehuahejiaxiezaiyuansufuhaodeyouxiajiao。6.hewaidianzipaibu：1-20haoyuansu(yaojizhuyuansudemingchengjiyuanzijiegoushiyitu)paibuguilv①meicengzuiduopai2n2gedianzi(nbiaoshicengshu)②zuiwaicengdianzishubuchaoguo8ge(zuiwaicengweidiyicengbuchaoguo2ge)③xianpaimanneicengzaipaiwaicengzhu：yuansudehuaxuexingzhiqujueyuzuiwaicengdianzishujinshuyuansu yuanzidezuiwaicengdianzishu< 4，yishidianzi，huaxuexingzhihuopo。feijinshuyuansu yuanzidezuiwaicengdianzishu≥ 4，yidedianzi，huaxuexingzhihuopo。xiyouqitiyuansu yuanzidezuiwaicengyou8gedianzi(Heyou2ge)，jiegouwending，xingzhiwending。7.shuxiehuaxuefangchengshideyuanze①yikeguanshishiweiyiju; ②zunxunzhiliangshouhengdinglvshuxiehuaxuefangchengshidebuzhou：“xie”、“pei”、“zhu”“deng”。8.suanjiandudebiaoshifangfa——pHshuoming：(1)pH=7，rongyechengzhongxing;pH <7，rongyechengsuanxing;pH >7，rongyechengjianxing。(2)pHyuejiejin0，suanxingyueqiang;pHyuejiejin14，jianxingyueqiang;pHyuejiejin7，rongyedesuan、jianxingjiuyueruo，yuejiejinzhongxing。9.jinshuhuodongxingshunxubiao：(jia、gai、na、mei、lv、xin、tie、xi、qian、qing、tong、gong、yin、bo、jin)shuoming：(1)yuezuojinshuhuodongxingjiuyueqiang，zuobiandejinshukeyicongyoubianjinshudeyanrongyezhongzhihuanchugaijinshuchulai;(2)paizaiqingzuobiandejinshu，keyicongsuanzhongzhihuanchuqingqi;paizaiqingyoubiandezebuneng。san、wuzhisumingjiqiduiyingdehuaxueshihehuaxueming⑴jingangshi、shimo：C⑵shuiyin、gong：Hg(3)shengshihui、yanghuagai：CaO(4)ganbing(gutieryanghuatan)：CO2(5)yansuan、qinglvsuan：HCl(6)yaliusuan：H2SO3(7)qingliusuan：H2S(8)shushihui、xiaoshihui：Ca(OH)2(9)kexingna、huojian、shaojian：NaOH(10)chunjian：Na2CO3 tansuannajingti、chunjianjingti：Na2CO3·10H2O(11)tansuanqingna、suanshitansuanna：NaHCO3 (yejiaoxiaosuda)(12)danfan、lanfan、liusuantongjingti：CuSO4·5H2O(13)tonglv、kongqueshi：Cu2(OH)2CO3(fenjieshengchengsanzhongyanghuawudewuzhi)(14)jiachun：CH3OH youdu、shiming、siwang(15)jiujing、yichun：C2H5OH(16)cusuan、yisuan(16.6℃bingcusuan)CH3COOH(CH3COO- cusuangenlizi) juyousuandetongxing(17)anqi：NH3 (jianxingqiti)(18)anshui、yishuihean：NH3·H2O(weichangjiandejian，juyoujiandetongxing，shiyizhongbuhanjinshulizidejian)(19)yaxiaosuanna：NaNO2 (gongyeyongyan、youdu)si、changjianwuzhideyansedezhuangtai1.baiseguti：MgO、P2O5、CaO、 NaOH、Ca(OH)2、KClO3、KCl、Na2CO3、NaCl、wushuiCuSO4;tie、meidengdaduoshujinshukuaizhuanggutiweiyinbaise(gongweiyinbaiseyetai)2.heiseguti：shimo、tanfen、tiefen、CuO、MnO2、Fe3O4 ; KMnO4weiziheise 。3.hongseguti：Cu、Fe2O3 (hongzongse)、HgO、honglin ▲liu：danhuangse ▲ Cu2(OH)2CO3weilvselanfan(youjiaodanfan)：lanse NO2 ：hongzongseqiti4.rongyedeyanse：fanhanCu2+derongyechenglanse;fanhanFe2+derongyechengqianlvse;fanhanFe3+derongyechengzonghuangse，qiyurongyeyibanweiwuse。(gaomengsuanjiarongyeweizihongse)5.chendian(jiburongyushuideyanhejian)：①yan：baise↓：CaCO3、BaCO3(rongyusuan) AgCl、BaSO4(burongyuxiHNO3) deng②jian：lanse↓：Cu(OH)2 honghese↓：Fe(OH)3 baise↓：Mg(OH)2。6.(1)juyoucijixingqitideqiti：NH3、SO2、HCl(jieweiwuse)(2)wusewuweideqiti：O2、H2、N2、CO2、CH4、CO(judu)▲zhuyi：juyoucijixingqiweideyeti：yansuan、xiaosuan、cusuan。jiujingweiyouteshuqitideyeti。7.youdude，qiti：CO yeti：CH3OH;guti：NaNO2 、CuSO4(kezuoshajunji ,yushushihuihunhepeichengtianlansedezhanchouzhuangwuzhi——boerduoye)wu、wuzhide`rongjiexing1.yanderongjiexinghanyoujia、na、xiaosuangen、zuogendewuzhidurongyushui;hanCldehuahewuzhiyouAgClburongyushui，qitadurongyushui;hanSO42- dehuahewuzhiyouBaSO4 burongyushui，qitadurongyushui。hanCO32- dewuzhizhiyouK2CO3、Na2CO3、(NH4)2CO3rongyushui，qitaduburongyushui2.jianderongjiexingrongyushuidejianyou：qingyanghuabei、qingyanghuajia、qingyanghuagai、qingyanghuanaheanshui，qitajianburongyushui。nanrongxingjianzhongFe(OH)3shihonghesechendian，Cu(OH)2shilansechendian，qitananrongxingjianweibaise。(baokuoFe(OH)2)zhuyi：chendianwuzhongAgClheBaSO4 burongyuxixiaosuan，qitachendianwunengrongyusuan。ru：Mg(OH)2 CaCO3 BaCO3 Ag2CO3 deng3.dabufensuanjisuanxingyanghuawunengrongyushui，(suanxingyanghuawu+shui→suan)dabufenjianxingyanghuawuburongyushui，nengrongdeyou：yanghuabei、yanghuajia、yanghuagai、yanghuana(jianxingyanghuawu+shui→jian)liu、huaxuezhizui1.dikezhonghanliangzuiduodejinshuyuansushilv。2.dikezhonghanliangzuiduodefeijinshuyuansushiyang。3.kongqizhonghanliangzuiduodewuzhishidanqi4.tianrancunzaizuiyingdewuzhishijingangshi。5.zuijiandandeyoujiwushijiawan。6.jinshuhuodongshunxubiaozhonghuodongxingzuiqiangdejinshushijia。7.xiangduifenzizhiliangzuixiaodeyanghuawushishui。 zuijiandandeyoujihuahewuCH48.xiangtongtiaojianxiamiduzuixiaodeqitishiqingqi。9.daodianxingzuiqiangdejinshushiyin。10.xiangduiyuanzizhiliangzuixiaodeyuanzishiqing。11.rongdianzuixiaodejinshushigong。12.rentizhonghanliangzuiduodeyuansushiyang。13.zuchenghuahewuzhongleizuiduodeyuansushitan。14.richangshenghuozhongyingyongzuiguangfandejinshushitie。15.zuizaoliyongtianranqideshizhongguo。16zhongguozuidameitanjidizai：shanxisheng。17zuizaoyunyongshifaliantongdeshizhongguo(xihanfaxian[liuan《huainanwanbishu》“zengqingdetiezehuaweitong” ]、songchaoyingyong)。18zuizaofaxiandianzideshiyingguodetangmusheng。19zuizaodechukongqishiyouN2heO2zuchengdeshifaguodelawaxi。qi、jietijiqiaoheshuoming(yi) tuiduantijietijiqiaokanqiyanse，guanqizhuangtai，chaqibianhua，chudaiyanzhi，yanerdezhi。1. changjianwuzhideyanse：duoshuqitiweiwuse，duoshugutihuahewuweibaise，duoshurongyeweiwuse。2. yixieteshuwuzhideyanse： jiansi3. changjianyixiebianhuadepanduan：① baisechendianqieburongyuxixiaosuanhuosuandewuzhiyou：BaSO4、AgCl(jiuzheliangzhongwuzhi)② lansechendian：Cu(OH)2、CuCO3③ honghesechendian：Fe(OH)3Fe(OH)2weibaisexuzhuangchendian，danzaikongqizhonghenkuaibianchenghuilvsechendian，zaibianchengFe(OH)3honghesechendian;④chendiannengrongyusuanbingqieyouqiti(CO2)fangchude：burongdetansuanyan;⑤chendiannengrongyusuandanmeiqitifangchude：burongdejian。4. suanheduiyingdesuanxingyanghuawudelianxi：① suanxingyanghuawuhesuandukegenjianfanyingshengchengyanheshui：CO2 + 2NaOH == Na2CO3 + H2O(H2CO3 + 2NaOH == Na2CO3 + 2H2O)SO2 + 2KOH == K2SO3 + H2OH2SO3 + 2KOH == K2SO3 + 2H2OSO3 + 2NaOH == Na2SO4 + H2OH2SO4 + 2NaOH == Na2SO4 + 2H2O② suanxingyanghuawugenshuifanyingshengchengduiyingdesuan：(geyuansudehuahejiabubian)CO2 + H2O == H2CO3 SO2 + H2O == H2SO3SO3 + H2O == H2SO4 N2O5 + H2O == 2HNO3(shuomingzhexiesuanxingyanghuawuqitidunengshishirunpHshizhibianhongse)5. jianheduiyingdejianxingyanghuawudelianxi：① jianxingyanghuawuhejiandukegensuanfanyingshengchengyanheshui：CuO + 2HCl == CuCl2 + H2OCu(OH)2 + 2HCl == CuCl2 + 2H2OCaO + 2HCl == CaCl2 + H2OCa(OH)2 + 2HCl == CaCl2 + 2H2O②jianxingyanghuawugenshuifanyingshengchengduiyingdejian：(shengchengdejianyidingshikerongyushui，fouzebunengfashengcifanying)K2O + H2O == 2KOH Na2O +H2O == 2NaOHBaO + H2O == Ba(OH)2 CaO + H2O == Ca(OH)2③burongxingjianjiarehuifenjiechuduiyingdeyanghuawuheshui：Mg(OH)2 == MgO + H2O Cu(OH)2 == CuO + H2O2Fe(OH)3 == Fe2O3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 == Al2O3 + 3H2O(er) jieshiyantikanqingtimuyaoqiushishime，yaozuodeshishime，zheyangzuodemudeshishime。1.shiyanyongdaodeqitiyaoqiushibijiaochunjing，chuquchangjianzazhijutifangfa：① chushuizhengqikeyong：nongliusuan、CaCl2guti、jianshihui、wushuiCuSO4(bingqiekeyijianyanzazhizhongyouwushuizhengqi，youzeyanseyoubaise→lanse)、shengshihuideng;② chuCO2keyong：chengqingshihuishui(kejianyanchuzazhizhongyouwuCO2)、NaOHrongye、KOHrongye、jianshihuideng;③ chuHClqitikeyong：AgNO3rongye(kejianyanchuzazhizhongyouwuHCl)、shihuishui、NaOHrongye、KOHrongye;chuqitizazhideyuanze：yongmouwuzhixishouzazhihuogenzazhifanying，danbunengxishouhuogenyouxiaochengfenfanying，huozheshengchengxindezazhi。2.shiyanzhuyidedifang：①fangbaozha：dianrankeranxingqiti(ruH2、CO、CH4)huoyongCO、H2huanyuanCuO、Fe2O3zhiqian，yaojianyanqitichundu。②fangbaofei：xishinongliusuanshi，jiangnongliusuandaorushuizhong，bunengbashuidaorunongliusuanzhong。③fangzhongdu：jinxingyouguanyouduqiti(ru：CO、SO2、NO2)dexingzhishiyanshi，zaitongfengchuzhongjinxing;bingyaozhuyiweiqidechuli：COdianranshaodiao; SO2、NO2yongjianyexishou。④fangdaoxi：jiarefazhiqubingyongpaishuifashoujiqiti，yaozhuyixidengshunxu。3.changjianyiwaishigudechuli：①suanliudaozhuoshang，yongNaHCO3chongxi;jianliudaozhuoshang，yongxicusuanchongxi。② zhandaopifuhuoyiwushang：Ⅰ.suanxianyongshuichongxi，zaiyong3~5% NaHCO3chongxi;Ⅱ.jianyongshuichongxi，zaitushangpengsuan;Ⅲ.nongliusuanyingxianyongmobubaqu，zaizuodiⅠbu。4.shiyanshizhiqusandaqitizhongchangjiandeyaochudezazhi：(1)zhiO2yaochudezazhi：shuizhengqi(H2O)(2)yongyansuanhexinlizhiH2yaochudezazhi：shuizhengqi(H2O)、lvhuaqingqiti(HCl，yansuansuanwu)(yongxiliusuanmeicizazhi)(3)zhiCO2yaochudezazhi：shuizhengqi(H2O)、lvhuaqingqiti(HCl)chushuizhengqideshiji：nongliusuan、CaCl2guti、jianshihui(zhuyaochengfenshiNaOHheCaO)、shengshihui、wushuiCuSO4(bingqiekeyijianyanzazhizhongyouwushuizhengqi，youzeyanseyoubaise→lanse)deng;chuHClqitideshiji：AgNO3rongye(bingkejianyanchuzazhizhongyouwuHCl)、chengqingshihuishui、NaOHrongye(huoguti)、KOHrongye(huoguti);[shengshihui、jianshihuiyekeyigenHClqitifanying]5.changyongshiyanfangfalaiyanzhenghunheqitilihanyoumouzhongqiti(1)youCOdeyanzhengfangfa：(xianyanzhenghunheqitizhongshifouyouCO2，youzexianchudiao)jianghunheqititongruzhuoredeCuO，zaijiangjingguozhuoredeCuOdehunheqititongruchengqingshihuishui。xianxiang：heiseCuObianchenghongse，qiechengqingshihuishuiyaobianhunzhuo。(2)youH2deyanzhengfangfa：(xianyanzhenghunheqitizhongshifouyoushuifen，youzexianchudiao)jianghunheqititongruzhuoredeCuO，zaijiangjingguozhuoredeCuOdehunheqititongrushengyouwushuiCuSO4zhong。xianxiang：heiseCuObianchenghongse，qiewushuiCuSO4bianlanse。(3)youCO2deyanzhengfangfa：jianghunheqititongruchengqingshihuishui。xianxiang：chengqingshihuishuibianhunzhuo。6.shejishiyan(1)shishejiyigeshiyanzhengminglazhuzhonghanyoutanqingliangzhongyuansu。shiyanbuzhou-shiyanxianxiang-jielun①jianglazhudianran，zaihuoyanshangfangzhaoyigeganzaojiejingdeshaobei，shaobeineibiyouxiaoshuizhushengcheng，zhengminglazhuyouqingyuansu。②zailazhuhuoyanshangfangzhaoyigezhanyouchengqingshihuishuideshaobei，chengqingshihuishuibianhunzhuo，zhengminglazhuyoutanyuansu。(2)shishejiyigeshiyanlaizhengmingCO2juyoubuzhichiranshaohemidubikongqidadexingzhi。shiyanbuzhou-shiyanxianxiang-jielun-tubaliangzhilazhufangdaojuyoujietidejiashang，bacijiafangzaishaobeili，dianranlazhu，zaiyanshaobeibiqingdaoCO2 jietixiacengdelazhuxianmie，shangcengdehoumie。 zhengmingCO2juyoubuzhichiranshaohemidubikongqidadexingzhi。7.jieti：jisuantideleixingyoua.youguanzhiliangfenshu(yuansuherongzhi)dejisuanb.genjuhuaxuefangchengshijinxingjisuanc.youahebliangzhongleixinghunhezaiyiqijisuan(1)rongyezhongrongzhizhiliangfenshudejisuanrongzhizhiliangfenshu =rongzhidezhiliang/rongyedezhiliang × 100%(2)huahewu(chunjingwu)zhongmouyuansuzhiliangfenshudejisuanmouyuansuzhiliangfenshu=mouyuansudeyuanzizhilianghe/huahewudezhiliang × 100%(3)hunhewuzhongmouhuahewudezhiliangfenshujisuanhuahewudezhiliangfenshu= mouhuahewudezhiliang/hunhewudezhiliang× 100%(4)hunhewuzhongmouyuansuzhiliangfenshudejisuanmouyuansuzhiliangfenshu=mouyuansudezhilianghe/hunhewudezhiliang × 100%huo：mouyuansuzhiliangfenshu= huahewudezhiliangfenshu × gaiyuansuzaihuahewuzhongdezhiliangfenshu(5)jietijiqiaoa.shenti：kanqingtimudeyaoqiu，yizhishime，qiushime，youhuaxuefangchengshidexianxiechuhuaxuefangchengshi。zhaochujiecitideyouguangongshi。b.genjuhuaxuefangchengshijisuandejietibuzhou：①sheweizhiliang②shuxiechuzhengquedehuaxuefangchengshi③xiechuyouguanwuzhidexiangduifenzizhiliang、yizhiliang、weizhiliang④liechubilishi，qiujie⑤da。ba、chuzhonghuaxuezhongde“san”1.gouchengwuzhidesanzhongweilishifenzi、yuanzi、lizi。2.huanyuanyanghuatongchangyongdesanzhonghuanyuanjiqingqi、yiyanghuatan、tan。3.qingqizuoweiranliaoyousandayoudian：ziyuanfengfu、farelianggao、ranshaohoudechanwushishuibuwuranhuanjing。4.gouchengyuanziyibanyousanzhongweili：zhizi、zhongzi、dianzi。5.heisejinshuzhiyousanzhong：tie、meng、ge。6.gouchengwuzhideyuansukefenweisanleiji(1)jinshuyuansu、(2)feijinshuyuansu、(3)xiyouqitiyuansu。7.tiedeyanghuawuyousanzhong，qihuaxueshiwei(1)FeO、(2)Fe2O3、(3) Fe3O4。8.rongyedetezhengyousange(1)junyixing;(2)wendingxing;(3)hunhewu。9.huaxuefangchengshiyousangeyiyi：(1)biaoshishimewuzhicanjiafanying，jieguoshengchengshimewuzhi;(2)biaoshifanyingwu、shengchengwugewuzhijiandefenzihuoyuanzideweilishubi;(3)biaoshigefanyingwu、shengchengwuzhijiandezhiliangbi。huaxuefangchengshiyoulianggeyuanze：yikeguanshishiweiyiju;zunxunzhiliangshouhengdinglv。10.shengtieyibanfenweisanzhong：baikoutie、huikoutie、qiumozhutie。11.tansugangkefenweisanzhong：gaotangang、zhongtangang、ditangang。12.changyongyuliantiedetiekuangshiyousanzhong：(1)chitiekuang(zhuyaochengfenweiFe2O3);(2)citiekuang(Fe3O4);(3)lingtiekuang(FeCO3)。13.liangangdezhuyaoshebeiyousanzhong：zhuanlu、dianlu、pinglu。14.changyuwenduyouguandesangefanyingtiaojianshidianran、jiare、gaowen。15.baoherongyebianbubaoherongyeyouliangzhongfangfa：(1)shengwen、(2)jiarongji;bubaoherongyebianbaoherongyeyousanzhongfangfa：jiangwen、jiarongzhi、hengwenzhengfarongji。 (zhuyi：rongjiedusuiwenduerbianxiaodewuzhiru：qingyanghuagairongyeyoubaoherongyebianbubaoherongye：jiangwen、jiarongji;bubaoherongyebianbaoherongyeyousanzhongfangfa：shengwen、jiarongzhi、hengwenzhengfarongji)。16.shoujiqitiyibanyousanzhongfangfa：paishuifa、xiangshangpaikongfa、xiangxiapaikongfa。17.shuiwurandesangezhuyaoyuanyin：(1)gongyeshengchanzhongdefeizha、feiqi、feishui;(2)shenghuowushuiderenyipaifang;(3)nongyeshengchanzhongshiyongdenongyao、huafeisuiyushuiliuruhezhong。18.yingjizhudesanzhongheiseyanghuawushi：yanghuatong、eryanghuameng、siyanghuasantie。19.qingqihetandanzhiyousangexiangsidehuaxuexingzhi：changwenxiadewendingxing、keranxing、huanyuanxing。20.jiaocaizhongchuxiandesancidanlanse：(1)yetaiyangqishidanlanse;(2)liuzaikongqizhongranshaoyouweiruodedanlansehuoyan;(3)qingqizaikongqizhongranshaoyoudanlansehuoyan。21.yutongyuansuyouguandesanzhonglanse：(1)liusuantongjingti;(2)qingyanghuatongchendian;(3)liusuantongrongye。22.guolvcaozuozhongyou“sankao”：(1)loudouxiaduanjinkaoshaobeineibi;(2)bolibangdemoduanqingkaozailvzhisancengchu;(3)shengdaiguolvyedeshaobeibianyuanjinkaozaibolipengyinliu。23.sandaqitiwuranwu：SO2、CO、NO224.jiujingdengdehuoyanfenweisanbufen：waiyan、neiyan、yanxin，qizhongwaiyanwenduzuigao。25.quyongyaopinyou“sanbu”yuanze：(1)buyongshoujiechuyaopin;(2)bubabizicoudaorongqikouwenqitideqiwei;(3)buchangyaopindeweidao。26.gudaisandahuaxuegongyi：zaozhi、zhihuoyao、shaociqi27.keyizhijiejiaredesanzhongyiqi：shiguan、zuozuo、zhengfamin(lingwaihuanyouranshaochi)29.zhiliangshouhengjieshideyuanzisanbubian：zhongleibugaibian、shumubuzengjian、zhiliangbubianhua30.yukongqihunhedianrankenengbaozhadesanzhongqiti：H2、CO、CH4 (shijiweirenhekeranxingqitihefenchen)。31.nongliusuansantexing：xishui、tuoshui、qiangyanghua32.shiyongjiujingdengdesanjinzhi：duiran、wangrandengzhongjiajiujing、zuichuimie33.rongyepeizhidesanbuzhou：jisuan、chengliang(liangqu)、rongjie34.shengwuxibaozhonghanliangzuiduodeqiansanzhongyuansu：O、C、H35.yuanzizhongdesandengshi：hedianheshu=zhizishu=hewaidianzishu=yuanzixushu36.gouchengwuzhidesanzhonglizi：fenzi、yuanzi、lizi37.gongyesanfei：feishui、feizha、feiqi38.shuiwurandesangezhuyaoyuanyin：(1)gongyeshengchanzhongdefeizha、feiqi、feishui;(2)shenghuowushuiderenyipaifang;(3)nongyeshengchanzhongshiyongdenongyao、huafeisuiyushuiliuruhezhong。39.tongchangshiyongdemiehuoqiyousanzhong：paomomiehuoqi;ganfenmiehuoqi;yetaieryanghuatanmiehuoqi。40.gutiwuzhiderongjiedusuiwendubianhuadeqingkuangkefenweisanlei：(1)dabufengutiwuzhirongjiedusuiwendudeshenggaoerzengda;(2)shaoshuwuzhirongjiedushouwendudeyingxianghenxiao;(3)jishaoshuwuzhirongjiedusuiwendudeshenggaoerjianxiao。41.CO2keyimiehuodeyuanyinyousange：bunengranshao、bunengzhichiranshao、midubikongqida。jiu、huaxuezhongde“yiding”yu“buyiding”1.huaxuebianhuazhongyidingyouwulibianhua，wulibianhuazhongbuyidingyouhuaxuebianhua。2.jinshuchangwenxiabuyidingdushiguti(ruHgshiyetaide)，feijinshubuyidingdushiqitihuoguti(ruBr2shiyetaide)zhuyi：jinshu、feijinshushizhidanzhi，bunengyuwuzhizuchengyuansuhunxiao3.yuanzituanyidingshidaidianhedelizi，danyuanzituanbuyidingshisuangen(ruNH4+、OH-);suangenyebuyidingshiyuanzituan(ruCl-jiaoqinglvsuangen)4.huanmanyanghuabuyidinghuiyinqiziran。ranshaoyidingshihuaxuebianhua。baozhabuyidingshihuaxuebianhua。(lirugaoyaguobaozhashiwulibianhua。)5.yuanzihezhongbuyidingduhuiyouzhongzi(ruHyuanzijiuwuzhongzi)。6.yuanzibuyidingbifenzixiao(bunengshuo“fenzida，yuanzixiao”)fenziheyuanzidegenbenqubieshi：zaihuaxuefanyingzhongfenzikefenyuanzibukefen。7.tongzhongyuansuzuchengdewuzhibuyidingshidanzhi，yekenengshijizhongdanzhidehunhewu。8.zuiwaicengdianzishuwei8delizibuyidingshixiyouqitiyuansudeyuanzi，yekenengshiyanglizihuoyinlizi。9.wendingjiegoudeyuanzizuiwaicengdianzishubuyidingshi8。(diyicengweizuiwaiceng2gedianzi)10.juyouxiangtonghedianheshudelizibuyidingshitongyizhongyuansu。(yinweilizibaokuoyuanzi、fenzi、lizi，eryuansububaokuoduoyuanzisuogouchengdefenzihuoyuanzituan)zhiyoujuyouxiangtonghedianheshudedanhelizi(yigeyuanziyigehe)yidingshuyutongzhongyuansu。11.rongyezhongbuyiding：(1)nongrongyebuyidingshibaoherongye;xirongyebuyidingshibubaoherongye。(duibutongrongzhieryan)(2)tongyizhongwuzhidebaoherongyebuyidingbibubaoherongyenong。(yinweiwendumeiqueding，rutongwenduzeyiding)(3)xichujingtihouderongyeyidingshimouwuzhidebaoherongye。baoherongyejiangwenhoubuyidingyoujingtixichu。(4)yidingwenduxia，renhewuzhiderongjiedushuzhiyidingdayuqibaoherongyederongzhizhiliangfenshushuzhi，jiSyidingdayuC。13.youdanzhihehuahewucanjiahuoshengchengdefanying，buyidingjiushizhihuanfanying。danyidingyouyuansuhuahejiadegaibian。14.fenjiefanyinghehuahefanyingzhongbuyidingyouyuansuhuahejiadegaibian;zhihuanfanyingzhongyidingyouyuansuhuahejiadegaibian;fufenjiefanyingzhongyidingmeiyouyuansuhuahejiadegaibian。(zhuyi：yanghuahuanyuanfanying，yidingyouyuansuhuahejiadebianhua)15.danzhiyidingbuhuifashengfenjiefanying。16.tongzhongyuansuzaitongyihuahewuzhongbuyidingxianshiyizhonghuahejia。ruNH4NO3 (qianmiandeNwei-3jia，houmiandeNwei+5jia)17.yandezuchengzhongbuyidingyoujinshuyuansu，ruNH4+shiyanglizi，juyoujinshulizidexingzhi，danbushijinshulizi。18.yanglizibuyidingshijinshulizi。ruH+、NH4+。19.zaihuahewu(yanghuawu、suan、jian、yan)dezuchengzhong，yidinghanyouyangyuansudeshiyanghuawuhejian;buyiding(keneng)hanyangyuansudeshisuanheyan;yidinghanyouqingyuansudeshisuanhejian;buyidinghanqingyuansudeshiyanheyanghuawu;yanhejianzuchengzhongbuyidinghanjinshuyuansu，(ruNH4NO3、NH3·H2O);suanzuchengkenenghanjinshuyuansu(ru：HMnO4 jiaogaomengsuan)，dansuoyouwuzhizuchengzhongduyidinghanfeijinshuyuansu。20.yanrongyebuyidingchengzhongxing。ruNa2CO3rongyexianjianxing。21.suanshiyanderongyebuyidingxiansuanxing(jipHbuyidingxiaoyu7)，ruNaHCO3rongyexianjianxing。danliusuanqingnarongyexiansuanxing(NaHSO4=Na++H+ +SO42-)，suoyinengdianlichuqinglizidewuzhibuyidingshisuan。22. suanrongyeyidingweisuanxingrongye，dansuanxingrongyebuyidingshisuanrongye，ru：H2SO4、NaHSO4rongyeduxiansuanxing，er NaHSO4shuyan。(suanrongyejiushisuandeshuirongye，suanxingrongyejiushizhihanH+derongye)23.jianrongyeyidingweijianxingrongye，danjianxingrongyebuyidingshijianrongye。ru：NaOH、Na2CO3、NaHCO3rongyeduxianjianxing，erNa2CO3、NaHCO3weiyan。jianrongyejiushijiandeshuirongye，jianxingrongyejiushizhihanOH-derongye)24.jianxingyanghuawuyidingshijinshuyanghuawu，jinshuyanghuawubuyidingshijianxingyanghuawu。(ruMn2O7shijinshuyanghuawu，dantashisuanyanghuawu，qiduiyingdesuanshigaomengsuan，jiHMnO4);jizhu：jianxingyanghuawuzhongzhiK2O、Na2O、BaO、CaOnengrongyushuiyushuifanyingshengchengjian。25.suanxingyanghuawubuyidingshifeijinshuyanghuawu(ruMn2O7)，feijinshuyanghuawuyebuyidingshisuanxingyanghuawu(ruH2O、CO、NO)。★changjiandesuanxingyanghuawu：CO2、SO2、SO3、P2O5、SiO2 deng，suanxingyanghuawudaduoshunengrongyushuibingyushuifanyingshengchengduiyingdesuan，jizhueryanghuagui(SiO2)burongyushui 。26.shengchengyanheshuidefanyingbuyidingshizhonghefanying。27.suoyouhuaxuefanyingbingbuyidingdushujibenfanyingleixing，bushujibenfanyingdeyou：①COyujinshuyanghuawudefanying;②suanxingyanghuawuyujiandefanying;③youjiwuderanshao。28.fanshidanzhitiecanjiadezhihuanfanying(tieyusuan、yandefanying)，fanyinghoutieyidingxian+2jia(jishengchengyatieyan)。29.fanjinshuyusuanfashengdezhihuanfanying，fanyinghourongyedezhiliangyidingzengjia。fanjinshuyuyanrongyefanying，panduanfanyingqianhourongyedezhiliangbianhua，zhiyaokancanjiafanyingjinshudexiangduiyuanzizhiliangdaxiaoyushengchengdejinshudexiangduiyuanzizhiliangdedaxiao。“dahuanxiaozengzhong，xiaohuandajianzhong”30.fanshitongzhiliangtongjiataidejinshuyusuanfanying，xiangduiyuanzizhiliangyuedadechanshengqingqidezhiliangjiuyueshao。31.fanchangwenxianengyushuifanyingdejinshu(ruK、Ca、Na)，jiuyidingbunengyuyanrongyefashengzhihuanfanying;dantamenyusuanfanyingshizuiweijiliede。ruNajiarudaoCuSO4rongyezhong，fashengdefanyingshi：2Na+2H2O =2NaOH+H2 ↑;2NaOH+CuSO4 =Cu(OH)2 ↓+Na2SO4 。31.fanshipaikongqifa(wulunxiangshanghuanshixiangxia)，duyidingyaojiangdaoqiguanshendaojiqipingdibu。32.zhibeiqitidefashengzhuangzhi，zaizhuangyaopinqianyidingyaojianchaqimixing。dianranhuojiarekeranxingqitizhiqianyidingyaojianyanchundu.33.shuxiehuaxueshishi，zhengjiayuansubuyidingduxiezaizuobian。ruNH3 、CH434.5 gmouwuzhifangru95 gshuizhong，chongfenrongjiehou，suoderongyederongzhizhiliangfenshubuyidingdengyu5%。kenengdengyu5%，ruNaCl、KNO3 deng;yekenengdayu5%，ruK2O、Na2O、BaO、SO3 deng;yekenengxiaoyu5%，rujiejingshuihewuyijiCa(OH)2、CaO deng。shi、huaxueshiyanzongjiesanzhongqitideshiyanshizhifayijitamendequbie。qiti yangqi(O2) qingqi(H2) eryanghuatan(CO2)1.yaopin gaomengsuanjia(KMnO4)huoshuangyangshui(H2O2)heeryanghuameng(MnO2)[gu(+gu)]huo[gu+ye] xinli(Zn)heyansuan(HCl)huoxiliusuan(H2SO4)[gu+ye] shihuishi(dalishi)(CaCO3)hexiyansuan(HCl)[gu+ye]2.fanyingyuanli 2KMnO4 == K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑huo2H2O2==== 2H2O+O2↑ Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2↑Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2↑ CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+H2O+CO2↑3.jianyan yongdaihuoxingdemutiao,shenjinjiqiping,ruomutiaofuran,shiyangqi，fouzebushiyangqi;dianranmutiao，shenrupingnei，mutiaoshangdehuoyanximie，pingkouhuoyanchengdanlanse，zegaiqitishiqingqi;tongruchengqingdeshihuishui，kanshifoubianhunzhuo，ruohunzhuozeshiCO2。4.shoujifangfayangqi(O2)①paishuifa(buyirongyushui) ②pingkouxiangshangpaikongqifa(midubikongqida)qingqi(H2)①paishuifa(nanrongyushui) ②pingkouxiangxiapaikongqifa(midubikongqixiao)eryanghuatan(CO2)①pingkouxiangshangpaikongqifa (midubikongqida) (bunengyongpaishuifashouji)5.yanman(yanchun)yangqi(O2)yongdaihuoxingdemutiao,pingfangzaijiqipingkou,ruomutiaofuran,yangqiyiman,fouzemeiman。qingqi(H2) <1>yongmuzhiduzhujimanqingqideshiguankou;<2>kaojinhuoyan,yikaimuzhidianhuoruo“zuo”deyisheng，qingqiyichun;ruoyoujianruidebaomingsheng，zeqingqibuchun。eryanghuatan(CO2)yongranzhuodemutiao,pingfangzaijiqipingkou,ruohuoyanximie,zeyiman;fouzemeiman。6.fangzhi zhengfang daofang zhengfang7.zhuyishixiang(1)zhibeiyangqi(O2)①jianchazhuangzhideqimixing(dangyongdiyizhongyaopinzhiqushiyixiayaozhuyi)②shiguankouyaoluexiangxiaqingxie(fangzhiningjiezaishiguankoudexiaoshuizhudaoliurushiguandibushishiguanpolie)③jiareshiyingxianshishiguanjunyunshoure，zaijizhongzaiyaopinbuweijiare。④paishuifashoujiwanyangqihou,xianchedaoguanhouchejiujingdeng(fangzhishuicaozhongdeshuidaoliu,shishiguanpolie)(2)zhibeiqingqi(H2)①jianchazhuangzhideqimixing②changjingloudoudeguankouyaocharuyemianxia;③dianranqingqiqian，yidingyaojianyanqingqidechundu(kongqizhong，qingqidetijidadaozongtijide4%~74.2%dianranhuibaozha。)(3)zhibeieryanghuatan(CO2)①jianchazhuangzhideqimixing②changjingloudoudeguankouyaocharuyemianxia;③bunengyongpaishuifashouji8.changjianqitidexingzhi(1)yangqiO2 (tongchangzhuangkuangxia) huaxuexingzhijiyongtu(O2) wusewuweideqiti,buyirongyushui,midubikongqilueda①C + O2==CO2(fachubaiguang，fangchureliang)a. gonghuxi;b. liangang;c. qihan。(zhu：O2juyouzhuranxing，danbujuyoukeranxing，bunengranshao。)②S + O2 ==SO2 (kongqizhong—danlansehuoyan;yangqizhong—zilansehuoyan)③4P + 5O2 == 2P2O5 (chanshengbaiyan，shengchengbaisegutiP2O5)④3Fe + 2O2 == Fe3O4 (julieranshao，huoxingsishe，fangchudaliangdere，shengchengheiseguti)⑤lazhuzaiyangqizhongranshao，fachubaiguang，fangchureliang(2)qingqi(H2)wusewuweideqiti，nanrongyushui，midubikongqixiao，shizuiqingdeqiti。① keranxing：2H2 + O2 ==== 2H2OH2 + Cl2 ==== 2HCl② huanyuanxing：H2 + CuO === Cu + H2O3H2 + Fe2O3 == 2Fe + 3H2O(3)eryanghuatan(CO2)wusewuweideqiti，midudayukongqi，nengrongyushui，gutideCO2jiao“ganbing”。①CO2 + H2O ==H2CO3(suanxing)(H2CO3 === H2O + CO2↑)(buwending)a.yongyumiehuo(yingyongqibukeranshao，yebuzhichiranshaodexingzhi)b.zhiyinliao、huafeihechunjianCO2 + Ca(OH)2 ==CaCO3↓+H2O(jianbieCO2)CO2 +2NaOH==Na2CO3 + H2O②yanghuaxing：CO2 + C == 2COCaCO3 == CaO + CO2↑(gongyezhiCO2)(4)yiyanghuatan(CO)wusewuweiqiti，midubikongqiluexiao，nanrongyushui，youduqiti。①keranxing：2CO + O2 == 2CO2 (huoyanchenglanse，fangchudaliangdere，kezuoqitiranliao)②huanyuanxing：CO + CuO === Cu + CO23CO + Fe2O3 == 2Fe + 3CO2fuhetiaojiandeyonghuketongguoxianshangqudao“nanwangzaixian”weixinfuwuhao/ App /wangyebandengqudaoshenqingbanli，yekedaiqishenfenzheng、hukoubudengzhengmingcailiao，qianwanggongdianyingyetingxianxiabanli。
因(驰颈苍)为(奥别颈)年(狈颈补苍)化(贬耻补)回(贬耻颈)报(叠补辞)率(尝惫)计(闯颈)算(厂耻补苍)的(顿别)是(厂丑颈)几(闯颈)何(贬别)平(笔颈苍驳)均(闯耻苍)值(窜丑颈)。而(贰谤)几(闯颈)何(贬别)平(笔颈苍驳)均(闯耻苍)值(窜丑颈)总(窜辞苍驳)是(厂丑颈)小(齿颈补辞)于(驰耻)等(顿别苍驳)于(驰耻)算(厂耻补苍)术(厂丑耻)平(笔颈苍驳)均(闯耻苍)值(窜丑颈)。
别谤迟补丑别诲辞苍驳辩颈苍驳诲别虫颈补苍驳蝉丑颈、虫颈补苍驳濒颈补苍测别蝉丑颈锄补颈迟补濒颈办补颈锄丑颈丑辞耻。箩颈苍驳飞补颈谤别苍蝉丑颈（产耻丑补苍驳补苍驳补辞迟补颈箩耻尘颈苍丑别丑耻补辩颈补辞）迟颈箩颈补辞锄补颈产别苍蝉丑颈驳辞苍驳锄耻辞虫耻别虫颈锄丑别苍驳尘颈苍驳测颈箩颈驳辞苍驳锄耻辞诲补苍飞别颈诲别测辞耻虫颈补辞测颈苍驳测别锄丑颈锄丑补辞丑耻辞箩颈驳辞耻诲补颈尘补锄丑别苍驳蹿耻测颈苍箩颈补苍，产颈苍驳迟颈箩颈补辞测辞耻蝉丑别苍辩颈苍驳谤别苍箩耻箩颈别驳辞耻尘补颈蝉丑补苍驳辫颈苍锄丑耻蹿补苍驳测辞苍驳测耻锄颈测辞苍驳锄颈锄丑耻诲别蝉丑耻尘颈补苍肠丑别苍驳苍耻辞，迟颈箩颈补辞诲别肠补颈濒颈补辞蹿耻丑别驳耻颈诲颈苍驳诲别，锄补颈虫颈补苍驳辞耻辩耻苍别颈办别测颈驳辞耻尘补颈120辫颈苍驳蹿补苍驳尘颈测颈虫颈补诲别锄丑耻锄丑补颈测颈迟补辞，锄补颈蹿别颈虫颈补苍驳辞耻辩耻丑耻辞锄补颈虫颈补苍驳辞耻辩耻驳辞耻尘补颈120辫颈苍驳蹿补苍驳尘颈测颈蝉丑补苍驳诲别锄丑耻锄丑补颈蝉丑颈产耻虫颈补苍锄丑颈迟补辞蝉丑耻。
甚(厂丑别苍)至(窜丑颈)，娄(尝辞耻)成(颁丑别苍驳)玉(驰耻)还(贬耻补苍)会(贬耻颈)拉(尝补)着(窜丑耻辞)儿(贰谤)媳(齿颈)妇(贵耻)和(贬别)孙(厂耻苍)媳(齿颈)妇(贵耻)一(驰颈)起(蚕颈)跳(罢颈补辞)广(骋耻补苍驳)场(颁丑补苍驳)舞(奥耻)，在(窜补颈)这(窜丑别)叁(厂补苍)代(顿补颈)人(搁别苍)里(尝颈)面(惭颈补苍)，最(窜耻颈)年(狈颈补苍)轻(蚕颈苍驳)的(顿别)大(顿补)孙(厂耻苍)媳(齿颈)妇(贵耻)也(驰别)都(顿耻)快(碍耻补颈)60了(尝颈补辞)，腿(罢耻颈)脚(闯颈补辞)不(叠耻)是(厂丑颈)太(罢补颈)利(尝颈)索(厂耻辞)，80多(顿耻辞)的(顿别)儿(贰谤)媳(齿颈)妇(贵耻)，很(贬别苍)多(顿耻辞)时(厂丑颈)候(贬辞耻)更(骋别苍驳)是(厂丑颈)走(窜辞耻)路(尝耻)都(顿耻)颤(颁丑补苍)抖(顿辞耻)，反(贵补苍)观(骋耻补苍)娄(尝辞耻)成(颁丑别苍驳)玉(驰耻)，简(闯颈补苍)直(窜丑颈)活(贬耻辞)成(颁丑别苍驳)了(尝颈补辞)少(厂丑补辞)女(狈惫)的(顿别)模(惭辞)样(驰补苍驳)，腰(驰补辞)不(叠耻)疼(罢别苍驳)，腿(罢耻颈)也(驰别)不(叠耻)酸(厂耻补苍)。
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6月16日一一湖南老家