如何解决复杂性问题?有两种思维方式:物理学思维和生物学思维原创2022-10-26 09:36·小播读书大家好,今天我们继续分享《系统之美》这本书,今天我们继续分享,系统15大生存法则,今天我们讲两个:庆祝复杂性和打破规则。我们身处的世界是高度复杂的,而我们的大脑却偏爱简单,复杂意味着非线性,随机性,不确定性和不可预测性,但是我们关注的往往是:直线而非曲线,整数而非分数,是整齐划一的,而不是参差不齐的,是确定无疑的而非神秘莫测的。世界在不断熵增,但我们偏爱简单和确定性。在我的新书《幸福的底层逻辑》中,我引用了孙利平老师对人性欲望的划分,人有四个层次的欲望:生存本能欲望;群体依恋欲望;自我实现欲望,而最高的,也是最隐蔽的欲望是:精神欲望。精神欲望是一种追求一致性和秩序感的欲望,这是人的一种欲望也是一种本能。我们天生喜欢完美的东西,简单的事物,有序的结构,而不喜欢混乱和无序,也许是因为秩序意味着安全;而是混乱和无序意味着风险。在这种本能的驱动下,人有很多错误的思维习惯,其中一个就是“直线思维”,直线思维很容易导致我们做出错误的决策。比如有人一开始开店,在第一个月赚了1万块,然后他运用直线思维,以此类推,他觉得他一年能赚12万,但实际上他很可能高估了自己的能力,因为他是在波峰的地方,按照直线思维做出的预测,前面我们介绍了,一开始的收益很有可能受之前存量红利的影响,你过去积累的人脉和资源,在一开始发挥了很大的作用,所以,按照一开始的情况预估,就过于乐观了。再比如,你花一个月时间,好不容易读完了一本书,然后,你运用直线思维,你觉得按照这个速度,你一年也只能读12本书,于是你就放弃了。但显然你低估了你的潜力,因为你是在波谷的地方,按照直线思维做出的预测。直线思维会导致我们做出错误的预测,尤其是在乐观和悲观的时候尤其会做出错误的决策,因为这个世界的变化发展并不是直线变化的。前面我们在介绍增强回路和调节回路的时候就讲过,系统在增长回路和调节回路的相互作用下,会呈现出不规则的波动,一个系统极少概率是直线,甚至是平稳曲线变化的,系统会呈现出多种变化模式,比如S形曲线、滑梯曲线、驼峰曲线、倍增曲线、指数曲线等。世界充满了复杂性,从另外一方面讲,有很多积极的意义。如果我们一出生就可以预测自己的命运,一切都是命中注定的,一切都是被决定了的。其实可以想象我们将度过一个毫无惊喜和意义的一生,这样的人生还真的值得过吗?所以,或许我们应该庆幸,这个世界有复杂性和随机性,因为它让我们的人生更意义,让自由意志更有价值。好了,接下来,我们继续看下一个生存法则:打破各种清规戒律。为什么要打破规则?也是因为世界是复杂和多变的,没有什么规则是可以一劳永逸的。哲学家哈贝马斯说:你信奉权威,就等于停止了思考。我们不应该盲从各种经验,教条和权威,应该保持灵活性和适应性,才能更好地与系统共舞。如何保持灵活性和适应性呢?这里介绍两种思维:物理学思维和生物学思维。简单来说,物理学思维是一种追求精确和确定性的思维模式,而生物学思维是一种保持开放,和拥抱不确定性的思维模式。这两种思维模式有一个根本的区别就是:假设。我们从一个古老的笑话讲起,有一位奶农为了提高产奶量,雇用了两个顾问,一位是生物学家,另一位是物理学家。生物学家在考察了一周后,提交了一份详细的长达300多页的报告,详尽地阐述了每头奶牛的产奶量具体取决于什么,比如天气情况、奶牛的大小和品种等等。而且这位生物学家还向奶农保证,只要严格按照建议执行,奶牛的平均产奶量可增加3%至5%。而另外一位物理学家只考察了3个小时就回来了,然后宣称自己已经找到了,一个能够适用所有奶牛的高效解决方案,并且可以将产奶量提高50%以上。这让奶农喜出望外,奶农赶紧问:“那么,你说应该怎么做呢?”那个物理学家回答说:“首先,假设你有一头身体为球形的奶牛……”。这当然是一个笑话,显然不可能有一头身体为球形的奶牛,这个假设的前提就已经错了。这个笑话反应了两种思维的差异,一种是生物学的思维,一种是物理学的思维。它们是我们理解世界的两种方式,物理学思维注重假设、归纳和抽象,习惯于把复杂的问题简单化,在很多伟大的物理学家,牛顿、爱因斯坦、麦克斯韦身上我们都可以看到这样的思维,尽量用一个简单的公式去解释复杂的现象,正如爱因斯坦说:一切应该尽可能简单,但又不能过于简单。和物理学思维相反,生物学思维是近年来更加流行的一种思维方式,生物学思维不追求极简主义,它不简化我们对世界的理解,而是保留了事物的独特性和多样性。这两种思维方式在对待问题和风险的态度是完全不一样的。物理学思维通过精确来规避风险,而生物学思维通过多样性和冗余来规避风险。比如物理学思维让我们可以设计一款近乎完美的发动机,而生物学思维则让我们在一个飞机上安装4个发动机,虽然看起来有点多余,但可以很好地应对未知的风险。物理学思维追求精确的规律,而生物学思维只观察演化的大趋势,给多样性和多特性留下了足够的空间,生物学思维并不排斥复杂性和多样性,也不排除风险和不确定性,反而保持一种更开放的态度来和这个世界相处。
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nanjingdashukaihuadian,liyong“xianhuabuyaoqian”yinianyingli70wan,zhetaoluguanyong2023-11-03 17:37·podiansiweijiaoyujintiangeidajiafenxiangdeanlishi:zainanjingyouzhemeyijiahuadian,laobanliyong“mianfeixianhua”dejingyingcelue,zaiduanduandeyinianneijiuyingliliao70wandegushi。【1】anlibeijingmuqianshichangshang,penzaizuoweiyizhongzhuangshixingzhiwu,yuelaiyueshoudaorenmendexiai。renmenxihuanzaijiazhonghuobangongzhuoshangfangzhipenzai,zengjiashineikongjiandemeigan。yourenxihuanshanghuajiumaishangmaishangjizhuzaoxingdute、waiguanpiaoliangdezhiwuzaijiazhong,yeshizijishenghuopinweidexiangzheng。henduorenmeiyouzhuyidao,penzaishiyikuanbaolishengyi,zuoqilaibenqianyebuda。renherendukeyiquzuo,jibaikuaiqiandebenqian,conghuapudaohuochulaimai,jinhuo10yuan/pendepenzai,zhiyaonihuichayanguanse,ganyuyaojia,yudaoxihuandezhu,yipennengmaichushangbaiyuan。jintiananlidezhurengongyelaobanjiushicongjiebianmaipenzaizuoqi,xianzairenjiakailiaoyijiahuadian,yinianyenengzhenggejishiwan。xiangdangchuyedashuyeshiyinweixihuandaoguhuahuacaocao,aizuanyanyuanyi,congtuixiuzhihoucaikaishizuozheyixing。yedashucongqicheyunshugongsituixiuhou,jiuyoudabadeshijian“fushi”tadebaobei,tajiayangtaidepenzaiduodedufangbuxia,bukaiwanxiaodeshuo,zainanjingxiangbuhuaqianguanghuayuanhezhiwuyuan,nilaiyedashudejialixingliao。tanqitadezhexiebaobei,tayeshimanxinhuanxi。danyouyijianshiquelingtashifenkunrao,tagenhuangdamazhuliao20niandelaofangzi,benlaishuoyaochaiqiande,tamenyijiadupanzhuozhejianshizaoridingchui,kejinianguoqu,yizhimeixin,yourenshuozhefangzixianzaibuchailiao,zhizuojiufanggaizao,zheyedashuxinduliangliao。qianxienianyizhipanzhuogaochaiqian,shoulidushiyouyifenyongyifen,zhexiahaoliaomeiqianhualiao,huangdamayeshimeichusaqi,jiuzhizhuoyangtaishangdenaxiepenzaimayedashu,rangtabazhexiewanyiquanbubanzou,buranjiugeitazaliao。yedashumeibanfa,kaishizoushangliaobaitanmaipenzaidelu。yedashumeixiangdao,zijijingxindalidepenzaizhemeshounianqingrenxihuan,jibenshangmeitiannaduoshaochulai,jiumaikongduoshao,shuoshihua,gangkaishixinlikendingshibuqingyuan、bushedede,huangdamajianzhexiedongxifangzaijializhemeduonianhuannengbianqian,jiulailiaoxingzhi,genzhuoyedashuyiqibaitan,budaoyigeyue,liangrenjiumailiaohaojiqian。houmianshouliyouqianliaoguohou,liangrengancuikaiqiliaohuadian,nibieshuo,yedashushiyoudianjingshangtounaode,yinianxialaijiuzhuanliao70wan,huangdamameitianledehebulongzui。【2】fanganjieshaozheyedashu,yelaobandaodishizenmezuodaodene?tayongliaolianggemiaozhao:yi、chongzhi200yuanjiusong50yuaner、yiyelianmeng、jiaochacuxiaoyishangliangdian,jiushiyelaobandefangfa,kansijiandan,danshiyunhanzhuofuzadetaolu,jutishiruheyinglide,womenjiezhuolaikan。【3】yinglifenxiyijiameiyougukejichudehuadian,yelaobanjiuhendongde“jieli”。tagenfujindejijiajindian、fandian、hunshasheyingdiandachenghezuo,zhiyaozaitamenzhelixiaofei,dukeyihuodedaijinquan,suoyoudedaijinquanzaizhexiedianpulixiaofeidukeyi。“yiyelianmeng”zhegefangfayijingchengweiliaohenduoxingyesuoshiyongdefangfa,yinweitazuidachengdudizhengheliaogegeshitidiandeyonghuqunti,baotuanqunuan,huodegengduodelirun。gukechongzhi200yuan,jiuzengsong50yuan,danshizheshouxianxuyaogukeshihuiyuan,eryaochengweihuadiandehuiyuan,shouxianjiuxuyaochongzhi200yuan,zheyangyilaidehaochujiushizengjialiaogukezaihuadianxiaofeidecishu。meichenggongchongzhiyigehuiyuan,jiushouhuoyigechangqiguke,erzengsongde50yuanjiuchengweixiyingukebanlihuiyuandeyouer。duiyuhuadianlaishuo,suirangangkaishideyinglihuisuoxiao,danshihouqiyinglijiuhuizengjia,zheyangyilaihuadiandeshengyijiuhuidaodalingwaiyigetaijie。suoyibuguannishimaizaocande,maishuiguode,huanshikaichaoshide,nimentongyangkeyigaoyigeleisidezhezhonghuodong,huozhezaixiafangzhuanlanhejizhongzhaozhaogengshihezijideyingxiaofangan。zuihouyelaobanjiushizheyang,liyong“xianhuabuyaoqian”yinianyingli70wan。jintianzhegeanlizhijiequliaoxiafangkechenghenshaodeyibufen,zhetaoanlizhishaohuanyousangeyinglidian。kanwannijiuzhidao,weishimecongminglaobanzhuanqianjiunamejiandan。zhexiefangfa,nidukeyizhijiefuzhi,yingyongzainideshengyishang。tongshikechenglihangailiaoyou600duogemendian,1000duotaohuodongmoban,zongyouyigeshiheni,zhenshi、youxiao、yifuzhi,niyidingyaoquxuexue。shimeshikexue?zhengshiyuzhengweideneizailuoji2023-04-11 23:11·zhongkeyuanwulisuozhexueyukexue,zaigudaijihubufen,zaixiandaijianxingjianyuan。jinyibaiduonianlai,kexuexunmengfazhan,tebieshiwulixuezhongxiangduilunheliangzilixuedejianlidailaidegeming,geiyuxiandaikexueyirenmendezhexueguanjidadechongji。jinguankexuezhongbufagezhongzhexueguandian,dandaduoshukexuejiaduizhexuechiyizhong“aomantaidu”。buguo,aiyinsitanjiushifenzhongshizhexueduikexuedezuoyong,1944niantazaixiegeipengyoudexinzhongshuo:“kexuedefangfalun、kexueshihekexuedezhexuesiweidushijijuyiyihejiaoyujiazhide。”aiyinsitanduidaiwulililun,baokuoniudunlilunhetazijijianlidelianggexiangduilun,chilixingdepipantaidu。yezhengshizhezhongzhexuesiweiyijiaiyinsitandewulichengjiu,yingxiangliaoyiweikexuezhexuejia——kaer·bopuer。kaer·bopuershaonianshidaidebopuerjianshiliaowulixuezhongdegeming,queyouzhuduoyiwencunliuyuxin:yiniudunlixuehediancililungouchengdejingdianwulidaxia,yuanbenkanqilaijichulaogu、hongweizhuangguan,zenmeturanjiubeiaiyinsitandexiangduilundongyaoliaone?aidingdunderiquanshishiyanweishimenengyanzhengguangyixiangduilun?kexuelilunshishime?yinggairuhelaijianyanta?kexuehefeikexuedefenjiexiandaodizainali?jingguoyiduanshijiansikao,bopuertichu“kezhengweixing”deguannian,zuoweipingpan“shifoukexue”dejiandanbiaozhun。heweizhengwei?bopuerdesuowei“zhengwei”,shixiangduiyu“zhengshi”eryan。zhengshizhegecihuidaoshijingchangbeikexuejiashiyong,“niudundierdinglvbeidaliangshiyanzhengshi”“xiyandaozhiaizhengbeidongwushiyanzhengshi”“meiguoyuhangjuzhengshihuoxingshangcunzaishui”……xiangduiyuyigemingti(jiandandishuo,mingtijiushiyigejielun)eryan,beizhengshideyisijiushizhegemingtibeizhengmingwei“zhen”。ruguozhengmingzhegemingtiwei“jia”dehua,jiujiaozuobei“zhengwei”liao。jieshi“zhengwei”?deliziyouhenduo,birushuo,mingti“suoyoudetianedushibaisede”,kanjianbaisetianederenbianzhengshiliaozhegejielun,ruguoyourenfaxianyizhibushibaisedetiane,zhegemingtijiubeizhengwei。tuyuan:pexelsweishimekexuejieyibanchangtizhengshi,buchangtanzhengweine?yinweikexuefazhandeguochengzhongwangwanghuitichumougejiashuo。jiashuobushipingkongchanshengchulaideyixiang,ershigenjuyiyoudeyixieshiyanshishihexianyoudelilunertichulaide“zuijiamoxing”。womenchangshuo“shijianshijianyanzhenlideweiyibiaozhun”,jiashuoxuyaobeishiyanyanzheng,yejiushizhengshi。keyishuo,tichujiashuodemudejiushiqiwangbeizhengshierchengweilizhenliyuelaiyuejindekexuelilun。ruguojiashuoyidanbeizhengwei,najiushuomingzhegejiashuoshicuowude,yinggaizuoqi。zhengshihuozhengweijunshizhenduiyigemingti(huochenshu)eryan,luojixuezhongdemingtikeyifenweibutongleibie,ruguoanzhaobaohanyuansudefanweilaifenlei,youquanchengmingtihedanchengmingti。qianzhebaohandeshishi(yuansu)shiwuxiande;duishijiankongjianshipushide。houzhesuobaohandeshishi(yuansu)shiyouxiande,shitezhide,shizaitedingde“shi、kongfanwei”ji“cengcifanwei”neifashengde。liru:“suoyouwuyadushiheisede”“suoyoudejinshududaodian”shiquanchengmingti;“zhezhiwuyashihuisede”shidanchengmingti。guinaluojiheyanyiluojiguinaluoji:congteshudaoyiban,congjutishishidaochouxiang“gainian”。shituyoudanchengmingtiweizhen,tuilundaoquanchengmingtiyeweizhen。tongsudishuo,shizhiyiyixiliejingyanshiwuweiyiju,xunzhaochuguilv,bingjiashetongleishiwuzhongdeqitashiwuyefucongzhexieguilv。jingyankexuedejibenfangfa,jiushifanfuyunyong“guancha?→?guina?→?zhengshi”defangfa,huochengwei“shizhengjizhi”。yanyiluoji:congyibandaoteshudebiranxingluojituili。congchouxianggainiandaojuti“shishi”。youquanchengmingtituilundaodanchengmingti。yanyishiyongyushuxue、luojidengchouxiangkexue,shiyizhong“shicuojizhi”。tongguo“wenti→caixiang→fanbo”dexunhuanguochenglai“zhengshihuozhengwei”。renleiderenshihuodong,zongshixianjiechugebieshiwu,erhouzaituijiyiban。youliaoyibanguilvhou,youkeyicongyibantuijigebie,ruciguinaheyanyiwangfuxunhuan,shirenshibuduanshenhua,jinyibuxingchenglilun。tuyuan:pexelskaer·bopuerdezhexuekexuejiashuotichuhou,nengbeiyibuyibuzhengshi,najiumanmandengdaizhengshihaoliao,bopueryouweishimeyaojiaojinnaozhidixiangchuyige“kezhengwei”depanduanbiaozhunne?dangniandebopuerzaiyanjiuwulixuezhongderuoganmingtishifaxian,“zhengshi”he“zhengwei”bingbushiduichengde,kankannage“suoyoudetianedushibaisede”lizi:yaozhengshizhegejielun,xuyaojiangquanshijiede“tiane”dukaochayibian。eryaozhengweijiujiandanduoliao,zhixuyaozhuazhuyizhibushibaisedetianejiukeyiliao。“zhengshi”he“zhengwei”debuduichengshilaiyuanyumingtidefenleixingzhi。birutianelizishige“quanchengmingti”,tachenshudeduixiangshi“suoyoude”tiane,zheyangjiuzaochengliao:zhengshixuyaokaochawuqiongduodetiane,erzhengweizhixuzhaochuyigefanlijike。kaolvyouguantianedelingyigemingti“cunzaibushibaisedetiane”。zhegemingtiyaobeizhengshijiubijiaojiandan:zhaodaoyizhifeibaisedetianejiuxingliao,yaozhengweizebijiaokunnan,lilunshangyoukenengxuyaokaochawushuduodetiane。yuyuanlaimingtibutongdeshi,zhebushiyigequanchengmingti,ershiyigecunzaimingti,yinerzhengshiyuzhengweidejiaoseyejiuyousuobutongliao。bopuersuoshuode“lilunbunengbeizhengshi,dannengbeizhengwei。”shizhi“quanchengmingti”,er“danchengmingti”shijikebeizhengshi,youkebeizhengwei!guanjianwentishi,bopuerrenweikexuejiashuodaduoshushiquanchengmingti,yinweikexuedemudejiushiyaotansuoziranjiede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20 shiji 20 niandaihouqi,aodiliyiqunzhexuejia、kexuejiaheshuxuejiazuchengdeweiyenaxuepaifazhanchulaide。tamenqitufazhanxingshiluoji,jianliduijingyankexuefangfadegengshenkerenshi。raner,congganguanjingyanzhishidelaidezhishi,luojishizhengzhuyibunenggeichuyigemanyidemiaohui,yeshidezhunquebiaoshushizhengyuanzebiandehenkunnan。zheshikexuezhexuejiamenzhujianduiluojishizhengzhuyichanshengzhiyi。bopuerrenweiluojishizhengzhuyisiliao,zaoshouliaomousha。moushazhebaokuobopuerziji,tashiyongdewuqijiushi“zhengweililun”。danzhegewuqibingburutasuoxiangxiangdenameruili。yinweishijishangdekexuemingtibingbuyidingshiquanchengmingti,renhelilunduyouyidingdeshiyongfanweihejuxianxing,jishishijiangziranguilvxiechengliaokanqilainengwuxianyanshendequanchengmingtixingshi,yebingfeizhenzhengquanchengde。shishishang,danyidekezhengshixinghekezhengweixingzhinengzuoweitelilaikandai。yibaneryan,kexuelilun,jibunengtongguomougehuomouxiejibenmingtidedaozhengshi,yebunengbeitamensuozhengwei。zhuanzaineirongjindaibiaozuozheguandianbudaibiaozhongkeyuanwulisuolichangruxuzhuanzaiqinglianxiyuangongzhonghaolaiyuan:yuandianyueduyuanbiaoti:weishimeshuoshuxue“bingbushikexue”?bianji:Quantum Bard
其(蚕颈)中(窜丑辞苍驳),国(骋耻辞)有(驰辞耻)大(顿补)行(齿颈苍驳)股(骋耻)价(闯颈补)表(叠颈补辞)现(齿颈补苍)尤(驰辞耻)为(奥别颈)亮(尝颈补苍驳)眼(驰补苍),国(骋耻辞)有(驰辞耻)大(顿补)型(齿颈苍驳)银(驰颈苍)行(齿颈苍驳)指(窜丑颈)数(厂丑耻)收(厂丑辞耻)盘(笔补苍)涨(窜丑补苍驳)6.44%,3个(骋别)交(闯颈补辞)易(驰颈)日(搁颈)累(尝别颈)计(闯颈)上(厂丑补苍驳)涨(窜丑补苍驳)14.03%,中(窜丑辞苍驳)国(骋耻辞)银(驰颈苍)行(齿颈苍驳)、农(狈辞苍驳)业(驰别)银(驰颈苍)行(齿颈苍驳)、邮(驰辞耻)储(颁丑耻)银(驰颈苍)行(齿颈苍驳)等(顿别苍驳)叁(厂补苍)家(闯颈补)国(骋耻辞)有(驰辞耻)大(顿补)行(齿颈苍驳)股(骋耻)价(闯颈补)更(骋别苍驳)是(厂丑颈)创(颁丑耻补苍驳)出(颁丑耻)历(尝颈)史(厂丑颈)新(齿颈苍)高(骋补辞)。
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所以在与陈俊的沟通中陈俊多次强调虚增的数据除了加据内卷没有任何意义反而会成为负担
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