当对方在某件事上喋喋不休时,不必勉强自己听下去,可以适时转换一下话题。
2025年01月04日,新能源汽车产业链全梳理(附股)原创2021-10-31 10:30·策金财经新能源汽车发展于全球石化日益枯竭和环境污染日益严重的时代,与传统汽车产业链相比,新能源汽车是一个全新的产业赛道,形成了整车制造与核心零部件共举的新型产业格局。新能源汽车产业链由顶层技术、上游材料端、中游核心装置部件和下游整车及后市场构成。新能源汽车的零部件数量只有传统汽车20%,电池、电机、电控等核心零部件是价值所在,传统车企发动机技术、供应链整合优势不再,因而使我国有望在新能源汽车领域实现弯道超车。谈到新能源车,不得不谈到特斯拉,2012年,特斯拉的第一辆纯电动车Model S发布,一经发布便使全球汽车圈沸腾。其流畅的车身线条、智能化的中控大屏及电动化的驾驶体验让人们过目不忘,也使电动乘用车量产成为了可能。特斯拉也成为传统及新势力车企追逐和效仿的对象。近几年,汽车产业已逐渐形成电动化趋势,除传统车企开始涉足新能源汽车外,国内也涌现出一大批造车新势力,如蔚来、理想、小鹏、哪吒、零跑汽车等。电动车销量也实现逐年上升,未来随着电池性能的提升及充电设施布局加快,新能源汽车将会逐渐取代传统燃油车成为市场销量主力军。01 新能源汽车的定义参考《新能源汽车生产公司及产物准入管理规则》对新能源汽车的定义,新能源汽车是指采用非常规的车用燃料作为动力来源,综合车辆的动力控制和驱动方面的先进技术,形成的具有新技术、新结构、技术原理先进的汽车。02 新能源汽车的种类包括纯电动汽车(BEV,Battery Electric Vehicle,如特斯拉 Model 3)、增程式电动汽车(PHEV,Plug- in hybrid electric vehicle,如理想One)、混合动力汽车(Hybrid Vehicle,如宝马530 Le)、燃料电池电动汽车(FCV,Fuel cell vehicles,如丰田Mirai)等。本文主要介绍的为纯电动汽车。03 新能源汽车产业链全景图新能源汽车产业链上游主要为锂、镍、铝、钢等金属原材料及构成锂电池的正负极材料、隔膜、电解液等;新能源汽车中游主要为核心部件及相关零部件,包括三电系统(电机、电控和电池)、底盘、车用电子器件,内饰件等;新能源汽车下游主要为汽车整车、充电桩及电池回收业务等。04 新能源汽车上游我们将新能源车的上游分成两个部分,最上游为镍钴锰矿、锂矿、铝矿、铁矿、石墨矿等原材料。其中的镍、钴、锂等有色金属主要用在新能源汽车电池的正极材料上,石墨为电池负极材料的主要构成原料,车身及相关零部件构架主要为铝、钢及塑料等材料。以上游为锂电池的关键组成部分,即正极材料、负极材料、隔膜及电解液。其中,正极材料是锂电池的核心材料,是绝定电池性能的关键因素,目前,正极材料使用较多的为磷酸铁锂及镍钴锰酸锂(三元材料),两者在能量密度、安全性等多个方面存在较大差异(如下表)。最近特斯拉披露了公司三季报,决定标准续航版的Model 3和Mdoel Y将在全球范围内逐渐调整为搭载磷酸铁锂电池,不再使用三元锂电池。而像我们熟知的比亚迪刀片电池正极材料使用的也为磷酸铁锂。正极材料相关个股:杉杉股份、当升科技、振华新材等负极材料的构成主要为碳材料及非碳材料,其中,碳材料包括石墨材料(天然石墨、人造石墨)与其他碳材料(硬碳、软碳),非碳材料可细分为钛基材料、硅基材料、锡基材料、氮化物等。与正极材料不同,锂电池负极虽路线同样众多,最终产物却很单一,人造石墨是绝对主流。相较于其它材料,人造石墨循环性能好、安全性占优且工艺成熟、原材料易获取,成本较低,是非常理想的选择。负极材料相关个股:杉杉股份、中科电气、方大炭素等隔膜为锂电池正负极之间的一层薄膜,在锂电池进行电解反应时,可用来分隔正极和负极防止发生短路。目前隔膜材料主要有聚乙烯(PE)与聚丙烯(PP)两种,隔膜材料的选择与正极材料有关。其中,聚乙烯主要应用于三元锂电池,聚丙烯则主要应用于磷酸铁锂电池。除了材料,制备工艺对隔膜的性能也有着一定影响。当前锂电池隔膜的生产技术分为干法和湿法两大类,干法又称为熔融拉伸法,可进一步细分为单向拉伸和双向拉伸两种工艺。此技术路线的发展时间长,更加成熟,主要用于生产PP膜。此外,双向拉伸工艺由于成品性能不佳,只用于中低端电池,已不再是主流制备工艺。干法工艺具有简单、成本低、环境友好的特点,但产物性能较差,更适用于小功率、低容量电池。湿法会对基膜表面进行涂覆,以提高材料的热稳定性。相较于干法制备产物,湿法工艺的隔膜在性能上有着比较明显的优势,其厚度更薄,拉伸强度更理想,此外,湿法隔膜的穿刺强度更高,更有利于延长电池寿命。隔膜相关个股:星源材质、恩捷股份、沧州明珠等电解液在锂电池中,主要作为离子迁移的载体,保证离子在正负极之间的传输。其对电池安全性、循环寿命、充放电倍率、高低温性能、能量密度等性能指标都有一定影响。电解液一般由高纯度的有机溶剂、电解质锂盐和添加剂等原料按一定比例配制构成。目前,由于较好的性能与较低的成本,六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)是主流的锂盐溶质。其在各类非水溶剂中有较好的溶解度和较高的电导率,化学性质相对稳定,安全性好,且对环境污染也小。电解液相关个股:天赐材料、新宙邦等05 新能源汽车中游新能源汽车中游相比上游涉及的产业链业态更为多样,“三电系统”为其核心,所谓的三电,即电池、电机及电控。电池的作用类似于燃油车的油箱,是储能设备。可以说动力电池直接决定了纯电动车型的续航里程。上文我们较为详细地介绍了电池的四大组成材料,本段就不再赘述。电机在纯电动汽车上的作用是将电能转化为动能,与燃油车的发动机类似,车辆的性能也由此决定。目前新能源车电机主要分为交流异步电机和永磁同步电机。交流异步电机和永磁同步电机的区别在于转子。交流异步电机的转子上是导线,需要在电磁感应原理的作用下才能追着定子旋转磁场跑,并且永远追不上旋转磁场的转速,所以叫“异步”。永磁同步电机整体性能相对更好,但成本也比较高。而交流异步电机效率相对较低,不过成本也低,同时有一个优点,就是耐用性好。像目前主流的电动汽车如特斯拉Model 3、小鹏P7、理想One搭载的为永磁同步电机,蔚来ES8、ES6等车型则搭载的为前永磁同步、后交流异步双电机。电机上游的零部件中,最主要的原材料为汝铁硼永磁体,该材料为第三代稀土永磁材料,是当代磁体中性能最强的永磁体,我国稀土资源储量位居世界第一,这是我国驱动电机产业发展的一大优势。新能源汽车电控系统,就是控制汽车驱动电机的装置,它相当于新能源汽车的大脑,对整个车辆的运行和动力输出进行合理的控制。和传统的燃油车相比,新能源汽车电气系统变化巨大,对电控系统的要求也更高更复杂。新能源车的电控系统核心组件包括逆变器、驱动器、电源、控制器、保护模块、散热系统、信号检测模块等等,但最核心的部件有三个:逆变器、驱动器和控制器。其中,逆变器的核心模块IGBT(绝缘栅双极型晶体管)在电控系统的作用至关重要,其成本直接占到整个电控系统的40%-50%。IGBT的作用是交流电和直流电的转换,同时IGBT还承担电压的高低转换的功能。2020年之前,我国的IGBT主要由三菱、英飞凌、富士等国外巨头占据,大部分都依赖进口,近两年,国内IGBT行业发展已经取得了长足进步。代表性的公司包括中国中车、比亚迪、中环股份等。其中,中国中车为国内少有的掌握 IGBT芯片研发、模块封装、测试和应用的公司,并且在高电压等级的IGBT 产物上也拥有很强的实力,目前在高铁、轨交牵引变流器上已经实现了国产替代。而比亚迪为我国目前最大、且唯一能自给自足的车规级IGBT供应商,但目前其产物主要还是自供。随着IGBT国产化进程的加速,国内新能源汽车的电控成本将有效降低。动力电池相关个股:宁德时代、比亚迪、欣旺达等电机相关个股:上汽集团、汇川技术、卧龙电驱、大洋电机等电控相关个股:阳光电源、国轩高科、万向钱潮等除三电系统外,新能源汽车中游还涵盖汽车电子、车载物联网终端、内饰、轮胎等多个细分产业,相关个股情况如下:动力系统:圣龙股份(发动机油泵、变速箱油泵)、德尔股份(转向泵)、全柴动力(发动机)、东安动力(理想One发动机供应商)汽车电子:华阳集团、安洁科技座椅龙头:继峰股份轮胎:赛轮轮胎、玲珑轮胎、三角轮胎变速器:万里扬机械传动齿轮:双环传动(合作伙伴有大众、采埃孚、利勃海尔等行业龙头)内饰件:旷达科技、 钧达股份轮毂:迪生力、万丰奥威底盘:天润工业(曲轴)、拓普集团、中鼎股份(智能底盘、电机密封系统)智能驾驶:德赛西威、道通科技、中科创达、爱柯迪(精密压铸件)、锐新科技(电池箱体、保险杠、天窗结构件)、伊戈尔(高频变压器)、三花智控(汽车空调、热管理)、奥特佳(空调系统)06 新能源汽车下游新能源汽车下游主要为汽车整车、充电桩、汽车服务等。新能源整车大致可分为乘用车和商用车两部分,随着传统车企纷纷转型,国内新能源整车领域的玩家也越来越多。除比亚迪、吉利、长城、上汽等传统车企外;还有以蔚来、理想汽车、小鹏汽车等为代表的造车新势力;以及近期纷纷宣布入局电动车领域的小米、华为(率先与华为合作的小康股份和北汽蓝谷)等生态巨头。据乘联会9月零售销量排行快报显示,9月份新能源狭义乘用车销量33.3万辆,同比增长202.0%,环比增长33.6%;今年累计销量181.8万辆,同比增长203.1%。与传统燃油车走势形成强烈差异化的特征,实现对燃油车市场的替代效应,并拉动车市向新能源化转型的步伐。下图为今年1-9月新能源汽车销量榜单:随着新能源汽车保有量的增加,车辆的充电也成为了用车的重中之重。在当前居民用电和商业用电价格存在价差的背景下,慢充是发展趋势,更多家庭充电是提升电网效率和降低用电用车成本的必然选择。快充模式带来充电的巨大便利性,是补能发展的重要方式。换电模式是很好的商业模式,推进高端用户和特殊场景用户的良好体验。未来的充电桩将和车位一样,成为大部分有车一族的标配,车企的换电服务也将与当前去4S店维修保养一样普遍。充电桩:特锐德、国电南瑞、广汇汽车、许继电气等汽车服务:广汇汽车、中国汽研、庞大集团等(特别说明:文章中的数据和资料来自于公司财报、券商研报、行业报告、公司官网、百度百科等公开资料,本报告力求内容、观点客观公正,但不保证其准确性、完整性、及时性等。文章中的信息或观点不构成任何投资建议,投资人须对任何自主决定的投资行为负责,本人不对因使用本文内容所引发的直接或间接损失负任何责任。)@头条财经#财经##股票##新能源汽车#
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晋裕王朱求桂:明明去世于崇祯初年一口末代晋王的锅却从天而降
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jiaotongfangshi。ribendejiaotongfangshihenduo,youditie、gongjiao、chuzuche、danguidianche、xinganxiandengdeng,erqieduhenfangbian,zhunshi,ganjing。wozuixihuandeshixinganxian,nagesudukuaia,yihuierjiucongyigechengshidaolingyigechengshiliao,erqiehuanhenshufu,zuoweikuanchang,fuwuyuantaiduhao,huanyoumianfeidewifi,jiushipiaojiayoudiangui,buguozhidela。wohuanfaxian,ribendejiaotongkahenshenqi,bujinkeyizuoche,huankeyizaibianlidian、zidongfanmaiji、cantingdengdifangshuakafukuan,zhenshitaifangbianliao。wojiumailiaoyizhangjiaoSuicadeka,jiuxiangxiguayiyangtian,haha2: yinshiwenhua。ribendeyinshiwenhuahenyoutese,tamenhenjiangjiujijiehediyu,yongdangjizuixinxiandeshicai,zuochugezhonggeyangdemeishi。wozairibenchiliaohenduohaochidedongxi,birushousi、cishen、lamian、kazuo、pisa、hanbaodengdeng,huanyouhenduowobuzhidaomingzidexiaochi,duhenmeiwei。wojuederibendeshiwubujinweidaohao,huanhenhaokan,tamenhenzhuzhongse、xiang、wei、qidehexietongyi,meiyidaocaiduxiangyijianyishupin,rangrenliukoushui。wohuanfaxian,ribendeshiwuhenqingdan,henshaoyongyou,duoyongsheng、kao、zhu、jiandefangshi,henjiankang。buguo,youyidianwobutaixiguan,jiushiribendefanlianghenxiao,meicichiwandujuedebugou,huanyaozaijiadian,haha。3: xishoujianwenti。ribendexishoujianwentirangwohenjingya,tamendexishoujianfeichangxianjin,yougezhonggeyangdegongneng,biruwenshuichongxi、nuanfenghonggan、anmo、chuchoudengdeng,huanyouyinlehedengguang,zhenshitaigaojiliao。womeicishangcesuodujuedehenxiangshou,jiuxiangzaizuoSPAyiyang,haha……buguo,youyiciwoyudaoliaoyigezuozuodeshiqing,woquliaoyigegonggongcesuo,faxianlimianyouliangzhongmatong,yizhongshiputongde,yizhongshidunshide,wojiuxuanliaodunshide,yinweiwojuedegengweisheng。jieguo,woyidunxiaqu,jiutingdaoyizhenshuisheng,yuanlainagematongyeshiyouchongxigongnengde,zhishimeiyouzuoquan,woyibuxiaoxinjiuandaoliaoanniu,jieguojiubeishuipenliaoyishen,wochadianmeikuchulai,zhenshitaizuozuoliao。4: anquanzhuangkuang。ribendeanquanzhuangkuanghenhao,wozairibendeshitianli,meiyouyudaoguorenheweixiandeshiqing,yemeiyoutingshuoguoyoushimefanzuideshiqing。wojuederibendefalvzhidinghenyange,renmendesuzhiyehengao,dajiaduhenzunshouguize,buhuiluandiulaji,buhuichuanghongdeng,buhuidajiadouou,buhuitoudongxi,buhuisaoraobieren,duhenyoulimao,henyouhao。wozairibendeshihou,dubuyongdanxinzijideanquan,yebuyongdanxinzijidedongxibeitou,wokeyifangxindizouzaijieshang,qugezhongdifangwan,ganjuehenziyou,henshufu。wojuederibenshiyigehenanquandeguojia,zhidewomenxuexi。5: wujiashuiping。ribendewujiashuipinghengao,wozairibendeshihou,ganjueshimedongxiduhengui,biruzhusu、jiaotong、canyin、gouwudengdeng,dubiguoneiguihenduo。wojideyouyici,wozaiyigecantingchiliaoyidunputongdewufan,jiuhualiao100duoyuan,huanbusuanyinliao,wojuedetaiguiliao,buhuasuan。huanyouyici,wozaiyigeshangchangmailiaoyijianTxu,jiuhualiao300duoyuan,huanbushishimemingpai,wojuedetaibuzhiliao,houhuisiliao。wojuederibendewujiashuipingtaigaoliao,bushihewomenzhexieputonglaobaixing,zhishihenaxieyouqianren,womenhuanshihuiguoba,guoneidedongxibianyiyouhao,haha。6: meishi。ribendemeishizhenshitaiduoliao,wozairibendeshihou,meitianduchidehenkaixin,henmanzu。wojuederibendemeishibujinweidaohao,huanhenyoutese,youhenduowomenguoneimeiyoudedongxi,biruzhangyuxiaowanzi、kaozuoyufan、tianfuluo、zuomaimian、shouxiguo、rishikazuodengdeng,durangwodachiyijing,dakaiyanjie。wozuixihuandeshishousi,nagexinxiandeshengyupian,peishangcufanhejiemo,zhenshitaimeiweiliao,womeiciduchidetingbuxialai,haha……wohuanxihuanchiribendetianpin,birumochabingzuolin、hongdoubing、caozuodafu、zhishidangaodengdeng,duhentian,henxiang,henruan,henhaochi。wojuederibendemeishishiwoquribenlvyoudezuidashouhuo,woduxiangbatamendudaihuiguo,genwodejiarenhepengyoumenfenxiang,rangtamenyechangchangribendeweidao。buguo,wozhidaozheshibukenengde,yinweiribendeshiwuhenrongyibianzhi,bunengchangshijianbaocun,erqiehuanyouhenduohaiguandexianzhi,bunengsuibiandaishiwuchujing。suoyi,wojiuxiangliaoyigebanfa,jiushipaizhao,haha。wozairibendeshihou,meicichifanduhuipaizhao,bawochiguodedongxidujiluxialai,ranhoufadaowodeweixinpengyouquan,rangwodejiarenhepengyoumendukankan,xianmuyixia,heihei……wohuanhuixieyixiepinglun,shuoshuowoduizhexieshiwudeganshou,youdehaochi,youdebuhaochi,youdeqiguai,youdeyouqu,youdehuanyougushi,woduhuiyiyishuochulai,rangtamenyeganshouyixiaribendeyinshiwenhua。wojuedezheyangyeshiyizhongfenxiang,suiranbunengrangtamenqinkoupinchang,danshikeyirangtamenyanchanyixia,haha。7: meishizhaopian。zheshiwozairibenpaideyixiemeishizhaopian,nikankan,shibushihenyouren?zheshiwozaidongjingchideshousi,xinxiandeshengyupian,peishangcufanhejiemo,zhenshitaimeiweiliao,womeiciduchidetingbuxialai,haha……zheshiwozaijingduchidemochabingzuolin,lvsedebingzuolin,shangmianhuanyouyicengmochafen,hentian,henxiang,henqingshuang,wojuedehenshihexiatianchi,jieshuyoukaiwei,hahazheshiwozaidazuochidezhangyuxiaowanzi,yizhongyongmianhuhezhangyuzuodexiaoqiu,waimianhuanyouyicengjiangzhiheyupian,henxian,henxiang,henyoujiaojin,wojuedehenyoutese,henhaochi,haha8: shenghuoxiguan。ribendeshenghuoxiguanhenyoujiangjiu,tamenhenzhuzhongliyi,henduoshiqingduyougudingdeguizehefangshi,birudazhaohu、jugong、huanxie、chifan、hechadengdeng,duyaoanzhaotamendexiguanlaizuo,fouzejiuhuibeirenweishimeiyoulimao,meiyoujiaoyang。wozairibendeshihou,jiuyudaoliaoyixiebushiyingdedifang,biru,tamendexieziduyaofangzaimenkou,bunengchuanjinwuzi,woyikaishibuzhidao,jiuchuanzhuoxiezijinquliao,jieguobeifangdongdashengzebei,shuowobuzunzhongta,wojuedehenweiqu,henbushufu。huanyouyici,wozaiyigesimiaoli,kandaoyigeshuilongtou,jiuxiangquxishou,jieguobeiyigeheshanglanzhu,shuonageshuilongtoushiyonglaijinghuashenxinde,bunengsuibianyong,wojuedehenqiguai,henbulijie。wojuederibendeshenghuoxiguanhenfuza,hennanxue,woyaoshizhuzairiben,wokendinghuifanhenduocuowu,haha9: fulizhidu。ribendefulizhiduhenwanshan,tamendeshehuibaozhanghenhao,youhenduoyouhuihebutie,biruyiliao、jiaoyu、yanglao、shiye、canjidengdeng,duyouxiangyingdezhengcehecuoshi,rangrenmendeshenghuogenganxin,gengyoubaozhang。wozairibendeshihou,jiuganshoudaoliaotamendefulizhidudehaochu,biru,wozaiyigegongyuanli,kandaoyigelaorenzaiwanyigeyouxiji,wojiuhaoqidiwenta,tashuo,nageyouxijishizhengfutigongde,zhuanmengeilaorenwande,keyiduanliantamendefanyingnenglihejiyili,huankeyigenqitalaorenjiaoliu,henyouqu,henyouyong。huanyouyici,wozaiyigeyiyuanli,kandaoyigexiaohaizaidazhen,wojiutongqingdiwenta,tashuo,tadezhenshimianfeide,yinweitahuanshixuesheng,zhengfuhuigeitamianfeideyiliao,huanhuigeitafayixieshujihewanju,rangtakuailedichengchang,henxingfu,henyouai。wojuederibendefulizhiduhenrenxinghua,henwennuan,henxianmu,haha10: renwenhuanjing。ribenderenwenhuanjinghenfengfu,tamendewenhuahenduoyuan,youhenduobutongdefenggeheliupai,birudongman、youxi、yinle、dianying、wenxue、yishudengdeng,duyouhenduofensiheaihaozhe,duyouhenduochuangyihebiaoxian,duyouhenduoyingxianghegongxian。wozairibendeshihou,jiukandaoliaotamenderenwenhuanjingdezuoli,biru,wozaiyigedongmanzhanshang,kandaoliaohenduochuanzhuogezhonggeyangdefuzhuang,banyangezhonggeyangdejiaosederen,tamenhenreqing,hentouru,henyouqu,wojuedehenhaowan,henpeifu。huanyouyici,wozaiyigeyinlejieshang,tingdaoliaohenduobutongdeyinle,youyaogun、liuxing、gudian、minyaodengdeng,duhenyoutese,henyouganranli,wojuedehenxiangshou,hengandong。wojuederibenderenwenhuanjinghenjingcai,henduocai,henzhidexinshang,haha11: jingdiantese。ribendejingdiantesehenduo,youhenduogenwomenbuyiyangdedifang,youderangwojuedehenhao,youderangwojuedehenbuxiguan,youderangwojuedehenqiguai,youderangwojuedehenkexiao,wojiujujigelizigeinitingting,nikankan,shibushihenyouyisi?dongjingdishini。zheshiwozairibenzuixihuandeyigedifang,wojuedetabiguoneidedishiniyaohaowanduoliao,youhenduobutongdezhutiqu,youhenduohaowandeyoulesheshi,youhenduokeaidekatongrenwu,huanyouhenduojingcaidebiaoyan,durangwojuedehenkaixin,henxingfen。wozuixihuandeshihaiyanggongyuan,naliyouyigejudadeshuizuguan,limianyougezhonggeyangdehaiyangshengwu,youjingyu、haizuo、haishi、haigui、haixingdengdeng,duhenpiaoliang,henshenqi。wohuankandaoliaoyigehaidisuidao,keyizoujinqu,ganjuezijijiuxiangzaihaidiyiyang,zhouweidushishui,huanyouhenduoyu,henyouqu,henciji。wojuededongjingdishinishiyigehenzhidequdedifang,buguanshidarenhuanshixiaohai,dukeyizhaodaozijixihuandedongxi,dukeyiwandehenkaixin,hahajingdujingesi。zheshiwozairibenzuijingyandeyigedifang,wojuedetabiguoneidesimiaoyaomeiliduoliao,youhenduotese,youhenduolishi,youhenduogushi,durangwojuedehenzhenhan,hengandong。wozuixihuandeshijinge,nashiyigesancengdejianzhu,waimiandushijinsede,zaiyangguangxiashanshanfaguang,jiuxiangyizuobaotayiyang,henzhuangguan,henhuali。wohuantingshuo,jingeshiyigehenyouyiyidedifang,tashiyigezuozongdesiyuan,daibiaoliaorenshengdesangejingjie,dicengshirenjian,zhongcengshitiantang,dingcengshifoguo,yuyiliaorenshengdexiuxinghechaotuo。wojuedejingesishiyigehenzhidequdedifang,buguanshixinyanghuanshixinshang,dukeyizhaodaozijideganwu,dukeyidedaoyixieqifa,hahadazuodaodunzuo。zheshiwozairibenzuifengkuangdeyigedifang,wojuedetabiguoneideyeshiyaorenaoduoliao,youhenduoren,youhenduochide,youhenduowande,durangwojuedehenrenao,henciji。wozuixihuandeshichi,naliyougezhonggeyangdemeishi,youzhangyuxiaowanzi、kaozuoyufan、tianfuluo、zuomaimian、shouxiguo、rishikazuodengdeng,duhenmeiwei,duhenbianyi,womeiciduchidehenbao,henmanzu。wohuanxihuankan,naliyougezhonggeyangdezhaopai,youdazuoxie、dazhangyu、dazuoyu、dagudengdeng,duhenyoutese,duhenyouqu,womeicidupaihenduozhaopian,henhaowan,henyouyisi。wojuededaodunzuoshiyigehenzhidequdedifang,buguanshichihuanshiwan,dukeyizhaodaozijixihuandedongxi,dukeyiwandehenfengkuang,haha12: zhifufangshi。ribendezhifufangshihenqiguai,tamenhenshaoyongshoujizhifu,henduodifangduzhijieshouxianjinhuozhexinyongka,wojuedehenbufangbian,henluohou。wozairibendeshihou,jiuyudaoliaoyixiemafan,biru,wozaiyigebianlidianli,xiangyongweixinzhifu,jieguobeidianyuanjujue,shuotamenbuzhichi,zhinengyongxianjinhuozhexinyongka,wojiuhenzuozuo,yinweiwomeiyoudaigouxianjin,yemeiyouxinyongka,wozhihaoganjinpaochuquzhaoATMquqian,henmafan,henlangfeishijian。huanyouyici,wozaiyigecantingli,xiangyongzhifubaozhifu,jieguobeifuwuyuanjujue,shuotamenbuzhichi,zhinengyongxianjinhuozhexinyongka,wojiuhenshengqi,yinweiwojuedetamenhenbuheli,henbuzunzhongkeren,wojiugentamenchaoliaoqilai,henbuyukuai,henbukaixin。wojuederibendezhifufangshihenbuhao,henbushiyingshidai,tamenyinggaiduoxuexiyixieshoujizhifu,zheyangcainenggenshijiejiegui,cainengfangbianguke,haha13: lvhuachengdu。ribendelvhuachengduhengao,tamendechengshiliyouhenduolvsedezhiwu,youhenduogongyuan、huayuan、shulindeng,duhenmei,henqingxin。wozairibendeshihou,jiuganshoudaoliaotamendelvhuachengdudehaochu,biru,wozaiyigegongyuanli,kandaoliaohenduopiaoliangdehuaduo,youyinghua、juhua、mudandengdeng,duhenxianyan,henxiang,henyouqizhi。wohuankandaoliaohenduokeaidexiaodongwu,yousongshu、tuzi、niaoerdengdeng,duhenhuopo,henyouhao,henyouqu。wojuederibendelvhuachengduhenhao,henyouliyuhuanjing,yeyouliyushenxin,womeiciqunaxielvsededifang,dujuedehenshufu,henfangsong,henkaixin。wojuederibendelvhuachengduhenzhidezanyang,henzhidexuexi,haha14: xiaofeiwenhua。ribendexiaofeiwenhuahenqizuo,tamenbuxiguangeixiaofei,henduodifangdubujieshouxiaofei,shenzhihuijuedeshiyizhongwuru,wojuedehenbulijie,henbuxiguan。wozairibendeshihou,jiuyudaoliaoyixiezuozuodeshiqing,biru,wozaiyigejiudianli,xianggeixingliyuanyixiexiaofei,jieguobeitajujue,shuotamenbuxuyao,huanhenshengqidikanzhuowo,wojiuhenbuhaoyisi,henbushufu。15: kanbingqingkuang。ribendekanbingqingkuanghenhao,tamendeyiliaoshuipinghengao,youhenduoxianjindeshebeihejishu,huanyouhenduozhuanyedeyishenghehushi,duhenfuze,henxixin。wozairibendeshihou,jiuganshoudaoliaotamendekanbingqingkuangdehaochu,biru,woyouyiciganmaoliao,jiuquliaoyigezhensuo,nalideyishenghenkuaijiugeiwojianchaliao,huangeiwokailiaoyixieyao,huangeiwoyixiejianyi,rangwoduoheshui,duoxiuxi,henwenrou,henzhuanye。wohuanfaxian,ribendekanbingfeiyonghendi,yinweitamenyouyigejiaozuoguominjiankangbaoxiandezhidu,keyigeisuoyouderentigongyiliaobaozhang,zhiyaojiaoyidiandiandebaoxianfei,jiukeyixiangshouhenduodeyouhuihebutie,wojuedehenheli,henshihui。wojuederibendekanbingqingkuanghenhao,henyoubaozhang,henzhidexinlai,haha16: ziranhuanjing。ribendeziranhuanjinghenmei,tamendeguotuhenduoshishandihedaoyu,youhenduozhuangguandejingguan,birufushishan、ribenhai、pipahu、beihaidaodengdeng,duhenmei,henzhenhan。wozairibendeshihou,jiukandaoliaotamendeziranhuanjingdezuoli,biru,wozaiyigewenquanlvguanli,keyipaozaireshuili,kanzhuochuangwaidefushishan,ganjuehenshufu,henzuoyi。wohuanquliaoyigejiaozuonailiangdedifang,naliyouyigegongyuan,limianyouhenduomeihuaheyinghua,huanyouhenduolu,duhenkeai,henhexie,wojuedehenhaowan,henyouqu。wojuederibendeziranhuanjinghenmei,henyoutese,henzhidexinshang,haha17: gongzishuiping。ribendegongzishuipinghengao,tamenderenjunshouruhengao,youhenduogaoxindezhiye,biruIT、jinrong、jiaoyu、yiliaodengdeng,duhenyouqiantu,henyouxiyinli。wozairibendeshihou,jiuliaojieliaoyixietamendegongzishuipingdeqingkuang。biru,worenshiliaoyigejiaozuoxiaolinderibenren,tashiyigeITgongchengshi,tagaosuwo,tayigeyuedegongzidagaishi50wanriyuan,zheherenminbidagaishi30duowan,wojuedehengao,henxianmu。wohuanrenshiliaoyigejiaozuoshantianderibenren,tashiyigejiaoshi,tagaosuwo,tayigeyuedegongzidagaishi20wanriyuan,zheherenminbidagaishi12wan,wojuedeyehengao,henbucuo。wojuederibendegongzishuipinghengao,henyouxiyinli,henrangrenxiangwang。wojuederibenshiyigehenyouyisideguojia,youhenduozhidewomenxuexihexinshangdedifang,yeyouhenduorangwomengandaojingyahebushiyingdedifang,wojuedezheshiyicihennanwangdelvcheng,rangwokaikuoliaoyanjie,zengchangliaojianshi,yerangwoduiribenyouliaogengshendeliaojieherenshi。nine,niduiribenyoushimekanfane?niyoumeiyouxiangguoquribenlvyoune?nijuederibenshiyigezenyangdeguojiane?ruguoyourengaosunizheshiyizhongkeyichidedongxidehua,nihuishishimefanyingne?
从(颁辞苍驳)最(窜耻颈)初(颁丑耻)父(贵耻)母(惭耻)砸(窜补)锅(骋耻辞)卖(惭补颈)铁(罢颈别)让(搁补苍驳)他(罢补)走(窜辞耻)进(闯颈苍)演(驰补苍)艺(驰颈)圈(蚕耻补苍),到(顿补辞)突(罢耻)然(搁补苍)直(窜丑颈)接(闯颈别)的(顿别)爆(叠补辞)火(贬耻辞),马(惭补)苏(厂耻)的(顿别)路(尝耻)却(蚕耻别)越(驰耻别)走(窜辞耻)越(驰耻别)窄(窜丑补颈),甚(厂丑别苍)至(窜丑颈)被(叠别颈)人(搁别苍)调(顿颈补辞)侃(窜耻辞)一(驰颈)部(叠耻)戏(齿颈)一(驰颈)个(骋别)绯(窜耻辞)闻(奥别苍)。
经常有各种各样的人想通过偷拍女明星的私密部分,然后来赚这一些非法的钱。2024-07-08 09:43·大河财立方娇娇师娘迟虫迟下载万书网冲《娇娘(穿书)》冲好看小说网...
虽然嘴上说着不想再来这个世界但小姑娘始终笑对过往她对真心相待的亲人充满感恩对外卖员的生活饱含热情
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