...亚洲精品国产高清不卡在线冲在线视频一区二区叁区...
此外，在TOP20中，中国重汽（SZ 000951）、一汽解放（SZ 000800）以及宇通客车（SH 600066）等公司的品牌价值也实现了较快增长。蒋青云认为这是源于相关技术改造和新产物的研发，特别是天然气车辆的应用，显著降低了运营成本并提升了产物性价比。
2024年12月21日，22地颁笔滨涨幅扩大海南进入“3时代”
...亚洲精品国产高清不卡在线冲在线视频一区二区叁区...
生产指数为49.6%比上月下降0.6个百分点表明制造业生产活动有所放缓
叁、外出吃饭的人越来越少，都开始在家做饭了服务类交易增势迅猛。一是从交易对象看，一季度全省服务类交易额为742.8亿元，同比增长40.3%，增长势头迅猛，占商品、服务类交易额比重为23.5%。二是从交易主体看，一季度该省对单位交易额为1828.9亿元，同比增长3.0%，占商品、服务类交易额比重为57.9%；对个人交易额为1327.7亿元，同比增长24.4%。
诲补箩颈补诲耻锄补颈办补苍肠丑耻濒颈补辞测颈蝉丑补苍驳飞别苍迟颈飞补颈，蝉丑颈驳辞苍驳锄丑颈濒颈补苍驳测别蝉丑颈测颈苍驳虫颈补苍驳箩颈补箩耻虫颈补辞驳耻辞诲别驳耻补苍箩颈补苍测颈苍蝉耻锄丑颈测颈。谤耻驳耻辞辩颈补苍驳尘颈补苍产耻辫颈苍驳锄丑别苍驳、诲颈产补苍辩颈辩颈补辞、肠颈锄丑耻补苍办辞苍驳驳耻诲别苍驳飞别苍迟颈辫颈苍辫颈苍肠丑耻虫颈补苍，苍补尘别锄补颈尘别颈诲别蝉丑别箩颈测别丑耻颈诲补诲补锄丑别办辞耻。测颈苍肠颈，锄补颈锄丑耻补苍驳虫颈耻蝉丑颈测颈诲颈苍驳测补辞虫耻补苍锄别锄丑别苍驳驳耻颈诲别蝉丑颈驳辞苍驳诲耻颈飞耻丑别测辞耻锄丑颈诲别箩颈补苍锄丑耻肠补颈濒颈补辞濒补颈产补辞锄丑别苍驳蝉丑颈驳辞苍驳锄丑颈濒颈补苍驳。
#西(齿颈)藏(颁补苍驳)究(闯颈耻)竟(闯颈苍驳)有(驰辞耻)多(顿耻辞)美(惭别颈)##农(狈辞苍驳)奴(狈耻)##西(齿颈)藏(颁补苍驳)历(尝颈)史(厂丑颈)##社(厂丑别)会(贬耻颈)百(叠补颈)态(罢补颈)##历(尝颈)史(厂丑颈)回(贬耻颈)眸(窜耻辞)##人(搁别苍)民(惭颈苍)##解(闯颈别)放(贵补苍驳)##你(狈颈)为(奥别颈)啥(厂丑补)去(蚕耻)西(齿颈)藏(颁补苍驳)#
duzaicewendu，dandaodishimeshiwendu？｜xianshuobadaoyuanchuang2020-01-29 07:43·fanpurujin，quanguozhongduogonggongchangsuoduzaibujianduandiceliangguowangrenqundetiwen。raner，shimeshiwendu？yigetixiyoumeiyouwendu？wendujidaodiceliangliaoshime？zhexiewentijibianzaizhuanyedewulijiaokeshuhezazhishangyeshiyuyanbuxiang。benkantefaciwen，gongcankao。zhuanwen ∣ caozexian（zhongkeyuanwuliyanjiusuoyanjiuyuan）yinshuiyuxinzhilengnuan，zuoyingrenzushiyanliang。－［tang］luoyin（1）wenduceliangdelishishikexuefazhanshidezuchengbufen……-Thomas D. McGeetiyao：ganzhilengreshishengmingbibeidenengli，yincilengregainiandechuxianyuanyuanzaoyurelixuezhemenxueke，yejiunanmianjiuchanbuqing。re、leng、huozaiyingwenwuliwenxianzhongduyouduozhongbiaoshu，erwenduyeshifeichangbuyizhengquelijiedewulixuejibengainianzhiyi。1、shishizongguanyanliangmangmangyuzhouzhongyiliweibuzudaodechenai——diqiu——shangdanshengliaoshengming。zhuyidaodiqiudepingjunwenduyuewei15°C，shengmingdewuzhijichuzhiyishishuiershuideninggudianwei0°C，yijishengmingzuoweiyigeyuanlipinghengtaidehaosantixixuyaobuduanhuodenengliangerdiqiudenengyuanshilaizitaiyangdefuzhaodengjigeshishi，jiukeyiduoshaolijieshengmingsuoxuanzedewenduchuangkou（bixuchuyuhuanjingwenqudegaoduan）yijiduilengnuandemingan（2）。keyishuoyiqieshengmingzuizhongyaodeganjuenenglishiduilengnuandeganzhi（duixuduogaojidongwulaishuo，shijuehuozhetingjueshibeixuanxiang），guoquzhongguorenshenzhijiangzhilengzhirekanzuoshiyigerenzuoweihaodepeiousuobibeidepinge。zaizhongwenyujingli，wenhe、wennuan、wenroudengtiejinwomentiwendecihuidurangrengandaofeichangwenzuo，zaiqitawenhuazhongdagaiyeyingruci，bijing“huanqiutongciliangre”（3）。lengredegainianzairentifayudezaoqijiuyinggaijianliqilailiao。geiyingyouerweinaiweifan，yikaishiyoudarenzhangwolengre，erhoujiuyaojiaohaizizijimingbailengre。shushidewendu，yinggaishitiwenfujinbudadefanwei，tashouxianshishenglidexuyao，qihoumanmanchengliaoxinlidexuqiu。womenyigerenyishengzhongzuixuyaolijiedexianxiangyexujiushishitaiyanliang，renqinglengnuan！renleiziyumeizhongzouguolai，zaiqikexuenulizhongziranhuijianghendadejinglifangzailijielengnuanxianxiangshang。yushi，womenfazhanliaorexue、relixue，erzheqizhongyaolijiehelianghuadeyigezhongyaogainianshilengrechengdu，jiwendu。2、hunluandezimianlengreshiwomenshentideganjue，yinciwomenguanyulengrexianxiangxiangguandecihuiyidingbirelixuezhemenkexuechuxiandezao，yejiurongyixiangxiangcunzaimouxiegainianshangdejiazabuqing。zaikaolvdaoyingyudefuzalaiyuan，yijirelixuezaide、fa、yingjihutongshifazhandelishixianshi，keyixiangjianyingwenkejiwenxianzhongyureyouguandecihuihuiyouxuduobutongdemianmu。shouxian，relixueguanzhudejibenliangshireliang（liàng），shinengliangdeyizhongteshuxingshi。zhongwenlirerujinjishijutidemingci（rongjiere），yeshichouxiangmingcidaibiao“rede”zhezhongganjue、zhejianshi（lvyoure），yeshixingrongci（rexinchang）；xiangyingdi，deyuli“rede”shiheiβ，erjutimingcire，die W?rme，duiyingdexingrongciqueshiwennuan，warm；yingyuli“rede”yici，hot，laizideyuheiβ，danshicixingbianhuafengfu：“rede”zhezhongganjue、zhejianshiweihotness，reliangzeshiheat。deyuxingrongciwarmchuanruyingyuhou，qiduiyingdemingciwarmness，shiwennuandeganjue，quemeiyoureliangdeyisi。hanyukejimingcizhongshejiredehuanyourejie（liejie）deshuofa，shiduipyrolysis defanyi。Pyros laizixilayuπ?ρо?，shihuodeyisi。tongyangyuhuotongyuandezihuanyoufever (fare、fashao) ，deyuwei das Fieber。ruguozhidaozhongwende“re”zi，conghuo，shixingshengci，zheyidianjiuhenhaolijie。rexuezuoweiyimenxuekezaideyuliweiW?rmetheorie，yingwenweiheat theory，ciweirelixuedeqianshen。relixue，thermodynamics （thermo+dynamic），laizixilayu。danshi，xilayuθερμ?? (thermos) deyisiqiaqiashi“wende”，xingrongci“rede”shiκαντ?? （kantos）heζεστ?? (zestos)。shuodaoreliang，yingwenzhongyeyongcalorie (hanyuzhijieyinyikaluli，huogancui“ka”)，tanlunyingyangbaojian、yundongsushenderenxihuanyong“kaluli”daibiaoreliang。Caloriezhegecilaiziladingyucalere，yisishi to be warm， glow，glow with heat。Glow with heat （reerfaguang） jiushibaichidengdeyuanli，houwenwomenhuikandaozhegewentizaijindaiwulixuezhongjuzuqingzhongdediwei。Caloriezaixilayuzhongyeshi“rede”yisi，birurefusheti（radiator），xilawenjiushiσ?μα καλоριφ?ρ (caloric body)。zailuomanyuzudeyuyanzhong，“rede”yiciduhecaloriexiangfangfo，ruzhejuxibanyayu“La temperatura es una magnitud referida a las nociones comunes de calor o frío（wendushiduliangrehuolengdeliang）”zhongdecalor。weiliaobiaozhenglengredechengdu（degree of hotness or coldness），renmenyinruliaotemperaturedegainian。lengredechengdubushireduyebushilengdu，ershiwendu，rutemperaturedebenyi。Temperaturedetongyuandongcitemperweidiaohedeyisi，ru to temper critism with reason （pipingzhongjiarushuoli），to temper paint with oil（yongyoudiaoqi）。xingrongcitemperatedeyisishiwenhede，rua temperate reply （wenhededafu），a temperate climate (wenhedeqihou），dengdeng。Temperateruozhilengrechengdu，qijinyiciyou tepid、mild helukewarm （shushi、zuoyi）。shashibiyazuizhumingdeshisixingshi“Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?”deqishiliangju：Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate.（4）qizhongdetemperate zhidejiushihaopiqi、wenshun、wenwandeyisi。ciwai，ladingwentemperaturaebenyiyoubuguofendeyisi，biruguanyumeizhibiaozhundelengbingbingdeyangeduichengxingyuqishuoshiyaodadaodebiaozhun，wuningshuoshiyizhongzaiqijichushangyaopianlidebiaozhun：“danzhepianlibukeguofen（temperaturae），suoweizaijueduideduichengxingzhongyoumudedi、toutoudisairuyixiexiweidebianhua”[1]。redefanyicishileng。guanyuleng，suiranyingwendeleng，cold、coldness，yezaiyingwenwuliwenxianzhongshichangjiandao，danhenduoshihouyongdaodeshiqitaxingshideci。birurefrigerator（bingxiang）、refrigerating machine（zhilengji），zhelideleng，fri，laiziladingyuxi，fayuxingrongciwei froid，xibanyayuweifrío。xiangyingdi，lengzaixilayuzhongweiκρ?о?（cryos），shijihanleng（chilly）deyisi，danshizaixiandaiwulixuewenxianzhongjihanlengyebuzuyishuoqingchutashiduomedelengliao。Cryo chuxianzaicryostat（diwenhengwenqi）、cryopump (lengningbeng) dengcihuizhong，zhelidelengkeshiyouyedanhuoyehaiweichide，cryogenic refrigeratorlidewenduyuanbijiazhongbingxianglidegengdi。youshiweiliaoyousuoqubie，renmenzaibiaoda“lengde”gainianshihuixuanzebutongciyuandeci，rulengyuanziwuliyingwenweiultracold atomic physics，diwenwulizexiechenglow-temperature physics，《diwenwuli》zazhiyinweiyaoxiandehenyouxuewen，huanyaoxiechengladingwen physica temperaturae humilis。zailiangreshebeishang，wenziyeshibijiaohunluan。Thermosshi“wende”，thermometer shiliangwendeqicai，hanyiwenduji；danhuanyouyigeciweithermoscope，anshuoyeshiwenduji，danyourenweiliaoyishiqubiejiangzhiyiweiliangwenqi、cewenqi。qishi，zhelidequbieshi，meterdebenyishiceliang，qiangdiaokedu；scopedebenyishikan，daiscopedeceliangqicaiqiangdiaodeshiguancha，kenengbingbuyaoqiuyidingluoshidaoyigeshuzhi。dangranzhehuayebudui，rujinbianbugedifangliugandeshuzishihongwaithermoscopejiushijiandandibengchuyigeshuzi。xianran，renleizhizaodediyigeliangwenqicaizhinengshithermoscope，yinweitahuanmeiyoukedu。guanyumeteryuscope，yijimetry yuscopyzhijiandexiweichabie，qingcanyuebizheciqiandetaolun[2]。ciwai，huanyouyileijinsidiliyongheitifushexingzhidewendujipyrometer，yourenjiangzhifanyichenggaowenji。zhegefanyiyoudianguo，yinweiyouxiepyrometeryezhishiyonglaijianshirenleidetiwenbianhua（jianxiawen）。celiangreliangdeshebeishicalorimeter，hanyiliangreji，yongyucedinghuaxuefanying、zhuangtaibianhuahuorongjieguochengsuochanshengdereliang。3、wendudewuliwendushiwulixuezhongqigejibenliangzhiyi，danweiwei Kelvin，yiyingguowulixuejia William Thomsondeguanjue，ji Lord Kelvin，mingming。zaixuduowulixueshengdetounaoli，wendushigezuijibendewuliliang，yigekeceliangliang。1994nianxiajiyigewuliaodexiawu，bizhezaideguoKaiserslauterndaxuewulixitushuguanfanyueyibenmingwei《Heat Transfer》deshushi，huranmingbaiwendushibukeceliangde。tadesuoweiceliangduyaoyilaiyigewomenweimingshuode、youshishenzhishigenbenbuzhidaodemougewulixuedinglv，qieceliangdeshiqitadekeceliangwuliliang。erjibianbuzhidaonagedinglvwomenyirannenggouzhizaowendujibingjicizhubudijianliqirelixue，zeshizaibizheweizhongguokexueyuanyanjiushengyuanzhunbei2009shuqikechengshicairenshidaozheyidiande，cishibizhezaidaxueheyanjiusuoyijinghunliao27geniantou。youyuwendushiduidalizishutixidepinghengtaiyansheng（emergent）xingzhizuotongjimiaoshushicainengyinjinlaideyigeliang，bizheyoushishenzhixiangshuowendujiubushigewulideliang；yanjiushaotiwentidewulixuejiajibenshangshifashaodeshihoucaiconghushidezuilitingdaozhegecide。errelixuezhihuisenandong，duobanshiyinweizhexieyinggaimingquezhichueryouxianyourenzhichudeshishi。chengruMcGeezhichudenayang，“wendushizuinanqingxidingyidewuzhideyibanxingzhi（The concept of temperature has been the most difficult of the common properties of matter to define clearly）”[3]。dangwomenpingjieshentiganzhilengrecongerduihuanjingdewenduzuochupanduanshi，womengengduodeshizaitanlunyigechuanrexuedewenti。reliuliuxiangwomendeshenti，womenganjueshirede，womenjiuduanyanwaijiewendugao；reliuziwomenshentiliuchu，womenganjueshilengde，womenjiuduanyanwaijiewendudi。buguozhegeganjuebuzuyiyaoqiuwaijieyouwulishangyangedingyidewendu，qiereliudeqiangdubixubeixianzhizaiyigehenxiaodefanwei，guodadezhuruheliuchudereliudukenengsunhuaiwomendeganjueqiguan，congerdechuhunluandepanduan。dangrenti，birujiao，beidongdefeichanglihaishi，yehuiyouredeganjue，queqiedishuoshimayangdeganjue，qienazhongmayangdeganjuebushizhengtixingde，ershirutongdierleichaodaotineidecitongwoxuan，huozhebandaotijingtilideweicuoxiannayangdefenbu。youshi，jibianshichuyutongyihuanjingzhongdelianggewuti，jiashedubiwomendeshouleng，qizhongxishoureliangkuaidewuti，birujinshu，yehuigeiwomengenglengdeganjue。yejiushishuowomendeshouzheyangdewendujishiyikaoreliufangxiangshenhuoreliudesulvlaipanduanlengnuande。yiqieganzhiwendudeqijian，dukenengcunzaileisidewenti，zhishaotabunengbangzhuceliangzheduanyandaicetixiyouwanhaodingyidewendu。relixuegaosuwomen，zhenduiyigechuyupinghengtaidetixi，womencainengdingyiqiwenduwei，jiwendushiyoutixizailizishu、tijiyijiqitaguangyanliangdubaochibubiandeqiantixiadezuo－neinengguanxijuedingde。zitongjilixuedeguandiankanlai，zhegeguanxishijiben（fundamental）de。suiran，wendukeyizuoweiwutilengrechengdudeduliang（temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body），danlengre（reliudefangxianghesulv）queshigengjibende，qiebubaozhengyigewanhaodingyidewendudecunzai。4、wenduceliangdeluojijichuwenduceliangshejifuzadewulixianxiang。ruheceliangwendu，suiranweidedaochongfenqiangdiao，yesuanshiyimenxuewen（thermometry），erqieshiyimenfuzade、kunnandexuewen。renhechangshiceliangwenduderenduyinggaiqingchudiliaojiecewendeyuanliyijimanzutedingmudesuocaiyongzhijuticewenfangfa[3]。wenduceliangdeluojijichushirelixuedilingdinglv: “ruotixiAheBfenbietongtixiCchuyurepingheng，zeAheBzhijianyechuyurepingheng。” jushuogaidinglvshi1920nianyouR. H. Fowlertichude，congshijianshangkan，dilingdinglvchuxianwanyixie，suanshiduirelixuesandadinglvdebuchong。jiranshibuchong，shuomingyouqibiyao，bingbushiruzimianshangnayangkanqilaijihushifeihua。suoweiderepingheng，wodelijieshijiliangtixijiandanweishijiannei、qiebuguanduochangshijianjiangeneidejingjiaohuanreliangweiling。lianggetixifenbietongdisangetixichuyurepingheng，xijieshangquekeyishiyibutongdechuanrefangshi，yibutongdedanxiangnengliujiaohuanzhuoreneng（tu1）。zheyang，repinghengruguoyongreliangjiaohuandecihuilaimiaoshudehua，jiutaibujingjiliao。relixuedilingdinglvshouxianbiaomingciwentikeyijinyibuyinxiangshenru，dingyiyigexindebiaozhengrepinghengdewuliliang，zhejiushiwendu（5）。zhecaishidilingdinglvdeguanjian。youliaozhegeluojijichu，wendugainiandeyinrujiuxiandeshunlichengzhangliao，wendujideshiyongjiudedaoliaoyuanlishangdebaozhang（yigecewenwuzhitongdaicetixijianliliaorepingheng，jiasheciguochengjiaohuandereliangyudaicetixidezongreliangxiangbikehuluebuji，zegenjuceliangcewenwuzhimougewuliliangsuohuansuandedaodewenduzhikekanzuoshidaicetixidewendu。dangran，youxiewendujibuxuyaohedaicetixijianlirepingheng），erqieduilianggeduliderelixuetixi，keyitongguocewenguochengjianliqiwendudebijiaoerwuxuyaoqiutamenzhijianjianliredejiaoliu。relixuedilingdinglvtongqitadilingdinglvyiyangzhuzhongdedushiweigaixuekedaxiajianshideluojijichu。tu1 relixuedilingdinglvtushi，zhuyibutongtixizhijianderepinghengxijieshangdechayi。5、wendujiyuwenbiaowomenyoulengredeganjue，youjianglengrelianghuadexuqiu，wentishiruhejiangwendulianghua，zhuyilengreshiganjueerfeishijueshangdepanduan。ruguoyaojianglengrelianghuaweikeyiyanshuodeshiwu，jiuxuyaoyigejianglengrezhuanhuanchengshijuexiaoguodewujian，jiwenduji。1594nian，zuoliluedudaoliaoHerodeshougao“Penumatics” （chengshuyugongyuanqianyishiji），congerfamingliaoliyongqitiyali（tiji）suiwendugaibiandeyuanli、youyizhongyetideshengjianglaixianshilengrechengdudethermoscope（tu2）。rujinshimianshangdewanjuaiqingwendujijiushiliyongdezhegeyuanli。lingyouwenxianshuozuolilue1600nianzuoyoufamingdethermoscopeshizheyangdezhuangzhi：mifengdeboliguanneizhuruyidingliangdetoumingyeti，qizhongjinpaozhuobizhongbutongdexiaowujian。dangwendushenggao（xiajiang）shi，yetidemiduhuijianxiao（zengjia），xiaowujiandexuanfuweizhijiuyoubiandong （tu2）。tu2 yuanshidethermoscopes。zuotuzhongliyongdeshiqiyasuiwendudebianhua，guanchadeshiyetideshengjiang；youtuzhongliyongdeshiyetimidusuiwendudebianhua，guanchadeshigutixuanfuwudeshengjiang。jinyoushijueshangdechongjishibugoude，zhiyoushixianliaoduiwendudeculueceliangyihou，wendudegainiancainenggoubeidingyi（……Only after crude methods of temperature measurement were developed could the concept of temperature really be defined!）[3]。zheshikexuefazhandeyigeyouqufanli，yinzhengliaoguanyukexueshiyisouxingshizaidahaishangdechuan、erwomenzhinengzaizhesouchuanshangduitajinxingxiubudebiyu。zaizhengquedilijiewenduzhiqian，womenyijingyouliaolianghuawendudenuliheshijian。yaodedaolianghuadewendu，jiuyaojiejueruhelianghuayijiweishimekeyizheyanglianghuadewenti，suiranlijiehouyidianshi“mahoupao”shide。zairelixueshishang，cewenshicongceliangliwomendetiwenbutaiyuandewendukaishide， qiedushicaiyongxianxingwenbiao，jijiasheceliangyilaidewuliliang（huoxianxiang），ruqi、ye、gutiderezhanglengsuo（6），suiwenduzaiganxingqudefanweineishixianxingbianhuade。zheyangduilianggecankaodianfuzhijiuzuyiquedingyitaowenbiaohewenduji。cong1744niandao1954nian，0°C（7）beixuanweishuideninggudian，er100°C shishuidefeidian（xiguanxingdebaifenzhisiwei，suoyishendukexuexingqianqueyidian），dangranshizaiyigedaqiya（zhuyi，shiaodiliweiyenadedaqiya！）xiadeninggudianhefeidian（tu3）。tu3 shuideninggudian（bingshuigongcun）hefeidianfenbiebeidingyiwei0 °Che100 °C。wendushilengrechengdudebiaozheng，erwutizhijianlengrechengdudechabietixianzairejiechushidenengliushouyi，yincixiangbiyuwenduzhisuobiaoshideguanxi，reliucaishigengjibende。ruowomenjiangxianghuzhijianrepinghengdexitongguiweiyigelei，chuyubutongdexitongleianrejiechushifashengnengliangliudefangxiangpaixu，nengliangliudefangxiangzhixiangwendudidetixi。cishi，renhenengzhengquedigeichuxitongleishunxudewendubiaoqiandushiwulishanghaodewenbiao (temperature scale)（tu4）。dangran，tongshangshuwomencaiyongdezhishiheyujubuwenqudeyouxianwenbiao(temperature standard) butong，womenzhelitaolundeshiduiwenduquanjushangdebiaoduwenti。duiyuwenbiaodexuanzelaishuo，geichuzhengquedexitongleixulie（nengliufangxiang）shidiyiweide，erquelijutideshuzhishidierweide。yaozuodaohouyidianhuanxuyaoyilaiqitadewulishishihuoguilv；qiegenjubutongguilvdingchudewenbiao（scale，qingbuyaohuntongyutaolunsheshiwenbiaotonghuashiwenbiaobutongshisuoshejidewendustandards），xianghuzhijiandebianhuanguanxiyibanshifeixianxingde。zheyangdewenbiaohenduo，danwomenqiwangyigejuyoumouzhong“juedui”yiyidewenbiao，fangbian、huozheshuoliyuwulixuehuodeyigeziqiademianmaoshiwomenduizheyangdewenbiaodeqidai[4]。zheyangdewenbiaoyingshijiben（fundamental）de，jiceliangwendushisuoxuanqudeceliangliangduiwendudeyilaiguanxizhishejijibenwulichangshuerbubaohanrenyidexiaozhunchangshu[3]。cishi，taolunyixiashijianhewendudeyigegongtongdecemianshiyouqude。zaiyongyouyigekejieshoudewendulilunzhiqian，womendewenbiaohewendujishihunluande；zaiwomennengjianliqikejieshoudeshijianlilunzhiqian，yemeiyoujuyoujibenshibiaodejishiqi。zaitaoluntadeguangyixiangduilunshi，aiyinsitanyongshizaide、jingdiande“michi”、“shizhong”he“guanchazhe”denggainian，zheshitazuoyuchangshidedifang。zheyangdebiaoshuyoulishideyinyou，queshiwudaoxingde（xuduorendexiangduilunshuipingyongyuandibeidinggezai“michi”、“shizhong”denggainianshangliao），guweirensuozuobing[5]。6、jueduiwenduyujueduiwenbiaosuoweidewenduceliang，yizhishiyongmouzhongwuzhitixidemougewuliliang，birushuiyinwendujizhongshuiyinzhudegaodu，laibiaozhengwendude，qiqiantitiaojianshigaiwuliliangzaigeidingdewenquneisuiwendudandiaodibianhua （bucunzainengceliangsuoyouwendudewenduji）。dandandiaoxingbuzuyiquedingduibianhuadedingliangmiaoshu，gulishishangzengchuxianduozhongyilaibutongwuzhidebutongwulixingzhidezhenduibutongwenqudewenduji，zengyinrubutongdejingyanwenbiao[3]。fenluandewenbiaofanyingdeshiduiwendufenluanderenshihedingyi，zheshuomingguanyuwenduyidingyoumouxieshenkedewuliwomenhuanmeiyoubawo。relixuefazhanshishangyinrudejingyanwenbiaosuirandumanzuliaosuocaiyongdewuliliangzaigongzuofanweineisuiwendudandiaobianhuadeyaoqiu，danwuliliangsuiwendubianhuadedingliangguanxidequelixianranyingfuwuyujianliyigeziqiaderelixuetixi；napajinshiweiliaocewendetongyi， yexuyaoyigeduliyujutiwuliliangdewenbiao，shidebutongdewendujikexiangduiyuyigetongyide、zuihaoshishiyongyusuoyoukenengchuxianwenduzhidewulitixi（yuanli）jiayixiaozhun。1703nian，faguorenamengdong（Guillaume Amontons） faxianjiangdiwendushi，pingzilideqitiyaliyexiajiang。wenduyuedi，yaliyuedi。danqiyabukenengweifu，zeanzhaolixiangqitidezhuangtaifangcheng，（anzhaolixiangqitifangchengdingyide）wendujiangdaolingyejiubunengjiangliao。amengdongtuicezhegewenduzai－240℃ 。zheshijueduiwendudezaoqigainian。houlai，kaierwenjueshiyinruliaojueduiwenbiao，jitixisuochudewenduyingzheyangqu1900nian，pulangketongguocaicedezuoyuneinengdeguanxi，geichuliao（lixiangde！）heitifushegongshi，jinengliangpumiduduiwendudeyilaiguanxi，[6]。zhegegongshidangranshiyangedeshuxuebiaoda，duiyingyigewendudebuzaijiandandishigeshuzhi，ershiyigefenbuhanshu。tongshangshujueduiwendudingyiyiyang，zheliwendudequedinghuanshitongguonengliangceliangshixiande。duiyujutideyigefusheti，biruyuzhou（9），tadefushenengliangmidupugujibushixiangzhegeshuxuegongshinamewanmei，danzhongyaodetezheng（features）quebuhuiyoutaidadepianli（tu6）。zheyang，womenzhiyaojiang quxianmeihuachengfuheshangshugongshidexingshi，jiunengdingyiyigejueduiwendu。yuzhoubeijingfushe、xingtiwendujiushizheyangquedingde。duiheitifushegongshidejinsidingyiliaojueduiwendu，huozheshuoheitifushelilunweiwomentigongliaoyigejueduiwendujideshuxuejichu，celiangheitifushepudeshebeijiuchengliaopushidewenduji，qiezhezhongjueduiwendujishiyuanchengde。liyongciyuanlidejueduiwendujizhiyi，daxingshediantianwenwangyuanjing (tu6)，weitiantiwuli、yuzhouxue、yinlililundeyanjiutigongliaojudadebangzhu。tu6 jueduiwendujihetadelixiangceliangjieguo，jimanzupulangkegongshidefusheqiangdusuibochang（huozhepinlv）debianhua。zhuyi，youtuzhongdepunapajingguomubiaozhixiangdemeihua，yeshibuwanzhengde。youcidelaidesuoweiyuzhoubeijingwenduwei2.725 K, tanameyishuo，ninameyiting。daxingshediantianwenwangyuanjingzheyangdejueduiwendujitaiangguiliao，muqianyiyouduozhongbutaiyangede—zhicehenzhaifanweineidebopu，huozheqiyilaidepanjuhuojisuanyebuyange—jueduiwendujigongshiyanshiherichangshenghuozhongshiyong。zheleiwendujiyingwenweipyrometer。liru，youyizhongdengsixiaoshiguangxuecewenyi（the disappearing filament optical pyrometer）：tongguoyigehongse（jihudanse）delvguangchuangkoujiangdaicedebaichiguangyuanheyiqineizhidedengsi（xiaozhunguode）fachudefusheyiqibijiao，dangfusheyuandeqiangduhedengsideqiangduyiyangshi，dengsidexiangxiaoshiliao，youcikeyipanduanfusheyuandewendujiushineizhidengsidedangqianwendu。zheleiwendujiyibanyongyujiejin1000°Cdegaowenceliang，wuchajiaoda。huanyouyileicelianghongwaiboduanfashepuhuofashelv（emissivity）dehongwaicewenyi，yingwenweiinfrared thermometerhuoinfrared radiation pyrometer huo radiometer，youyuqishuchushibengchuyigebiaoshiwendudeshuzi，yinciyejiaoinfrared thermoscope （tu7）。youyuemissivity yilaiyuwutidewendu，yeyilaiyuwutibiaomiandezhuangkuang，yincizheleiwendujixuyaoyangexiaozhun。tu7 shuzishihongwaithermometer huozhethermoscopehuozhepyrometer。liangwenbianchengliaozhijieduquyiqixianshichudeshuzi。7、wenduceliangdejiaxiangqianshuwoyijingchanming，wenduzuoweiyigetongjixingzhideqiangduliang，shibukeyibeizhijieceliangde。suoweidewenduceliang，shitongguoduiqita（guangyan）wuliliang（shoureyingxiang）deceliangdeyishixiande。qitadewulixianxiangbeidangzuowendudezhibiao，suodedewenduzhikenenghuiyinweimouxieshigudedaobujingquede、shenzhicuowudejieguo。shouxianyaozhuyideyidianshi，wuzhitixishouraodonghoudadaoxindewenduzhuangtaikenengshixuyaomougetezhengshijiande，eryigefanyinghenkuaidecewenzhuangzhi，birudianzuwenduji（resistor thermometer），huishunjianjiugeichuyigewenduzhierbuguantixishichuyushimezhuangtai。xuduoyanjiuxiangbiandewenzhanggeichudejieguozhisuoyichurujiaoda，wohuaiyiyucewenyouguan。qitadecuowugenyuanbaokuocewendiantongwenduji（birureouwenduji）detantousuozaidibingbushiyuanlaishedingdedidian，huozhezhuanhuanhuoxianshibufendedianluchuliaowenti（birureshuiqixianshiwendudedianluyinweishuigouguozaodiliangdengzhishishuikailiao），dengdeng。ruguorendingyouguomaoqipaojiudaibiaogaowendehuahuanyoushoupiandekeneng（cishirendechangshibanyanliaowendujidejiaose），yinweijiarudiwenfenjieqihuadewuzhi，birupengsha，henrongyizaidiwenxiajiurangyouguofantengbuyi。jiushehuiliumangdouhen，jiuyourenyongguozhezhaobiaoyanxiayouguo。8、fuwendu“yubujingrensibuxiu”bingbushishirenteyoudetaidu。wulixuejiamenweiliaoboqubuxiudemingsheng， zaitichuxingainiandeshihouyiyangshichuyujingren。birurelixuedinglvqiangdiaoliaojueduiwendulingdushibukenengdadaode，danruguozuodadaoliaone，youhuozherangninwuyiweibitahuandine，nagaishiduomehongdongya。“fuwendu”jiushizheyangdeyigegainian。peishangxiangzheyangdejuzi“fuwendudetixibirenhe zhengwendutixidure（Rather, a system with a negative temperature is hotter than any system with a positive temperature）”，jianzhitaihouxiandailiao。qishi，suoweidefuwendushejideshijiguanggongzuojiezhihuozhecichangzhongfenliedehezixuanzheyangdejinyoujigenengji（shijishangshiliangge）detixi，yinweiwaizaibengpu（pumping）deyuanyin，tixizhongdegaonengjiyijiaodadebilibeizhanju，jichuxianlizishufanzhuan（population inversion）。suoyi，ruguoyingyaoyongboerzimanfenbuzhileidemiaoshu，jirendingmidusuanfuρyoushigeichudehua，H shitixidehamierdunsuanfu，zeTyingqufuzhi。zhuyidaolizishufanzhuanshiyouwaijiedebengpuhenengjidexingzhi，birunengjijiandeshuaibiansulv，suogongtongjuedingde，jiashetixiyousangenengjidehua，anzhaoshangshudingyishenzhinengdedaosangebutongdefuwendu。zhedangranyoudianzuozuo。erruojiangfuwenduxiandingzailiangnengjitixidehua，zhijieyongzhanjuzhuangtaimiaoshujiuxingliao，yinruyigewenducanshuchuliaoxinwenxiaoyingyiwaihuannengyoushimeyichu？leisifuwenduzhileidegainianwulixueshanghuanyouyixie，duzhezhujunyudaoshibufangyixiaozhizhi。9、duodanyuanrelixuetixidewenduruoyigetixisuiranqizhengtishangbushichuyurepinghengtai，ziranyongdanyiwenducanshumiaoshushibuqiadangde，danzuchengtadezixitongqueshigezijinsidichuyupinghengtai，zeduizheyangdetixikeyizhenduizixitongdingyichuyizuwendulaibiaozhengqirelixuetexing。pinghengtaidedengliziti，ruguobushitaiyangedehua，huanyouyuanyanghuoguo （tu8），jiushizheyangderelixuetixi。duipinghengtaidengliziti，keyigenjulizinengliangfenbuhedianzinengliangfenbufenbiedingyiliziwenduhedianziwendu。ruguoyeyongKelvinwenbiaodehua，yibanqitideliziwendu，jinsidikekanzuoshizhudaodenglizititonghuanjingjiaohuanreliangdecanshu，bingbubishiwengaoduoshao。danshi，dianziwenduyaogaodeduo，yibanzai10^5Kyishang，zheyangdedenglizitibeichengweinon-thermal plasma；ruoshidenglizitineidianzihelizishichuyurepingheng de，zeshithermal-plasma。Non-thermal plasma yourenjiangzhifanyiweifeiredengliziti，yourenzesuishoushiyongdiwendenglizitizhegeyiming。liyongjiguangdenggengjuxuanzexingdelihuagongjukeyishideqitizhongzhongxingyuanzihelizidewendubaochihendi，biruweichizai1Kwendudeshuiping，zheyangdedenglizitibeichengweicold plasma huoultra-cold plasma.tu8 yuanyanghuoguoheqitifangdian，dianxingdejuyoulianggejinsirepinghengzixitongderelixuetixi。10、jie shu yuwenduzuoweiyigetongjicanshu，tayuqidingyisuoyilaidetongjiyiqicaigouchengduitixidatishangdekexuemiaoshu。kandaoyigewenduzhi，yaobatatongguanliandewuliliangdefenbulianxiqilai，zheyeshidianziwenduchangchangyongnengliangdanweigeichudedaoli。duiyuzhengtishangyanzhongfenhuade、feipinghengdetixi，jiandandigeichuyilaimougezhengtixingzhi (refushedeqiangdu；mougedianzuzhishenqizhongsuobiaoxiandedianzuzhi) cuowudihuansuanchulaidewenduzhiqishishiwudaoxingde。zhezhengruduipinfuyanzhongfenhuadeshehui，“suanshupingjun”houdegongzishuipinghuoxiaofeizengchangsuduzhihuiyangaishehuidezhenshi，zhezhongxuewendechuxianjikenengshiyinweimouleixuezhexueshugongdizhibuzu，gengkenengshiyinweigaileixuezhexianshenreqingzhiguotou。benwenguanyuwendudetaolunjibenshangshijishucengmiande，cishiwotebiexiangzhongwenyiqiandeyijuhua，jiguanyurenheyigewulixuegainianduyoutaiduowobudongdeneirong。qishiwendushiwulixuezuiguanjiandejibengainianzhiyi，zailiangzichanglun、chouxiangdaishudecengcishangtaolunwenduhuokechujiwenduneihandepimao。biru，jueduilingdushibukedadaode，danjueduilingdudezhuangtaiquebeijiasheshicunzaide，qieshiliangzichanglunchuligutiyijiqitawuliwentishideqidian，beidangchengmouzhongyiyishangdezhenkongtai。zhegechulifangshiyinqidebujinjinshizhexuedezhenglun，huanshejiyixiejibenwuliliangdeshencenglianxi。zhegehuatishuitaishen，yuanchaobizhenenglizhiwai。weimianduzhezhujunyiweiwogunongxuanxu，tezhaichaoyijugongxinshang：“Temperature is the only fundamental way of getting around the problem of relativity of motion (wendushijiejueyundongxiangduixingnantideweiyidegenbenchulu)。”zenmeyang，lingrenjingchahu？buzhui1. guanyuciwen，liujixinglaoshifalaijijupinglun，zhaoluruxia：zhepianwenzhangyouqu，shiwoxiangqiyijianwangshi。jide1959nianbeijingdaxuewulixililunwulijiaoyanshizengxiangyingdangdehaozhaokaizhanliaoduiwangzhuxisuozhu《relixue》depipan，pipangaishu“xuanyangweixinzhuyi”，“liluntuolishiji”dengdeng。pipanwangxiansheng“xuanyangweixinzhuyi”dezhengjuzhiyishitazaigaishuxulunzhongdediyiduanhua：“rexuezheyimenkexueqiyuanyurenleiduiyureyulengxianxiangdebenzhidezhuiqiu。youyuzaiyoushizhiqianrenleiyijingfamingliaohuo，womenkeyixiangxiangdao，zhuiqiureyulengdebenzhideqitukenengshirenleizuichuduiziranjiefazedezhuiqiuzhiyi。”lingrenjingpeideshi，wangzhuxixianshengbingweizaizhezhongpipanmianqianhoutui，zai1960nian1yuechubandegaishudierbanzhong，suiranzengbu、xiudingliaobushaoneirong，shangyindenaduanhuajingyiziweigai，zhaoyangfangzaixulundiyiduan。caozexiankenengbuzhicishi（nashitakenenghuanmeiyouchushengba？），danzhepianwenzhangtixianliaowangxianshengzheduanhuadejingshen，suoyiwojuedeyouqu，zhenlikanlaishipibudaode。wenzhongduiyu “fuwendu”tifadefengciwaku，kenengtaiguo，gujidangshiPurcelldengrentichuzhegegainianshi，bingfeiyao“yubujingrensibuxiu”，ershiBoltzmannfenbuzhishushangquliaofuhao，bidetamenshuochu“fuwendubizhengwendugengre”dehualai。dancaoshizhishuoyeyouxiedaoli，bieyoufengge，liudaiyinqitaolunyehao。zuozhezhu：ruguozhitaolunlianggenengjishangdezhanjushu，jiumeiyoushimefenbudewenti Boltzmannfenbuzhezhongzuoweigaowenjinsidefenbuhanshu，qishejidenengjishumuyinggaishihongguandashumude。erduiyuluegaoyujueduiwendulingdudefeimizitixi（bosezitixi），zezaifeiminengji（zuidinengji）zhishangzhiyoushaoshujigenengjibeizhanju，kongpabuzuyigeichuyigekexindefenbuhanshu。fanguolai，duiyingshaoshujigelizizhanjulingxingdejigenengji，zeyijufeimitongjihuobosetongjigeichudesuoweiwendu，benrenyujian，payeshikeyide。zhushi（1）luoyinkesuanshenzhirenjianlengnuan， yiju“woweichengmingjunweijia，suanlaidushibururen”daochugujinduoshaorendezhuixinzhitong。－bizhezhu（2）xuduodongwuweiliaozhaoxunwenduheshidewaibuhuanjingbudebumeinianduzuochangjulideqianzuo。renleidecelueshifazhanchuliaoqunuanhechengliangdekexueyujishu。relixuehediandonglixuenenghenhaodijieshiquyanfushixianxiang，yinciyeyinggaishishehuixuedelilunjichu。－bizhezhu（3）yuchumaozedong《niannujiao. kunlun》，zuoyu1935nian。－bizhezhu（4）dayishi：kefoujiangnibizuoqinglangdexiari？niqueshigengjiaxiuli、wenwan！cishiliuchuandehanyibeichengweizaichuangzuo，yiyufanyiwuguan。－bizhezhu。（5）weiliaogeizhongxueshengjiangqingchurelixuedilingdinglvshizhongyaodedinglverbushifeihua，wojuliaozheyangyigelizi：ruonitonglianggetongxuefenbiezaijiaowangzhongzaicaiwufangmianjibenshangshiyoulaiyouwangde（caiwuwanglaikeyibiaoxianweisongxiaolipin、jieqian、qingkedengdengbutongfangshi）， jiyiduanshijianneiwanglaidecaiwuruoduhuansuanchengqiandehuashuiyebukuiqianshui， namewomenkeyibuguanjutijiaowangdexijieeryinruyigexindegainian，jiajing，laimiaoshudajiadejiatingjingjiqingkuang。womenhuishuo，ruonidejiajinghenalianggetongxuedejiajingchabuduo，zenalianggetongxuedejiajingxiangbiqilaiyechabuduo。yongjiajinggainiansuozuodemiaoshubiluoliexiaopengyouzhijianjiaowangdexijiegengjingji、gengyoubiaoxianli、gengnengzhuazhuwentideshizhi。zhejiushirelixuedilingdinglvzheleikansifeihuadedinglvzhiweilisuozai。－bizhezhu。（6）youshaoshuwuzhitixizaimouxiewendufanweineishiresuolengzhangde。－bizhezhu（7）fuhao°ClaiziruidianrenAnders Celsius xingdeshouzimuC。Celsiusyu1742nianjianyiliaozhetaowendubiaozhun。°Czaihanyuzhongduzuo“sheshiwendu”。lingyouyitaozaihangbanshangchangtingdaodewenbiaoshihuashi（Fahrenheit）wenbiao. －bizhezhu（8）“guaide”，yingwenweiwell-behaved. xiangbiandianhuolinjiedianfujinmouxiewuliliangduiwendudeyilaiguanxijiushibuguaide。dianxingdeliziyouyehaizaiλ－diandebiresuiwendudebianhua。－bizhezhu。（9）yuzhoudebeijingfusheweishimekeyikanzuoshiheitifushe，wokebudong。－bizhezhu。cankaowenxian[1] Thomas Mann, Magic Mountain, Knopf , New York 1939.[2] caozexian，wulixueyaowenjiaozi005：puxue：kandemohuanyishu，《wuli》36juan11qi，886-887(2007）.[3] Thomas D. McGee, Principles and Methods of Temperature Measurement, John Wiley & Sons (1988).[4] wangkelin，caozexian，shijianbiaoduyushenzaoqiyuzhouyinanwenti，《wuli》38juan，11qi，769－778(2009).[5] Philip Anderson in L. M. Brown, A. Pais, B. Pippard (Eds.), Twentieth Century Physics，IOP Publishing, 1995）pp.2017.[6] caozexian，wulixueyaowenjiaozi027: zuofeishang－the myth of entropy, 《wuli》，38juan9qi，675－680（2009）.zhu：benwenweicaozexianzhu 《wulixueyaowenjiaozi》di28pian，yuantiwei《wendu：yuejinlengnuanshuoyanliang》。te bie ti shi1. jinru『fanpu』weixingongzhonghaodibucaidan“jingpinzhuanlan“，kechayuebutongzhutixiliekepuwenzhang。2. 『fanpu』kaitongliaoanyuejiansuowenzhanggongneng。guanzhugongzhonghao，huifusiweishuzuchengdenianfen+yuefen，ru“1903”，kehuoqu2019nian3yuedewenzhangsuoyin，yicileitui。banquanshuoming：huanyinggerenzhuanfa，renhexingshidemeitihuojigouweijingshouquan，budezhuanzaihezhaibian。zhuanzaishouquanqingzai「fanpu」weixingongzhonghaoneilianxihoutai。《fanpu》，kexuejialinghangdehaokepu。guojizhumingwulixuejiawenxiaogangyushengwuxuejiayanninggongtongchurenzongbianji，yushushiweibutonglingyuyiliuxuezhezuchengdebianweihuiyiqi，yunigongtongqiusuo。guanzhu《fanpu》（weixinhao：fanpu2019）canyugengduotaolun。ercizhuanzaihuohezuoqinglianxifanpugongzhonghaohoutai。2023nianjiebaoluhuzaizhongguomaichuliao10.6wantaiche（guochan+jinkou），tongbizengchang25%。dafuzengchangshiyinwei2022nianyouyuquexinzaochengliaojishuguodi，qishi10wanliangdeshuipinghuanbujiqi2016niandebiaoxian。
经(闯颈苍驳)济(闯颈)导(顿补辞)报(叠补辞)记(闯颈)者(窜丑别)通(罢辞苍驳)过(骋耻辞)奥颈苍诲资(窜颈)讯(齿耻苍)统(罢辞苍驳)计(闯颈)发(贵补)现(齿颈补苍)，截(闯颈别)至(窜丑颈)7月(驰耻别)12日(搁颈)，已(驰颈)经(闯颈苍驳)有(驰辞耻)1318家(闯颈补)础股(骋耻)公(骋辞苍驳)司(厂颈)发(贵补)布(叠耻)了(尝颈补辞)上(厂丑补苍驳)半(叠补苍)年(狈颈补苍)业(驰别)绩(闯颈)预(驰耻)告(骋补辞)，其(蚕颈)中(窜丑辞苍驳)632家(闯颈补)预(驰耻)增(窜别苍驳)，占(窜丑补苍)比(叠颈)48%。
一见雍正突然出现，邬思道立马用君臣大礼跪拜。财宝儿颗粒积木盲盒...亚洲精品国产高清不卡在线冲在线视频一区二区叁区...
旅行博主直播时被车撞青海户外运动协会回应