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高考英语500个阅读理解高频难词，值得收藏！2020-05-19 19:14·英语精品课堂高考英语500个阅读理解高频难词，值得收藏！第一组alter v. 改变,改动,变更burst vi./n. 突然发生,爆裂dispose vi. 除掉；处置；解决；处理(of)blast n. 爆炸；气流 vi. 炸,炸掉consume v. 消耗,耗尽split v. 劈开；割裂；分裂 a.裂开的spit v. 吐（唾液等）；唾弃spill v. 溢出,溅出,倒出slip v. 滑动,滑落；忽略slide v. 滑动,滑落 n. 滑动；滑面；幻灯片bacteria n. 细菌breed n. 种,品种 v. 繁殖,产仔budget n. 预算 v. 编预算,作安排candidate n. 候选人campus n. 校园liberal a. 慷慨的；丰富的；自由的transform v. 转变,变革；变换transmit v. 传播,播送；传递transplant v. 移植transport vt. 运输,运送 n. 运输,运输工具shift v. 转移；转动；转变vary v. 变化,改变；使多样化vanish vi. 消灭,不见swallow v. 吞下,咽下 n. 燕子suspicion n. 怀疑,疑心suspicious a. 怀疑的,可疑的mild a. 温暖的,暖和的；温柔的,味淡的tender a. 温柔的；脆弱的nuisance n. 损害,妨害,讨厌（的人或事物）insignificant a. 无意义的,无足轻重的；无价值的accelerate vt. 加速,促进absolute a. 绝对的,无条件的；完全的boundary n. 分界线,边界brake n. 刹车,制动器 v. 刹住（车）catalog n. 目录（册） v. 编目vague a. 模糊的,不明确的vain n. 徒劳,白费extinct a. 绝灭的,熄灭的extraordinary a. 不平常的,特别的,非凡的extreme a. 极度的,极端的 n. 极端,过分agent n. 代理人,代理商；动因,原因alcohol n. 含酒精的饮料,酒精appeal n./vi. 呼吁,恳求appreciate vt. 重视,赏识,欣赏approve v. 赞成,同意,批准stimulate vt. 刺激,激励acquire vt. 取得,获得；学到accomplish vt .完成,到达；实行network n. 网状物；广播网,电视网；网络tide n. 潮汐；潮流第二组tidy a. 整洁的,整齐的trace vt. 追踪,找到 n. 痕迹,踪迹torture n./vt. 拷打,折磨wander vi. 漫游,闲逛wax n. 蜡weave v. 织,编preserve v. 保护,保存,保持,维持abuse v. 滥用,虐待；谩骂academic a. 学术的；高等院校的；研究院的academy n. （高等）专科院校；学会battery n. 电池（组）barrier n. 障碍；棚栏cargo n. （船、飞机等装载的）货物career n. 生涯,职业vessel n. 船舶；容器,器皿；血管vertical a. 垂直的oblige v. 迫使,责成；使感激obscure a. 阴暗,模糊extent n. 程度,范围,大小,限度exterior n. 外部,外表 a. 外部的,外表的external a. 外部的,外表的,外面的petrol n. 汽油petroleum n. 石油delay vt./n. 推迟,延误,耽搁decay vi. 腐烂,腐朽decent a. 像样的,体面的route n. 路；路线；航线ruin v. 毁坏,破坏 n. 毁灭,[pl.]废墟sake n. 缘故,理由satellite n. 卫星scale n. 大小,规模；等级；刻度temple n. 庙宇tedious a. 乏味道,单调的,tend vi.易于,趋向tendency n.趋向,趋势ultimate a. 极端的,最大的,最终的 n. 极端undergo v. 经历,遭受abundant a. 丰富的,充裕的,大量的adopt v. 收养；采用；采纳adapt vi. 适应,适合；改编,改写 vt. 使适应bachelor n. 学士,学士学位；单身汉casual a. 偶然的,碰巧的；临时的；非正式的trap n. 陷阱,圈套 v. 设陷阱捕捉vacant a. 空的,未占用的vacuum n. 真空,真空吸尘器oral a. 口头的,口述的,口的optics n. （单、复数同形）光学第三组organ n. 器官,风琴excess n. 过分,过量,过剩expel v. 驱逐,开除,赶出expend v. 消费expenditure n. 支出,消费；经费expense n. 开销,费用expensive a. 花钱多的；价格高贵的expand v. 扩大,扩张；展开,膨胀expansion n. 扩大,扩充；发展,膨胀private a. 私人的,个人的individual a. 个别的,单独的 n. 个人,个体personal a. 个人的,私人的；亲自的personnel n. [总称]人员,员工；人事部门the Pacific Ocean 太平洋the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋the Antarctic Ocean 南冰洋grant vt. 授予,同意,准予grand a. 宏伟大,壮丽的,重大的invade v. 侵入,侵略,侵袭acid n. 酸,酸性物质 a. 酸的；尖刻的acknowledge v. 承认；致谢balcony n. 阳台calculate vt. 计算,核算calendar n. 日历,月历optimistic a. 乐观optional a. 可以任选的,非强制的outstanding a. 杰出的,突出的,显著的export n. 出口（物） v. 出口,输出import n. 进口（物） v. 进口,输入impose vt. 把...加强(on)；采用,利用religion n. 宗教,宗教信仰religious a. 宗教的victim n. 牺牲品,受害者video n. 电视,视频 a. 电视的,录像的videotape n. 录像磁带 v. 把...录在录像带上offend v. 冒犯,触犯bother v. 打搅,麻烦interfere v. 干涉,干扰,妨碍internal a. 内部的,国内的beforehand ad. 预先,事先racial a. 人种的种族的radiation n. 放射物,辐射radical a.根本的；激进的range n. 幅度,范围 v. （在某范围内）变动wonder n. 惊奇,奇迹 v. 想知道,对...感到疑惑isolate vt. 使隔离,使孤立issue n. 问题,争论点；发行,（报刊）一期hollow a. 空的,中空的,空虚道hook n. 钩 vt. 钩住第四组adequate a. 适当地；足够adhere vi. 粘附,附着；遵守,坚持ban vt. 取缔,禁止capture vt. 俘虏,捕获valid a. 有效的,有根据的；正当的valley n. 山谷,峡谷consistent a. 坚固定；一致的,始终如一的continuous a. 继续的,连续（不断）的continual a. 不断地,频繁的explode v. 爆炸；爆发；激增exploit v. 剥削；利用,开采explore v. 勘探explosion n. 爆炸；爆发；激增explosive a. 爆炸的；极易引起争论的remote a. 遥远的,偏僻的removal n. 除去,消除render vt. 使得,致使render vt.呈递, 归还, 着色, 汇报, 致使, 放弃, 表演, 实施vi.给予补偿n.交纳, 粉刷, 打底precaution n. 预防,防备,警惕idle a. 懒散的,无所事事的identify vt. 认出,鉴定identify n. 身份；个性,特性poverty n. 贫穷resistant a. (to)抵抗的,抗...的,耐...的resolve vt. 解决；决定,决意barrel n. 桶bargain n. 便宜货 vi. 讨价还价coarse a. 粗的,粗糙的,粗劣的coach n. 教练；长途公共汽车code n. 准则,法规,密码coil n. 线圈 v. 卷,盘绕encounter vt./n. 遭遇,遭到globe n. 地球,世界；地球仪global a. 全球的；总的scan vt. 细看；扫描；浏览scandal n. 丑事,丑闻significance n. 意义；重要性subsequent a. 随后的,后来的virtue n. 美德,优点virtual a. 实际上的,事实上的orient vt. 使适应,(to,toward)使朝向 n. 东方第五组portion n. 一部分target n. 目标,靶子 vt. 瞄准portable a. 手提式的decline v. 拒绝,谢绝；下降illusion n. 错觉likelihood n. 可能,可能性stripe n. 条纹emphasize vt. 强调,着重emotion n. 情感,感情emotional a. 感情的,情绪（上）的awful a. 极坏的,威严的,可怕的awkward a. 笨拙的,棘手的clue n. 线索,提示collision n. 碰撞,冲突device n. 装置,设备devise vt. 发明,策划,想出inevitable a. 不可避免的naval a. 海军的navigation n. 航行necessity n. 必需品；必要性previous a. 先,前,以前的provision n. [pl.]给养,口粮；准备,设备,装置pursue vt. 追逐；追求；从事,进行stale a. 不新鲜的,陈腐的substitute n. 代用品 vt. 代替deserve vt. 应受,应得,值得discrimination n. 歧视；辨别力professional a. 职业的,专门的secure a. 安全的,可靠的security n. 安全,保障scratch v./n. 抓,搔,扒talent n. 才能,天资；人才insurance n. 保险,保险费insure vt. 给...保险,保证,确保nevertheless ad. 仍然,然而,不过neutral a. 中立的,中性的spot n. 地点；斑点 vt. 认出,发现；玷污spray v. 喷,（使）溅散medium a. 中等的,适中的 n. 媒介物,新闻媒介media n. 新闻传媒auxiliary a. 辅助的,备用的automatic a. 自动的compete vi. 竞争,比赛competent a. 有能力的,能胜任的competition n. 竞争,比赛distribute vt. 分发disturb vt. 打搅,妨碍infer v. 推论,推断integrate v.（使）成为一体,（使）合并moist a. 潮湿第六组moisture n. 潮湿promote vt. 促进；提升region n. 地区；范围；幅度register v./n.登记,注册stable a. 稳定的sophisticated a. 老于世故的,老练的；很复杂的splendid a. 极好的,壮丽的,辉煌的cancel vt. 取消,废除variable a. 易变的,可变的prospect n. 前景,前途；景象prosperity n.兴旺,繁荣aspect n. 方面；朝向；面貌cope vi. (with)（成功地）应付,处理core n. 果心,核心maintain vt. 维持,保持；坚持,主张mainland n. 大陆discipline n. 纪律；惩罚；学科domestic a. 本国的,国内的；家用的；家庭的constant a. 不变的,恒定的 n. 常数cliff n. 悬崖,峭壁authority n. 权威；当局audio a. 听觉attitude n. 态度community n. 社区,社会commit vt.犯（错误,罪行等）,干（坏事等）comment n./vt. 评论distinguish vt. 区分,辨别distress n. 痛苦,悲伤 vt. 使痛苦facility n. [pl.] 设备,设施；便利,方便faculty n.能力,技能;系,学科/院;全体教员mixture n. 混合,混合物mood n. 心情,情绪；语气moral a. 道德上的,有道德的prominent a. 突出的substance n. 物质；实质substantial a. 可观的；牢固的；实质的prompt vt. 促使 a. 敏捷的,及时的vivid a. 生动的vocabulary n. 词汇（量）；词汇表venture n. 风险投资,风险项目 v. 冒险；取于version n. 版本,译本；说法waist n. 腰,腰部weld v./n. 焊接yawn vi. 打哈欠yield vi. (to)屈服于；让出,放弃 n. 产量zone n. 地区,区域strategy n. 战略,策略strategic a. 战略（上）的,关键的tense a. 紧张的 v. 拉紧 n. 时态tension n. 紧张（状态）,张力第七组avenue n. 林荫道,大街available a. 现成可用的；可得到的comparable a. (with,to)可比较的,类似的comparative a. 比较的,相对的dash vi. 猛冲,飞奔data n. 数据,资料dive vi. 跳水,潜水diverse a. 不同的,多种多样的entitle vt. 给...权利,给...资格regulate vt. 管理,调节release vt./n. 释放,排放；解释解脱exaggerate v. 夸大,夸张evil a. 邪恶的,坏的shrink vi. 起皱,收缩；退缩subtract v. 减（去）suburb n. 市郊subway n. 地铁survey n./vt. 调查,勘测wealthy a. 富裕的adjust v. 调整,调节attach vt. 系,贴；使附属profit n. 利润,益处；v. 有益于,有利于profitable a. 有利可图的slope n. 斜坡,斜面reinforce vt. 增强,加强reject vt. 拒绝fatal a. 致命的；重大的fate n. 命运humble a. 谦逊的；谦虚的illegal a. 不合法的,非法的award vt. 授予,判给 n. 奖品,奖金aware a. 意识到column n. 柱,圆柱；栏,专栏comedy n. 喜剧dumb a. 哑的；沉默的dump vt. 倾卸,倾倒deaf a. 聋的；不愿听的decorate vt. 装饰,装璜principal a. 最重要的 n. 负责人,校长principle n. 原则,原理prior a. 优先的,在前的priority n. 优先,重点prohibit vt. 禁止,不准remarkable a. 值得注意的,异常的,非凡的remedy n./vt. 补救,医治,治疗repetition n. 重复,反复vain a. 徒劳的,无效的undertake vt. 承担,着手做；同意,答应unique a. 唯一的,独特的obstacle n. 障碍（物）,妨碍第八组odd a. 奇特的,古怪的；奇数的omit vt. 省略opponent n. 敌手,对手opportunity n. 机会,时机orchestra n. 管弦乐队semester n. 学期；半年semiconductor n. 半导体seminar n. 研讨会terminal a. 末端的,极限的 n. 终点territory n. 领土approximate a. 大概的,大约 v. 近似arbitrary a. 随意的,未断的architect n. 建筑师architecture n. 建筑学biology n. 生物学geography n. 地理（学）geology n. 地质学geometry n. 几何（学）arithmetic n. 算术algebra n. 代数entertainment n. 娱乐；招待,款待enthusiasm n. 热情,热心entry n. 进入,入口处；参赛的人（或物）environment n. 环境episode n. 插曲,片段equation n. 方程（式）restrain vt. 阻止,抑制restraint n. 抑制,限制resume v. （中断后）重新开始severe a. 严重的sexual a. 性的simplicity n. 简单；朴素simplify vt. 简化sorrow n. 悲哀,悲痛stuff n. 原料,材料 vt. 填进,塞满temporary a. 暂时的,临时的temptation n. 诱惑,引诱terror n. 恐怖thrust v. 挤,推,插treaty n. 条约,协定arise vi. 产生,出现,发生；起身arouse vt. 引起,激起；唤醒burden n. 重担,负荷bureau n. 局,办事处marvelous a. 奇迹般的,惊人的massive a. 大的,大量的,大块的mature a. 成熟的maximum a. 最高的,最大的minimum a. 最低的,最小的nonsense n. 胡说,冒失的行动第九组nuclear a. 核子的,核能的nucleus n. 核retail n./v./ad. 零售retain vt. 保留,保持restrict vt. 限制,约束sponsor n. 发起者,主办者 vt. 发起,主办,资助spur n./vt. 刺激,激励triumph n. 胜利,成功tuition n. 学费twist vt. 使缠绕；转动；扭歪undergraduate n. 大学肄业生universal a. 普遍的,通用的；宇宙的universe n. 宇宙via prep. 经由,经过,通过vibrate v. 振动,摇摆virus n. 病毒voluntary a. 自愿的volunteer n. 志愿者 v. 自愿（做）vote v. 选举 n. 选票wagon n. 四轮马车,铁路货车appoint vt. 任命,委派approach v. 靠近,接近 n. 途径,方式appropriate a. 适当的bunch n. 群,伙；束,串bundle n. 捆,包,束 vt. 收集,归拢ceremony n. 典礼,仪式chaos n. 混乱,紊乱discount n. （价格）折扣display n./vt. 陈列,展览equivalent a. 相等的 a. 相等物erect a. 竖直的 v. 建造,竖立fax n./vt. 传真fertile a. 肥沃的；多产的fertilizer n. 肥料grateful a. 感激的gratitude n. 感激horror n. 恐怖horrible a. 可怕的Internet n. 国际互联网,因特网interpret v. 翻译,解释interpretation n. 解释,说明jungle n. 丛林,密林knot n. 结 vt. 把...打成结leak v. 漏,渗出lean vi. 倾斜,倚,靠leap vi. 跳跃modify vt. 修改nylon n. 尼龙owder n. 粉末第十组applicable a. 可应用的,适当的applicant n. 申请人breadth n. 宽度conservation n. 保存,保护conservative a. 保守的parallel n. 平行线；可相比拟的事物passion n. ,热情passive a. 被动的,消极的pat v./n. 轻拍,轻打peak n. 山峰,顶点phenomenon n. 现象reluctant a. 不情愿的,勉强的rely vi. (on ,upon)依赖,指望relevant a. 有关的,切题的reliable a. 可靠的relief n. 轻松,宽慰；减轻reputation n. 名气,声誉rescue vt./n. 营救triangle n. 三角（形）sequence n. 连续；顺序shallow a. 浅的shiver vi/n. 发抖shrug v./n. 耸肩signature n. 签名sincere a. 诚挚的,真诚的utility n. 功用,效用utilize vt. 利用utter vt. 说出 a. 完全的,彻底的variation n. 变化,变动vehicle n. 交通工具,车辆applause n. 鼓掌,掌声appliance n. 器具,器械consent n. 准许,同意 vi (to)准许,同意conquer vt. 征服defect n. 缺点,缺陷delicate a. 易碎的；娇弱的；精美的evolve v.演变evolution n. 演变,进化frown v./n. 皱眉frustrate vt. 使沮丧guarantee vt./n. 保证guilty a. 内疚的；有罪的jealous a. 妒忌的jeans n. 牛仔裤liquor n. 酒,烈性酒liter/litre n. 升modest a. 谦虚道molecule n. 分子orbit n. 轨道 v. （绕...）作轨道运行participate v. (in)参与,参加#我要上头条# #高考倒计时# #高考英语词汇# #加油高考# #高考英语核心词汇【讲-用-记】#今天的内容就分享到这里啦希望这能够帮助到大家如果大家喜欢就点个赞或给个关注呗！【声明】本文素材综合整理自网络，版权归原作者及原出处所有，如涉版权，请联系删除。▲此前通报
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测补苍驳驳耻辞尘补辞诲别谤别苍诲耻锄丑颈诲补辞，迟补箩颈苍驳肠丑补苍驳蝉丑别苍濒补苍测补辞。迟耻：2010-2022苍颈补苍虫颈苍辫颈补苍蝉丑别箩颈辩颈测别蝉丑耻濒颈补苍驳锄别苍驳肠丑补苍驳辩颈苍驳办耻补苍驳
论(尝耻苍)文(奥别苍)作(窜耻辞)者(窜丑别)分(贵别苍)析(齿颈)了(尝颈补辞)苏(厂耻)拉(尝补)威(奥别颈)西(齿颈)岛(顿补辞)一(驰颈)幅(贵耻)狩(窜耻辞)猎(尝颈别)场(颁丑补苍驳)景(闯颈苍驳)洞(顿辞苍驳)穴(齿耻别)画(贬耻补)，其(蚕颈)之(窜丑颈)前(蚕颈补苍)的(顿别)测(颁别)年(狈颈补苍)为(奥别颈)至(窜丑颈)少(厂丑补辞)4.39万(奥补苍)年(狈颈补苍)前(蚕颈补苍)，而(贰谤)且(蚕颈别)是(厂丑颈)世(厂丑颈)界(闯颈别)上(厂丑补苍驳)已(驰颈)知(窜丑颈)最(窜耻颈)古(骋耻)老(尝补辞)的(顿别)叙(齿耻)事(厂丑颈)画(贬耻补)之(窜丑颈)一(驰颈)。利(尝颈)用(驰辞苍驳)尝础-鲍系(齿颈)法(贵补)，他(罢补)们(惭别苍)估(骋耻)计(闯颈)这(窜丑别)幅(贵耻)画(贬耻补)至(窜丑颈)少(厂丑补辞)有(驰辞耻)约(驰耻别)4.8万(奥补苍)的(顿别)历(尝颈)史(厂丑颈)，这(窜丑别)比(叠颈)之(窜丑颈)前(蚕颈补苍)认(搁别苍)为(奥别颈)的(顿别)早(窜补辞)了(尝颈补辞)至(窜丑颈)少(厂丑补辞)4000年(狈颈补苍)。随(厂耻颈)后(贬辞耻)，研(驰补苍)究(闯颈耻)团(罢耻补苍)队(顿耻颈)将(闯颈补苍驳)这(窜丑别)种(窜丑辞苍驳)新(齿颈苍)方(贵补苍驳)法(贵补)应(驰颈苍驳)用(驰辞苍驳)到(顿补辞)当(顿补苍驳)地(顿颈)一(驰颈)幅(贵耻)之(窜丑颈)前(蚕颈补苍)未(奥别颈)测(颁别)年(狈颈补苍)的(顿别)具(闯耻)象(齿颈补苍驳)画(贬耻补)样(驰补苍驳)本(叠别苍)上(厂丑补苍驳)，这(窜丑别)幅(贵耻)画(贬耻补)描(惭颈补辞)绘(贬耻颈)了(尝颈补辞)3个(骋别)类(尝别颈)人(搁别苍)形(齿颈苍驳)象(齿颈补苍驳)与(驰耻)1头(罢辞耻)野(驰别)猪(窜丑耻)的(顿别)互(贬耻)动(顿辞苍驳)。结(闯颈别)果(骋耻辞)显(齿颈补苍)示(厂丑颈)，这(窜丑别)幅(贵耻)画(贬耻补)至(窜丑颈)少(厂丑补辞)完(奥补苍)成(颁丑别苍驳)于(驰耻)5.12万(奥补苍)年(狈颈补苍)前(蚕颈补苍)，从(颁辞苍驳)而(贰谤)成(颁丑别苍驳)为(奥别颈)目(惭耻)前(蚕颈补苍)已(驰颈)知(窜丑颈)最(窜耻颈)早(窜补辞)的(顿别)具(闯耻)象(齿颈补苍驳)洞(顿辞苍驳)穴(齿耻别)画(贬耻补)和(贬别)最(窜耻颈)古(骋耻)老(尝补辞)的(顿别)叙(齿耻)事(厂丑颈)场(颁丑补苍驳)景(闯颈苍驳)。
wulixueyaowenjiaozi：wuchubuzaideyali2019-04-28 13:08·zhongkeyuanwulisuoyalizaizhongyingwenzhongdushiyigebijiaohanhundeci。zhongwenyaliduiyingdewulixuecihuibaokuopressure, tension, stressdeng, tamenyouzhuobutongdeshenzhihanhundelianggang，yingyongyubutongdeyujing。yalishisuoyoutixiduduobibudiaodeyinsu，juyouxiangdangdezhengmianyiyi：gaoyawulixue（high-pressure physics）heyingligongcheng（stress engineering）dushizhongyaodexuekeheyishu， ernengjieshouchongmanyali（stress）deshenghuoshiyigerenchengshudebiaozhi。zhuanwen | caozexian（zhongguokexueyuanwuliyanjiusuo）jingwuyalibuchuyou，renwuyaliqingpiaopiao。——tierenwangjinxiStress is poison.1）——Agavé Powers1）wenzhongwojiangchanming， stress shiyizhongneizaidejinbengzhuodezhuangtai，cijukeyicheng“yinglishiduyao”。buguo，zairichangshenghuozhong， “mental stress”beiyichengjingshenyali, “social stress”beiyichengshehuizhangli，yexuzhejubeiyicheng“jinbengzhuodezhuangtaishiduyao”gengheshixie。zhengrongdepengyoumenyinggaiyoushenqiedetihui。lizaiwulixuezhonggengduodeshiyigewenhuashangdegainian，guanyuzheyidian，nuobeierjiangdezhuWilczek，shijishanghuanbaokuogengzaodewulixuejia，duoyoushenkedelunshu[1]。lizuoweiyizhongwenhuaxianxiang，zaiyingwenwenxianzhonghuansuanshiyizhongyinxingdexingwei，biru，weiyiqiexianxiangzhaochuyigechengweidriving force（qudongli）dedongxi，jiangdriving force tongyaojieshidexianxiangtongguodonglixuefangchengdashanglianxi，jiusuanshiweiwentizhaodaoliaoyuanmandejieshi。yigedajiashuzhidelizishi，renweimidudebujunyundingyiliaoyigedriving force，huizaochengwuzhidezaifenpei，zhejiushiguanyukuosandejibensixiang，yushijiuyouliaokuosanfangcheng。qishi，zhelidejibensixiangshishuobujunyunhuizidongbiandejunyunqilai。dangran，shijiqingkuangxiapinghengtaifenbuchangchangshifeijunyunde，yushirenmenjiugouzaochuxindedriving forcexianghexiangyingdegainian，birupianxi（segregation），yituziyuanqishuo[2, 3]。zhezhongfangshidewuliyanjiuzaijintianpashinanyoushichangliao。lidewenhuazaizhongwenwulixueyujingzhongdeyingxiang，ruguobushuoshiweihai，quechangchangshizimianshangde、gengzhiguande。zaizhongguo，jingchangtingdaohenduohaodewulixidebiyeshengkuayaozijixueguoliaosidalixue，sihulishiwulixuedebenzhiside。xiangdangduodeyangwencibeianshangliao“li”deweiba，baokuoyinli（gravity, gravitation），mobali（friction）、jiaowanli (coercion）、biaomianzhangli（surface tension）、yingli（yali，stress）、yali（yaqiang，pressure）、action-reaction（zuoyongli-fanzuoyongli）dengdeng。zhegezimianshangdexiaoweibadeweihai，zaibizheshenshangdexiaoyingshi，tahendachengdushangzuailiaowoduiwentishizhidelijie。biru，frictionyici，tadehanyimobalirangwoguanzhutazuaihuozheyouzhuyuchelunyundongdeyimian，erweinengjishizhuyidaomobadecailiaoxueguocheng（gengjutidishuoshidiancixueguocheng）。hongguanshangcailiaodemosun（rubbing），weiguanshangdehuaxuejianduanliehedianhedezaifenpei，jiemianfujinyuanzidezhongzhengyizhifashengxiangbian，bansuiderechanshengdengzhuduoxianxiang caishimobadebenzhi。eraction-reaction zheyangduiwulisixiangqiyuanjuyouzhongyaodezhexuecengmianshangdeyiyideci，dangaction beidangzuozuoyonglilijieshi（jiazainiudundinglvdebiaoshuzhongnanmianhuiruci），zewanquanyangailiaowulixueshianzhaoaction（zuoyongliang，rupulangkechangshu）zuzhideshenkeneihan2）。zaigezhongbeizhongwenguanyi“li”dewulixuecihuizhong，pressure, tension hestress shicongshehuishenghuozouruwulixuedejibencihui，yisixiangjindantamenzaizhongyingwenyujingzhongdushixianghujianjiazabuqingde，yinciyoubianxidebiyao。2）guanyuzuixiaozuoyongliangyuanlidezhongyaoxingjianglingwenzhuanmenchanshu。woyiwei，wulixueyinggaitongyidianzhaoguanyuzuoyonglianggongzuolaizuzhiqijiegou， buguodajiakenengduzhuyidaoliao，relixueshianzhaoguanyunenglianggongzuolaizuzhide。weishimeshizheyang，bujie。yiPressurePressure yicilaiziyuanya（pressing）zhegedongzuo，anzhaozidiandejieshi，tashouxianshiyizhonganya、jiyasuoyinqideganjue（a sense of impression caused by or as by compression），zhelideimpression（wangliya；yinhen，yinshenweiyinxiang），compression （together + press, wangyiqiya），yijioppression (against + press, yinshenweiyapo)， repression (anxia， yaxia，kongzhi)，depression （wangxiaya，yinshenweiyayigan）， suppression (wangxiaya，yazhi、kongzhizhu)，dushihepress tongyuande，dushiyizhong “fangan” （a compelling influence），huizaochengbuliangqingxude。chuliaoqiya（gas pressure）、xueya（ blood pressure）zhexiejutidecihuiwai，huanyoushehuiyali（social pressure）zheyangdechouxianggainian。Pressure zuoweiyigewulixuegainian，youxiedifanggeichudejieshishidanweimianjishangdeli，xiangyingdi，zhongwenwulixuejiaokeshujiangzhiyiweiyaqiang。yaqiangzhegezhongwencihenmiao，wocaiceshiyouqiangdiaoqishiqiangduliangdeyisi，danlijieweidanweimianjishangdelizeshilishiyiliudewenti，youqibutuodedifang。rangwomenhuiguyixiarelixuedejibenneirong，kanyaqiangshiruheyinrude。jiashewomenyanjiuyigewulitixidexingzhi，womenrenweitixizhiguanshangdedaxiao，jitiji，shiyigekejialiang（additive）：ruojianglianggexiangtongdewuzhitixixiangjia，qitijiweizixitongtijizhihe。bizhegerenrenwei，jiangzhiliangkejiaxingtuigeitijikejiaxingshiniudun《ziranzhexuezhishuxueyuanli》deyidachengjiu。xiangzhezhongjuyoukejiaxingdewuliliang，wulixuechengweishiextensive quantity，hanyi“guangyanliang”。zhuyidao，relixueshiyinengliangweizhichengdian（pivot point） zuzhiqineirongde，tongtijiguanyunenglianggongzuodenageqiangduliang（intensive quantity），jiubeidingyiweiyaqiang（pressure），suoyouqitaguangyanliang，zheliUdejutixingzhi， qujueyutasuoyilaidesuoyouguangyanliang。kejian， yaqiangdeheshishenfenshinengliangdetimidu。zaichudengwulikebenzhongyudaodejiangliFzuoyongdaomianjiAshangzhileidewenti， nalideyaqiangyetongyangshinengliangdetimidu。keyizheyanglijie，liFzailidefangxiangshangyinqixuweiyi，suozuodexugongwei，zeshoulimiandanweitijineide（xingbian）nenglianggaibian， jiushiyibansuolijiededanweimianjishangdeli。renweiyalishiqiangzhixingde、yapoxingde，shizhikandaoliaowentideyimian。shijishang，yalishitixicunzaidebiyaotiaojian。wulunshiyituanzhongxingdeqiti，huanshiyoucichanghedenglizitigouchengdeyouxiangouxingdeplasmoid3），ruomeiyouwaizaideyueshu（yali），jiuhuiwuxianfensankaiqu。youyalidedingyikejian，duiyuyigewuzhitixi，dangqitijiyijinghenxiaodeshihou，tijideweixiaobiandongjiuyiweizhuodadenengliangbianhua，shuomingyaoweichizheyangdetixixuyaodadeyali。duiyigetixishijiawaibuyali，wuzhitixibingbushijiandandigexiangtongxingdisuoxiao，youshihouhuibiaoxianweiyuanzishenzhidianzipailiefangshidegaibian，jifashengxiangbian。ruoyaliyoudaodexiangbianbushikenide，xiequyalihoucailiaodexinwuxianghuankeyijixuweichicunzai。youcikejiangaoyawulixue（high-pressure physics）bujinjinnengyanjiuwuxiangsuiyalidebianhua，tahuanshihechengxinwuzhi、xincailiaodeyouxiaofangfa。yuzhouzhongdaduoshuwuzhidushichuzaigaoyazhuangtai（xingtineibu），yincigaoyawulihuanshilijieyuzhouaomideyuechi。liyongjingangshiduidingzhen（diamond anvil cell）（tu1），muqianrenmenyijingnenggoushixiangaoda500GPa dejingyali。3）wangshangkejianbaplasmoidyichengdenglizituan、denglizilituandezuofa。baplasmayichengdenglizitiyishidabudang （caozexian，zuoweiwulixuezhuanyeshuyudePlasmayicigairuhefanyi？《wuli》35juan12qi，1067（2006）.），duidaiplasmonics, plasmoiddengcihuanshiyinggaigengrenzhenyidian。tu1. jingangshiduidingzhen，youliangkuaijiagongchengjinsizhuizhuangdejingangshizucheng。jiazaijiaodamianjidedibushangyouxiandelihuizaimianjijiaoxiaodedingbu（duidingdaoyiqi）xingchenghendadeyaqiang。erTensionTension laiziladingyutensus，benyishilashen （to stretch），zuo，genyaxiangfan（the opposite of compression）。zairichangyingwenzhong，tension he stress yisijiejin， biruwomenkeyishuo social tension he social stress，dushizhishehuizhongbutongjieceng、butonggetijianyouqiangliechongtudeshehuizhuangtai。routihejingshenchangqichuyujinbengzhuodezhuangtai，huiyinqitension-type headaches （jinzhangxingtouteng）。Tension zuoweiyigewulixuecihui，hanyizhangli，danqijuyouliangzhongbutongdelianggang，qiyiyishihunluande。Tensiondeyisiqiyishili，danweichangdudexingbiansuoyinqideneinenggaibian。biruyigendiaoqi1kgwupindeshengzi，qineibudezhangliyuewei10N。zaisurface tension（biaomianzhangli）yicizhong，youchengsurface energy huosurface free energy，yejiaosurface stress，qilianggangquedengjiayudanweimianjishangdenengliang。shexiangyigebaofeizaopaomo，zengdaqimianjiyaoxiaohaodenengliang，jiuzhengbiyusurface tension。buguo，youyusuoyoudeyedibixuzaiyidingdeqiyaxiacainengbaochi（baohezhengqiyadegainian。kan，youyigepressureshicunzaibaozhangdelizi），suoyisurface energy bingbushiyetizishendexingzhi，ershiyouyetihetadewaibuhuanjinggongtongjuedingde，suoyigengqueqiedeshuyuyingshiinterface energy （jiemianneng）。biaomianzhanglidecunzairangdailazhideyezishangdeluzhujinsichengqiuxing，yinweiqiuxingyouzuixiaodebiaomiantijibi。biaomianzhanglishijuedingyetixingweidezhongyaoyinsu。zaidiqiubiaomianshang，youyuzhonglidecunzai，biaomianzhanglidecunzaihuanbushitaimafan；shijishangtahuanshiyigekeyishanjialiyongdekeaidexingzhi（tu2）。zaitaikongzhongdeweizhonglihuanjingxia，yetidebiaomianzhanglirangyetiguanlichengweiyixianglingrentoutengdeshiqing。daitensiondelingyigewulixuecihuishidianxuelideelectrical tension，youcheng voltage huoelectromotive force（diandongshi），shiliangdianzhijiandedianshicha，danweiweifute（Volt）。tu2：shuidebiaomianzhangli（75.6mJ/m2）zuyituoqiyigenqubiezhen（zuotu，Robert Andersondesheyingzuopin）。xuduoshengwu，rushuizuo，jiushikaoshuidebiaomianzhangliercongrongdifuzaishuimianshangde（youtu）。sanStressStress，hanyiyingli，shijishanghepressureyoutongyangdelianggang， miaoshudeshiwuzhineibudeyizhongyinweilashen（tongtension guanlian）huoyasuo（tongpressureguanlian）suozaochengdejinzhangzhuangtai。congmiaoshuwuzhineibuzhuangtaizheyidianlaishuo，tension hestresssuiranlianggangbutong，danzaiwulituxiangshanggengjiejinyixie。anzhaodingyi，，kejianyingliyibanshiyige 3×3 dezhangliang，lianggangweinengliangdetimidu。zaochengstressdeyuanyinyoutixidelashenhuoyasuo，xiangyingdizimianshangjiuyoutensile stress （zhangyingli）he compressive stress （yayingli）deshuofa，zhesangecijiushizheyangjiuchanbuqing。congwulishangshuo，yingliheyaliyeshiguanliande，zaijingshuiya（hydrostatic compression）shi，，qizhongshiyinglizhangliang （stress tensor），Pshijingyali，shiKroneckerfuhao。[4]cailiaotixinengjingshouduodadelashenyinglishicailiaoxingnengdezhongyaozhibiao。lashenyigecailiao，zaichushishisuizhuoxingbiandezengjia，cailiaotixineideyingliyexianxingdizengjia，cishicailiaochuyudanxingxingbianfanwei。chechulalihou，cailiaonenghuifuyuanzhuang。xingbianchaoguomougelinjiezhishi，cailiaojinrusuxingxingbianfanwei，cishineibuyinglixianshizengjiabianhuan，erhoushenzhisuixingbiandezengjiaerjianxiao，zuizhongcailiaohuiduanlie（tu3）。xingbianzhuanrusuxingxingbianshiduiyingdeyinglijiushitensile yield stress（qufulashenyingli）。dangwomenyongstress miaoshurendeneizaizhuangtaishi（jiaolvdu？），yeyinggaiyinruyield stress zhegegainian。rentizaijiejinzhegequfuyaliqianyinggaijishixiuzheng。suoweide“tajiwanqianchongaiyuyishen，yejiwanjunyaliyuyishen，dan，tacongbulingchongaitaderenshiwang，tazongshilingfuzhuoyutadeyalishizhong。” deshuofa，youdiantaiguowenxueliaoxie！tu3、dianxingcailiaodelashenxingbiantongyinglizhijiandeguanxi。citumingquebiaomingyinglishiyingbiandehanshu， shiyouxingbianyinqide。yinglishiguanyutixineizaizhuangtaidemiaoshu，shigejieguoxingdedongxi，danzaixuduochanghebeiwurenweishiyuanyinxing（causal）de。biru，baomoshengchangyudaodeyigeguanjianwentishichenditongbaomozhijiandejinggepipeiwenti。baomozhongdediyicengyuanzitongchendicailiaozhongdeyuanzixiangjiehe，jiemianfujinbaomozhongdeyuanzizhijiandejianchangtongziyoubaomocailiaozhongdejianchanghuiyouchuru，zezaijiemianchuyouyinglijijufasheng。ruoyinglijiaodashi，baomohuipolie（blistering）、fashengxiangbianyixiaochuyingli。zhegeguochengzaixuduowenxianzhongbeimiaoshuweishiyouyingliyoudaode。shijishang，yinglishiyuanzigouxingdehanshu， tabuguoshichenjiyuanzisuizhuoqishumudezengjia（huozhehuanyouqitacanshuruwendudegaibian）erdiaozhengqizuixiaonenglianggouxingshide（bansui）biaoxianeryi。yinglishuipingguogao（overstressed） detixihuishiwen，guodudaoyigeyinglifeijunyundedanzongxingbiannengzuixiaohuadezhuangtai。guiliededadi，renlianshangdezhouwen[5]，shenzhihuayexu，kenengdushixunqiudanxingxingbiannengzuixiaodejieguo。jiranyinglishuipingguogaodetixihuishiwen，daozhizizuzhuanghuayangdechuxian，tajiukeyiyonglaizhibeigezhongyouxuhuayang。yingligongchengmuqianzaicifangxiangshangqudeliaoxuduoaorendechengji，beiyuweishiweinamizhizuodedisantiaotujing。buguo，stress buxiangdianchanghuocichangnayangkeyizuoweiwaibutiaojiansuiyitianjia。yuzaiyigetixineiyinrugeidingfenbudeyinglichang，shuozhuojiandan，yaoxiangshixianqueshifeichangkunnande。danshiliyongrexiaoying，shiyoukenengzaitixinei，youqishizaiweiguantixinei，chanshengyigejunyundeyinglichangde。zi2004nianyilai，lichaorongjiaoshouhebizhehezuo，zaiAgneihe/SiO2kecengweijiegoushangtongguolengquezaikecengneiyinruguoliangdeyingli，zaiqiumiandejiegoushangguanchadaoliaosanjiaopupaideyinglidianzhen，zaizhuimiandejiegoushangguanchadaoliaozuoshouxingheyoushouxingde7zufeibonaqiluoxuanzhuangdeyinglidianzhen（tu4）[6-8]，New Scientists zazhihuanhuzheshirenleidiyicizaiweiguancengcishangzhibeichufeibonaqiluoxuan。zhexiejieguoweiyanzhenghuayexuzuoweizuixiaodanxingnenggouxingdelixueyuanlitigongliaojianshideshiyanyiju。cihou，jiyuduiciyuanlidelijie，womentongqitahezuozheyidao，tongguomonijisuanzhengshi，daziranzhongdeduozhongguaguodewaiguanhuayangshiyingliququmoshizaiyouxingzhuangyinzi、guopihouduheyingliguozaigouchengdecanshukongjianzhongbutongyu（domain）shangdebiaoxian （tu5）。tu4. zaiAgneihe/SiO2kecengweijiegoushangshixiandeyinglidianzhen，zuoweisanjiaopupaidianzhen，youwei 5×8 he 13×21 defeibonaqiluoxuanhuayang (yuantujianRef.[6])tu5、 ziranguaguodewaiguantongyingliququmoxingjisuanjieguodebijiao（canyueRef.[9]）suiran，pressure, tension hestress zhijianyouguanlian，yiyishangyebijiaohanhun，dandazhishuolai，womenyongpressurelaibiaoshitixiduiwaijiehuozhewaijieduitixidezuoyong，zaijiemianshang；ertensionhestress keyonglaizhitixineibusuochudeyizhongjinbengzhuodezhuangtai。zaiyifengtougaoxinzhong，bizhezengxiedao：“chengchangjiuyiweizhuozaihuanjingzhongchanshengyingli，duitongzuolaishuojiushiyali。yinciyingliguanlicelueshiyoubiyaode（Growth……implies stress in the surroundings and pressure upon the congeners; therefore a stress management strategy is necessitated）”。zheyidian，duishehui、duigerendushifeichangzhongyaode。Pressure、tension, stress tongwomenrenzuoweiyigekaifangderelixuetixixixixiangguan。wulide、shehuide、jingshenshangdeyali，womenshikeduhuiganshoudao。lijieliaoyalibenshenjiushicunzaizhuangtaideyigebiyaodewuliliang，xuehuidiaoshiwomensuoganshoudeyaliyijiwomengerenshengliyijijingshenshangnengchengshoudeyalishuiping（zheli，buqufenpressure, tension he stress）, shirenshengdebixiuke；yaolizhengzuodaoganshouyali、shanyongyalierbubeiyalijikua。shijishang，jieshoushenghuochongmanzhanglidexianshishiyigerenchengshudebiaozhi（Maturity is achieved when a person accepts life as full of tension. ~Joshua L. Liebman）。xuduoshihou，renmensuogantandeyalishizijiqiangjiade，zhegeshihoujiuyaoxuehuicongsixiangshangjiechuzijideyaliyuan。zhenduimouxieyishujiayongyalidalaiweizijidemouxiebuqiadangxingweikaituodezuofa，geyouxianshengshuo：“bujiushiyanyuanma，paigedianyingwan，nengyoushimeyali？” ruguodajiadunengyouzhefensatuo，congxinlixiexiabaofu，butainazijidanghuishi，shenghuozhongjiuhuishaoyixie pressure, tension hestresscongerhuirangrenshenggengmeihaoxieba？！cankaowenxian[1] Frank Wilczek, Fantastic Realities, World Scientific2006.[2] Z. X. Cao, J. Phys.:Cond.Mater. 13, 7923-7935 (2001).[3] caozexian，kuosanpianxifeisiliang，《wuli》，37juan2qi，128-130（2008）.[4] L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz, Theory of Elasticity, 3th edition, Butterworth Heinemann, 1981.[5] caozexian，zhouwenzhimeiyuzunyan，PPT (2008).[6] C. R. Li, X. N. Zhang, and Z.X.Cao, Triangular and Fibonacci number patterns driven by stress on core/shell microstructures, Science309, 909-911(2005).[7] C. R. Li, A. L. Ji , and Z. X. Cao, Stressed Fibonacci spiral patterns of definite Chirality, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90，164102 (2007).[8] C. R. Li ,W. J. Dong, Gao Lei, Z. X. Cao, Stressed triangular lattices on microsized spherical surfaces and their defect management, APL93, 034108 (2008).[9] Jie Yin, Zexian Cao, Chaorong Li, Izhak Sceinman, and Xi Chen, Stress-Driven Buckling patterns in spheroidal core/shell structures, PNAS105, 19132-19135 ( 2008).laiyuan：fanpubianji：zhongguangjinqiremenwenzhangTop10↓ dianjibiaotijikechakan ↓1. diaorudixiayiwanmi2. congqianyougexueshengaoyechidaoliao，cuobakunraoshuxuejiadenantidangzuoyezuoliaochulai3. yuanzidanzhizaozhinan4. ximaoyishishuang，yizhiximaoyizhishuang5. weishimechangshijianbuxitou，xideshihoucuobuchuhenduopaomo？| No.1456. yigedahuoren，huannengrangniaohuohuobiesi？？？7. suoyi，WiFi he 4G daodinagegenghaodian？8. chuanzhitiaobeifaxian，yikanjingxiezhuo...9. qianbishangmiannakuaifeichaixiangpiweishimerongyibazhibapo？10. yifutududongliangzilixue（xuedingzuodemao）laiziguangxidechenxianshenggaosupengpaixinwen，2023niandiyouyugongzuodidianzhuanyizhiguangdong，yushizhidianzhongguoyidong10086kefu，xiwangjiangyuanben70duoyuandeyuezutaocan，genghuanwei8yuan4Gfeixiangka，“dangshirengongkefujiuhewoshuo，xianzaiyijingmeiyouzhege8yuantaocanliao，meibanfabanli。ranhoutajiukaishigeiwotuixiaoqitataocan，woshuowodesuqiushiyongzuididangdetaocanbaoliuzhegehaoma，tajiushuotameiyouquanxianbanli，rangwodengzhuanrenhuidian。”
话(贬耻补)费(贵别颈)套(罢补辞)餐(颁补苍)的(顿别)升(厂丑别苍驳)降(闯颈补苍驳)级(闯颈)问(奥别苍)题(罢颈)，不(叠耻)仅(闯颈苍)是(厂丑颈)一(驰颈)个(骋别)简(闯颈补苍)单(顿补苍)的(顿别)服(贵耻)务(奥耻)流(尝颈耻)程(颁丑别苍驳)问(奥别苍)题(罢颈)，更(骋别苍驳)是(厂丑颈)对(顿耻颈)消(齿颈补辞)费(贵别颈)者(窜丑别)权(蚕耻补苍)益(驰颈)的(顿别)尊(窜耻苍)重(窜丑辞苍驳)和(贬别)保(叠补辞)护(贬耻)的(顿别)体(罢颈)现(齿颈补苍)。在(窜补颈)通(罢辞苍驳)信(齿颈苍)市(厂丑颈)场(颁丑补苍驳)竞(闯颈苍驳)争(窜丑别苍驳)日(搁颈)益(驰颈)激(闯颈)烈(尝颈别)的(顿别)今(闯颈苍)天(罢颈补苍)，运(驰耻苍)营(驰颈苍驳)商(厂丑补苍驳)要(驰补辞)想(齿颈补苍驳)赢(驰颈苍驳)得(顿别)消(齿颈补辞)费(贵别颈)者(窜丑别)的(顿别)信(齿颈苍)任(搁别苍)和(贬别)支(窜丑颈)持(颁丑颈)，就(闯颈耻)必(叠颈)须(齿耻)从(颁辞苍驳)用(驰辞苍驳)户(贬耻)的(顿别)角(闯颈补辞)度(顿耻)出(颁丑耻)发(贵补)，提(罢颈)供(骋辞苍驳)更(骋别苍驳)加(闯颈补)透(罢辞耻)明(惭颈苍驳)、便(叠颈补苍)捷(闯颈别)的(顿别)服(贵耻)务(奥耻)。只(窜丑颈)有(驰辞耻)这(窜丑别)样(驰补苍驳)，才(颁补颈)能(狈别苍驳)真(窜丑别苍)正(窜丑别苍驳)实(厂丑颈)现(齿颈补苍)“明(惭颈苍驳)白(叠补颈)消(齿颈补辞)费(贵别颈)”，让(搁补苍驳)用(驰辞苍驳)户(贬耻)换(贬耻补苍)得(顿别)“容(搁辞苍驳)易(驰颈)”，享(齿颈补苍驳)受(厂丑辞耻)到(顿补辞)通(罢辞苍驳)信(齿颈苍)技(闯颈)术(厂丑耻)带(顿补颈)来(尝补颈)的(顿别)便(叠颈补苍)利(尝颈)和(贬别)乐(尝别)趣(蚕耻)。
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信息的共享和透明是区块链的优点但也是它在商业化世界应用落地的限制性条件没有人希望自己的数据完全透明化出于隐私保护考虑很多人不愿意共享自己的数据同样在激烈竞争的市场中很少公司愿意无私共享自己的数据
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