《金瓶梅1-5电影观看完整版免费观看》高清不卡在线...《金瓶梅2在线》高清不卡在线观看 - 全集剧情 - 炽热...
普跌的局面中，中国前十富人，格局趋稳。你日常喝水，刷抖音，玩游戏，淘宝拼多多，在朋友圈溜达，收快递，吃猪肉，买家电，甚至打网约车里的那块电池……所有众人的日常，成就了中国最富十人。
2025年01月13日，除了以上这些角色，陈志坚出演的作品还有很多，有的只是一闪而过的镜头，凭着“歪瓜裂枣”的长相被观众记住，对此，陈志坚毫无怨言，声称自己是“一棵小草”，只要有戏拍，就很知足。
《金瓶梅1-5电影观看完整版免费观看》高清不卡在线...《金瓶梅2在线》高清不卡在线观看 - 全集剧情 - 炽热...
2024-07-16 08:32·金融界
而且这些雇主在谈论起某人的生死时，如此轻飘飘，仿佛已经在心里盘算过一万次。与足球元素的足球乐园
gaiyanjiuxinglunwenkanfadepingtai《LWT - Food Science and Technology》shiguojishipinkejilingyudedingjiqikan，zhuyaofabiaoshipinhuaxue、shengwuhuaxue、weishengwuxue、jishuheyingyangxuelingyudechuangxinlunwen。yanjiuxinglunwenyikexuedeyanjiuguocheng、xiangshideyanjiushuju，tongguofenxibutongpinzhigaowendaquguanjianxiangqichengfendebiaozhengjiqiyuganguanshuxingdeguanxi，weigaishanguotaijiudaquzhiliang，tishengguotaijiuchanpinzhiliangtigongliaozhongyaolilunyiju。“wowatinghua，wowanamehao，zenmenengmaitaiwowa……”
某(Mou)贸(Mao)易(Yi)公(Gong)司(Si)与(Yu)海(Hai)外(Wai)贸(Mao)易(Yi)公(Gong)司(Si)达(Da)成(Cheng)协(Xie)议(Yi)，将(Jiang)于(Yu)今(Jin)年(Nian)6月(Yue)底(Di)支(Zhi)付(Fu)B公(Gong)司(Si)1，000，000美(Mei)元(Yuan)货(Huo)款(Kuan)，届(Jie)时(Shi)A公(Gong)司(Si)转(Zhuan)换(Huan)人(Ren)民(Min)币(Bi)用(Yong)以(Yi)支(Zhi)付(Fu)的(De)成(Cheng)本(Ben)费(Fei)用(Yong)预(Yu)期(Qi)为(Wei)6，800，000 人(Ren)民(Min)币(Bi)。
duzaicewendu，dandaodishimeshiwendu？｜xianshuobadaoyuanchuang2020-01-29 07:43·fanpurujin，quanguozhongduogonggongchangsuoduzaibujianduandiceliangguowangrenqundetiwen。raner，shimeshiwendu？yigetixiyoumeiyouwendu？wendujidaodiceliangliaoshime？zhexiewentijibianzaizhuanyedewulijiaokeshuhezazhishangyeshiyuyanbuxiang。benkantefaciwen，gongcankao。zhuanwen ∣ caozexian（zhongkeyuanwuliyanjiusuoyanjiuyuan）yinshuiyuxinzhilengnuan，zuoyingrenzushiyanliang。－［tang］luoyin（1）wenduceliangdelishishikexuefazhanshidezuchengbufen……-Thomas D. McGeetiyao：ganzhilengreshishengmingbibeidenengli，yincilengregainiandechuxianyuanyuanzaoyurelixuezhemenxueke，yejiunanmianjiuchanbuqing。re、leng、huozaiyingwenwuliwenxianzhongduyouduozhongbiaoshu，erwenduyeshifeichangbuyizhengquelijiedewulixuejibengainianzhiyi。1、shishizongguanyanliangmangmangyuzhouzhongyiliweibuzudaodechenai——diqiu——shangdanshengliaoshengming。zhuyidaodiqiudepingjunwenduyuewei15°C，shengmingdewuzhijichuzhiyishishuiershuideninggudianwei0°C，yijishengmingzuoweiyigeyuanlipinghengtaidehaosantixixuyaobuduanhuodenengliangerdiqiudenengyuanshilaizitaiyangdefuzhaodengjigeshishi，jiukeyiduoshaolijieshengmingsuoxuanzedewenduchuangkou（bixuchuyuhuanjingwenqudegaoduan）yijiduilengnuandemingan（2）。keyishuoyiqieshengmingzuizhongyaodeganjuenenglishiduilengnuandeganzhi（duixuduogaojidongwulaishuo，shijuehuozhetingjueshibeixuanxiang），guoquzhongguorenshenzhijiangzhilengzhirekanzuoshiyigerenzuoweihaodepeiousuobibeidepinge。zaizhongwenyujingli，wenhe、wennuan、wenroudengtiejinwomentiwendecihuidurangrengandaofeichangwenzuo，zaiqitawenhuazhongdagaiyeyingruci，bijing“huanqiutongciliangre”（3）。lengredegainianzairentifayudezaoqijiuyinggaijianliqilailiao。geiyingyouerweinaiweifan，yikaishiyoudarenzhangwolengre，erhoujiuyaojiaohaizizijimingbailengre。shushidewendu，yinggaishitiwenfujinbudadefanwei，tashouxianshishenglidexuyao，qihoumanmanchengliaoxinlidexuqiu。womenyigerenyishengzhongzuixuyaolijiedexianxiangyexujiushishitaiyanliang，renqinglengnuan！renleiziyumeizhongzouguolai，zaiqikexuenulizhongziranhuijianghendadejinglifangzailijielengnuanxianxiangshang。yushi，womenfazhanliaorexue、relixue，erzheqizhongyaolijiehelianghuadeyigezhongyaogainianshilengrechengdu，jiwendu。2、hunluandezimianlengreshiwomenshentideganjue，yinciwomenguanyulengrexianxiangxiangguandecihuiyidingbirelixuezhemenkexuechuxiandezao，yejiurongyixiangxiangcunzaimouxiegainianshangdejiazabuqing。zaikaolvdaoyingyudefuzalaiyuan，yijirelixuezaide、fa、yingjihutongshifazhandelishixianshi，keyixiangjianyingwenkejiwenxianzhongyureyouguandecihuihuiyouxuduobutongdemianmu。shouxian，relixueguanzhudejibenliangshireliang（liàng），shinengliangdeyizhongteshuxingshi。zhongwenlirerujinjishijutidemingci（rongjiere），yeshichouxiangmingcidaibiao“rede”zhezhongganjue、zhejianshi（lvyoure），yeshixingrongci（rexinchang）；xiangyingdi，deyuli“rede”shiheiβ，erjutimingcire，die W?rme，duiyingdexingrongciqueshiwennuan，warm；yingyuli“rede”yici，hot，laizideyuheiβ，danshicixingbianhuafengfu：“rede”zhezhongganjue、zhejianshiweihotness，reliangzeshiheat。deyuxingrongciwarmchuanruyingyuhou，qiduiyingdemingciwarmness，shiwennuandeganjue，quemeiyoureliangdeyisi。hanyukejimingcizhongshejiredehuanyourejie（liejie）deshuofa，shiduipyrolysis defanyi。Pyros laizixilayuπ?ρо?，shihuodeyisi。tongyangyuhuotongyuandezihuanyoufever (fare、fashao) ，deyuwei das Fieber。ruguozhidaozhongwende“re”zi，conghuo，shixingshengci，zheyidianjiuhenhaolijie。rexuezuoweiyimenxuekezaideyuliweiW?rmetheorie，yingwenweiheat theory，ciweirelixuedeqianshen。relixue，thermodynamics （thermo+dynamic），laizixilayu。danshi，xilayuθερμ?? (thermos) deyisiqiaqiashi“wende”，xingrongci“rede”shiκαντ?? （kantos）heζεστ?? (zestos)。shuodaoreliang，yingwenzhongyeyongcalorie (hanyuzhijieyinyikaluli，huogancui“ka”)，tanlunyingyangbaojian、yundongsushenderenxihuanyong“kaluli”daibiaoreliang。Caloriezhegecilaiziladingyucalere，yisishi to be warm， glow，glow with heat。Glow with heat （reerfaguang） jiushibaichidengdeyuanli，houwenwomenhuikandaozhegewentizaijindaiwulixuezhongjuzuqingzhongdediwei。Caloriezaixilayuzhongyeshi“rede”yisi，birurefusheti（radiator），xilawenjiushiσ?μα καλоριφ?ρ (caloric body)。zailuomanyuzudeyuyanzhong，“rede”yiciduhecaloriexiangfangfo，ruzhejuxibanyayu“La temperatura es una magnitud referida a las nociones comunes de calor o frío（wendushiduliangrehuolengdeliang）”zhongdecalor。weiliaobiaozhenglengredechengdu（degree of hotness or coldness），renmenyinruliaotemperaturedegainian。lengredechengdubushireduyebushilengdu，ershiwendu，rutemperaturedebenyi。Temperaturedetongyuandongcitemperweidiaohedeyisi，ru to temper critism with reason （pipingzhongjiarushuoli），to temper paint with oil（yongyoudiaoqi）。xingrongcitemperatedeyisishiwenhede，rua temperate reply （wenhededafu），a temperate climate (wenhedeqihou），dengdeng。Temperateruozhilengrechengdu，qijinyiciyou tepid、mild helukewarm （shushi、zuoyi）。shashibiyazuizhumingdeshisixingshi“Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?”deqishiliangju：Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate.（4）qizhongdetemperate zhidejiushihaopiqi、wenshun、wenwandeyisi。ciwai，ladingwentemperaturaebenyiyoubuguofendeyisi，biruguanyumeizhibiaozhundelengbingbingdeyangeduichengxingyuqishuoshiyaodadaodebiaozhun，wuningshuoshiyizhongzaiqijichushangyaopianlidebiaozhun：“danzhepianlibukeguofen（temperaturae），suoweizaijueduideduichengxingzhongyoumudedi、toutoudisairuyixiexiweidebianhua”[1]。redefanyicishileng。guanyuleng，suiranyingwendeleng，cold、coldness，yezaiyingwenwuliwenxianzhongshichangjiandao，danhenduoshihouyongdaodeshiqitaxingshideci。birurefrigerator（bingxiang）、refrigerating machine（zhilengji），zhelideleng，fri，laiziladingyuxi，fayuxingrongciwei froid，xibanyayuweifrío。xiangyingdi，lengzaixilayuzhongweiκρ?о?（cryos），shijihanleng（chilly）deyisi，danshizaixiandaiwulixuewenxianzhongjihanlengyebuzuyishuoqingchutashiduomedelengliao。Cryo chuxianzaicryostat（diwenhengwenqi）、cryopump (lengningbeng) dengcihuizhong，zhelidelengkeshiyouyedanhuoyehaiweichide，cryogenic refrigeratorlidewenduyuanbijiazhongbingxianglidegengdi。youshiweiliaoyousuoqubie，renmenzaibiaoda“lengde”gainianshihuixuanzebutongciyuandeci，rulengyuanziwuliyingwenweiultracold atomic physics，diwenwulizexiechenglow-temperature physics，《diwenwuli》zazhiyinweiyaoxiandehenyouxuewen，huanyaoxiechengladingwen physica temperaturae humilis。zailiangreshebeishang，wenziyeshibijiaohunluan。Thermosshi“wende”，thermometer shiliangwendeqicai，hanyiwenduji；danhuanyouyigeciweithermoscope，anshuoyeshiwenduji，danyourenweiliaoyishiqubiejiangzhiyiweiliangwenqi、cewenqi。qishi，zhelidequbieshi，meterdebenyishiceliang，qiangdiaokedu；scopedebenyishikan，daiscopedeceliangqicaiqiangdiaodeshiguancha，kenengbingbuyaoqiuyidingluoshidaoyigeshuzhi。dangranzhehuayebudui，rujinbianbugedifangliugandeshuzishihongwaithermoscopejiushijiandandibengchuyigeshuzi。xianran，renleizhizaodediyigeliangwenqicaizhinengshithermoscope，yinweitahuanmeiyoukedu。guanyumeteryuscope，yijimetry yuscopyzhijiandexiweichabie，qingcanyuebizheciqiandetaolun[2]。ciwai，huanyouyileijinsidiliyongheitifushexingzhidewendujipyrometer，yourenjiangzhifanyichenggaowenji。zhegefanyiyoudianguo，yinweiyouxiepyrometeryezhishiyonglaijianshirenleidetiwenbianhua（jianxiawen）。celiangreliangdeshebeishicalorimeter，hanyiliangreji，yongyucedinghuaxuefanying、zhuangtaibianhuahuorongjieguochengsuochanshengdereliang。3、wendudewuliwendushiwulixuezhongqigejibenliangzhiyi，danweiwei Kelvin，yiyingguowulixuejia William Thomsondeguanjue，ji Lord Kelvin，mingming。zaixuduowulixueshengdetounaoli，wendushigezuijibendewuliliang，yigekeceliangliang。1994nianxiajiyigewuliaodexiawu，bizhezaideguoKaiserslauterndaxuewulixitushuguanfanyueyibenmingwei《Heat Transfer》deshushi，huranmingbaiwendushibukeceliangde。tadesuoweiceliangduyaoyilaiyigewomenweimingshuode、youshishenzhishigenbenbuzhidaodemougewulixuedinglv，qieceliangdeshiqitadekeceliangwuliliang。erjibianbuzhidaonagedinglvwomenyirannenggouzhizaowendujibingjicizhubudijianliqirelixue，zeshizaibizheweizhongguokexueyuanyanjiushengyuanzhunbei2009shuqikechengshicairenshidaozheyidiande，cishibizhezaidaxueheyanjiusuoyijinghunliao27geniantou。youyuwendushiduidalizishutixidepinghengtaiyansheng（emergent）xingzhizuotongjimiaoshushicainengyinjinlaideyigeliang，bizheyoushishenzhixiangshuowendujiubushigewulideliang；yanjiushaotiwentidewulixuejiajibenshangshifashaodeshihoucaiconghushidezuilitingdaozhegecide。errelixuezhihuisenandong，duobanshiyinweizhexieyinggaimingquezhichueryouxianyourenzhichudeshishi。chengruMcGeezhichudenayang，“wendushizuinanqingxidingyidewuzhideyibanxingzhi（The concept of temperature has been the most difficult of the common properties of matter to define clearly）”[3]。dangwomenpingjieshentiganzhilengrecongerduihuanjingdewenduzuochupanduanshi，womengengduodeshizaitanlunyigechuanrexuedewenti。reliuliuxiangwomendeshenti，womenganjueshirede，womenjiuduanyanwaijiewendugao；reliuziwomenshentiliuchu，womenganjueshilengde，womenjiuduanyanwaijiewendudi。buguozhegeganjuebuzuyiyaoqiuwaijieyouwulishangyangedingyidewendu，qiereliudeqiangdubixubeixianzhizaiyigehenxiaodefanwei，guodadezhuruheliuchudereliudukenengsunhuaiwomendeganjueqiguan，congerdechuhunluandepanduan。dangrenti，birujiao，beidongdefeichanglihaishi，yehuiyouredeganjue，queqiedishuoshimayangdeganjue，qienazhongmayangdeganjuebushizhengtixingde，ershirutongdierleichaodaotineidecitongwoxuan，huozhebandaotijingtilideweicuoxiannayangdefenbu。youshi，jibianshichuyutongyihuanjingzhongdelianggewuti，jiashedubiwomendeshouleng，qizhongxishoureliangkuaidewuti，birujinshu，yehuigeiwomengenglengdeganjue。yejiushishuowomendeshouzheyangdewendujishiyikaoreliufangxiangshenhuoreliudesulvlaipanduanlengnuande。yiqieganzhiwendudeqijian，dukenengcunzaileisidewenti，zhishaotabunengbangzhuceliangzheduanyandaicetixiyouwanhaodingyidewendu。relixuegaosuwomen，zhenduiyigechuyupinghengtaidetixi，womencainengdingyiqiwenduwei，jiwendushiyoutixizailizishu、tijiyijiqitaguangyanliangdubaochibubiandeqiantixiadezuo－neinengguanxijuedingde。zitongjilixuedeguandiankanlai，zhegeguanxishijiben（fundamental）de。suiran，wendukeyizuoweiwutilengrechengdudeduliang（temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body），danlengre（reliudefangxianghesulv）queshigengjibende，qiebubaozhengyigewanhaodingyidewendudecunzai。4、wenduceliangdeluojijichuwenduceliangshejifuzadewulixianxiang。ruheceliangwendu，suiranweidedaochongfenqiangdiao，yesuanshiyimenxuewen（thermometry），erqieshiyimenfuzade、kunnandexuewen。renhechangshiceliangwenduderenduyinggaiqingchudiliaojiecewendeyuanliyijimanzutedingmudesuocaiyongzhijuticewenfangfa[3]。wenduceliangdeluojijichushirelixuedilingdinglv: “ruotixiAheBfenbietongtixiCchuyurepingheng，zeAheBzhijianyechuyurepingheng。” jushuogaidinglvshi1920nianyouR. H. Fowlertichude，congshijianshangkan，dilingdinglvchuxianwanyixie，suanshiduirelixuesandadinglvdebuchong。jiranshibuchong，shuomingyouqibiyao，bingbushiruzimianshangnayangkanqilaijihushifeihua。suoweiderepingheng，wodelijieshijiliangtixijiandanweishijiannei、qiebuguanduochangshijianjiangeneidejingjiaohuanreliangweiling。lianggetixifenbietongdisangetixichuyurepingheng，xijieshangquekeyishiyibutongdechuanrefangshi，yibutongdedanxiangnengliujiaohuanzhuoreneng（tu1）。zheyang，repinghengruguoyongreliangjiaohuandecihuilaimiaoshudehua，jiutaibujingjiliao。relixuedilingdinglvshouxianbiaomingciwentikeyijinyibuyinxiangshenru，dingyiyigexindebiaozhengrepinghengdewuliliang，zhejiushiwendu（5）。zhecaishidilingdinglvdeguanjian。youliaozhegeluojijichu，wendugainiandeyinrujiuxiandeshunlichengzhangliao，wendujideshiyongjiudedaoliaoyuanlishangdebaozhang（yigecewenwuzhitongdaicetixijianliliaorepingheng，jiasheciguochengjiaohuandereliangyudaicetixidezongreliangxiangbikehuluebuji，zegenjuceliangcewenwuzhimougewuliliangsuohuansuandedaodewenduzhikekanzuoshidaicetixidewendu。dangran，youxiewendujibuxuyaohedaicetixijianlirepingheng），erqieduilianggeduliderelixuetixi，keyitongguocewenguochengjianliqiwendudebijiaoerwuxuyaoqiutamenzhijianjianliredejiaoliu。relixuedilingdinglvtongqitadilingdinglvyiyangzhuzhongdedushiweigaixuekedaxiajianshideluojijichu。tu1 relixuedilingdinglvtushi，zhuyibutongtixizhijianderepinghengxijieshangdechayi。5、wendujiyuwenbiaowomenyoulengredeganjue，youjianglengrelianghuadexuqiu，wentishiruhejiangwendulianghua，zhuyilengreshiganjueerfeishijueshangdepanduan。ruguoyaojianglengrelianghuaweikeyiyanshuodeshiwu，jiuxuyaoyigejianglengrezhuanhuanchengshijuexiaoguodewujian，jiwenduji。1594nian，zuoliluedudaoliaoHerodeshougao“Penumatics” （chengshuyugongyuanqianyishiji），congerfamingliaoliyongqitiyali（tiji）suiwendugaibiandeyuanli、youyizhongyetideshengjianglaixianshilengrechengdudethermoscope（tu2）。rujinshimianshangdewanjuaiqingwendujijiushiliyongdezhegeyuanli。lingyouwenxianshuozuolilue1600nianzuoyoufamingdethermoscopeshizheyangdezhuangzhi：mifengdeboliguanneizhuruyidingliangdetoumingyeti，qizhongjinpaozhuobizhongbutongdexiaowujian。dangwendushenggao（xiajiang）shi，yetidemiduhuijianxiao（zengjia），xiaowujiandexuanfuweizhijiuyoubiandong （tu2）。tu2 yuanshidethermoscopes。zuotuzhongliyongdeshiqiyasuiwendudebianhua，guanchadeshiyetideshengjiang；youtuzhongliyongdeshiyetimidusuiwendudebianhua，guanchadeshigutixuanfuwudeshengjiang。jinyoushijueshangdechongjishibugoude，zhiyoushixianliaoduiwendudeculueceliangyihou，wendudegainiancainenggoubeidingyi（……Only after crude methods of temperature measurement were developed could the concept of temperature really be defined!）[3]。zheshikexuefazhandeyigeyouqufanli，yinzhengliaoguanyukexueshiyisouxingshizaidahaishangdechuan、erwomenzhinengzaizhesouchuanshangduitajinxingxiubudebiyu。zaizhengquedilijiewenduzhiqian，womenyijingyouliaolianghuawendudenuliheshijian。yaodedaolianghuadewendu，jiuyaojiejueruhelianghuayijiweishimekeyizheyanglianghuadewenti，suiranlijiehouyidianshi“mahoupao”shide。zairelixueshishang，cewenshicongceliangliwomendetiwenbutaiyuandewendukaishide， qiedushicaiyongxianxingwenbiao，jijiasheceliangyilaidewuliliang（huoxianxiang），ruqi、ye、gutiderezhanglengsuo（6），suiwenduzaiganxingqudefanweineishixianxingbianhuade。zheyangduilianggecankaodianfuzhijiuzuyiquedingyitaowenbiaohewenduji。cong1744niandao1954nian，0°C（7）beixuanweishuideninggudian，er100°C shishuidefeidian（xiguanxingdebaifenzhisiwei，suoyishendukexuexingqianqueyidian），dangranshizaiyigedaqiya（zhuyi，shiaodiliweiyenadedaqiya！）xiadeninggudianhefeidian（tu3）。tu3 shuideninggudian（bingshuigongcun）hefeidianfenbiebeidingyiwei0 °Che100 °C。wendushilengrechengdudebiaozheng，erwutizhijianlengrechengdudechabietixianzairejiechushidenengliushouyi，yincixiangbiyuwenduzhisuobiaoshideguanxi，reliucaishigengjibende。ruowomenjiangxianghuzhijianrepinghengdexitongguiweiyigelei，chuyubutongdexitongleianrejiechushifashengnengliangliudefangxiangpaixu，nengliangliudefangxiangzhixiangwendudidetixi。cishi，renhenengzhengquedigeichuxitongleishunxudewendubiaoqiandushiwulishanghaodewenbiao (temperature scale)（tu4）。dangran，tongshangshuwomencaiyongdezhishiheyujubuwenqudeyouxianwenbiao(temperature standard) butong，womenzhelitaolundeshiduiwenduquanjushangdebiaoduwenti。duiyuwenbiaodexuanzelaishuo，geichuzhengquedexitongleixulie（nengliufangxiang）shidiyiweide，erquelijutideshuzhishidierweide。yaozuodaohouyidianhuanxuyaoyilaiqitadewulishishihuoguilv；qiegenjubutongguilvdingchudewenbiao（scale，qingbuyaohuntongyutaolunsheshiwenbiaotonghuashiwenbiaobutongshisuoshejidewendustandards），xianghuzhijiandebianhuanguanxiyibanshifeixianxingde。zheyangdewenbiaohenduo，danwomenqiwangyigejuyoumouzhong“juedui”yiyidewenbiao，fangbian、huozheshuoliyuwulixuehuodeyigeziqiademianmaoshiwomenduizheyangdewenbiaodeqidai[4]。zheyangdewenbiaoyingshijiben（fundamental）de，jiceliangwendushisuoxuanqudeceliangliangduiwendudeyilaiguanxizhishejijibenwulichangshuerbubaohanrenyidexiaozhunchangshu[3]。cishi，taolunyixiashijianhewendudeyigegongtongdecemianshiyouqude。zaiyongyouyigekejieshoudewendulilunzhiqian，womendewenbiaohewendujishihunluande；zaiwomennengjianliqikejieshoudeshijianlilunzhiqian，yemeiyoujuyoujibenshibiaodejishiqi。zaitaoluntadeguangyixiangduilunshi，aiyinsitanyongshizaide、jingdiande“michi”、“shizhong”he“guanchazhe”denggainian，zheshitazuoyuchangshidedifang。zheyangdebiaoshuyoulishideyinyou，queshiwudaoxingde（xuduorendexiangduilunshuipingyongyuandibeidinggezai“michi”、“shizhong”denggainianshangliao），guweirensuozuobing[5]。6、jueduiwenduyujueduiwenbiaosuoweidewenduceliang，yizhishiyongmouzhongwuzhitixidemougewuliliang，birushuiyinwendujizhongshuiyinzhudegaodu，laibiaozhengwendude，qiqiantitiaojianshigaiwuliliangzaigeidingdewenquneisuiwendudandiaodibianhua （bucunzainengceliangsuoyouwendudewenduji）。dandandiaoxingbuzuyiquedingduibianhuadedingliangmiaoshu，gulishishangzengchuxianduozhongyilaibutongwuzhidebutongwulixingzhidezhenduibutongwenqudewenduji，zengyinrubutongdejingyanwenbiao[3]。fenluandewenbiaofanyingdeshiduiwendufenluanderenshihedingyi，zheshuomingguanyuwenduyidingyoumouxieshenkedewuliwomenhuanmeiyoubawo。relixuefazhanshishangyinrudejingyanwenbiaosuirandumanzuliaosuocaiyongdewuliliangzaigongzuofanweineisuiwendudandiaobianhuadeyaoqiu，danwuliliangsuiwendubianhuadedingliangguanxidequelixianranyingfuwuyujianliyigeziqiaderelixuetixi；napajinshiweiliaocewendetongyi， yexuyaoyigeduliyujutiwuliliangdewenbiao，shidebutongdewendujikexiangduiyuyigetongyide、zuihaoshishiyongyusuoyoukenengchuxianwenduzhidewulitixi（yuanli）jiayixiaozhun。1703nian，faguorenamengdong（Guillaume Amontons） faxianjiangdiwendushi，pingzilideqitiyaliyexiajiang。wenduyuedi，yaliyuedi。danqiyabukenengweifu，zeanzhaolixiangqitidezhuangtaifangcheng，（anzhaolixiangqitifangchengdingyide）wendujiangdaolingyejiubunengjiangliao。amengdongtuicezhegewenduzai－240℃ 。zheshijueduiwendudezaoqigainian。houlai，kaierwenjueshiyinruliaojueduiwenbiao，jitixisuochudewenduyingzheyangqu1900nian，pulangketongguocaicedezuoyuneinengdeguanxi，geichuliao（lixiangde！）heitifushegongshi，jinengliangpumiduduiwendudeyilaiguanxi，[6]。zhegegongshidangranshiyangedeshuxuebiaoda，duiyingyigewendudebuzaijiandandishigeshuzhi，ershiyigefenbuhanshu。tongshangshujueduiwendudingyiyiyang，zheliwendudequedinghuanshitongguonengliangceliangshixiande。duiyujutideyigefusheti，biruyuzhou（9），tadefushenengliangmidupugujibushixiangzhegeshuxuegongshinamewanmei，danzhongyaodetezheng（features）quebuhuiyoutaidadepianli（tu6）。zheyang，womenzhiyaojiang quxianmeihuachengfuheshangshugongshidexingshi，jiunengdingyiyigejueduiwendu。yuzhoubeijingfushe、xingtiwendujiushizheyangquedingde。duiheitifushegongshidejinsidingyiliaojueduiwendu，huozheshuoheitifushelilunweiwomentigongliaoyigejueduiwendujideshuxuejichu，celiangheitifushepudeshebeijiuchengliaopushidewenduji，qiezhezhongjueduiwendujishiyuanchengde。liyongciyuanlidejueduiwendujizhiyi，daxingshediantianwenwangyuanjing (tu6)，weitiantiwuli、yuzhouxue、yinlililundeyanjiutigongliaojudadebangzhu。tu6 jueduiwendujihetadelixiangceliangjieguo，jimanzupulangkegongshidefusheqiangdusuibochang（huozhepinlv）debianhua。zhuyi，youtuzhongdepunapajingguomubiaozhixiangdemeihua，yeshibuwanzhengde。youcidelaidesuoweiyuzhoubeijingwenduwei2.725 K, tanameyishuo，ninameyiting。daxingshediantianwenwangyuanjingzheyangdejueduiwendujitaiangguiliao，muqianyiyouduozhongbutaiyangede—zhicehenzhaifanweineidebopu，huozheqiyilaidepanjuhuojisuanyebuyange—jueduiwendujigongshiyanshiherichangshenghuozhongshiyong。zheleiwendujiyingwenweipyrometer。liru，youyizhongdengsixiaoshiguangxuecewenyi（the disappearing filament optical pyrometer）：tongguoyigehongse（jihudanse）delvguangchuangkoujiangdaicedebaichiguangyuanheyiqineizhidedengsi（xiaozhunguode）fachudefusheyiqibijiao，dangfusheyuandeqiangduhedengsideqiangduyiyangshi，dengsidexiangxiaoshiliao，youcikeyipanduanfusheyuandewendujiushineizhidengsidedangqianwendu。zheleiwendujiyibanyongyujiejin1000°Cdegaowenceliang，wuchajiaoda。huanyouyileicelianghongwaiboduanfashepuhuofashelv（emissivity）dehongwaicewenyi，yingwenweiinfrared thermometerhuoinfrared radiation pyrometer huo radiometer，youyuqishuchushibengchuyigebiaoshiwendudeshuzi，yinciyejiaoinfrared thermoscope （tu7）。youyuemissivity yilaiyuwutidewendu，yeyilaiyuwutibiaomiandezhuangkuang，yincizheleiwendujixuyaoyangexiaozhun。tu7 shuzishihongwaithermometer huozhethermoscopehuozhepyrometer。liangwenbianchengliaozhijieduquyiqixianshichudeshuzi。7、wenduceliangdejiaxiangqianshuwoyijingchanming，wenduzuoweiyigetongjixingzhideqiangduliang，shibukeyibeizhijieceliangde。suoweidewenduceliang，shitongguoduiqita（guangyan）wuliliang（shoureyingxiang）deceliangdeyishixiande。qitadewulixianxiangbeidangzuowendudezhibiao，suodedewenduzhikenenghuiyinweimouxieshigudedaobujingquede、shenzhicuowudejieguo。shouxianyaozhuyideyidianshi，wuzhitixishouraodonghoudadaoxindewenduzhuangtaikenengshixuyaomougetezhengshijiande，eryigefanyinghenkuaidecewenzhuangzhi，birudianzuwenduji（resistor thermometer），huishunjianjiugeichuyigewenduzhierbuguantixishichuyushimezhuangtai。xuduoyanjiuxiangbiandewenzhanggeichudejieguozhisuoyichurujiaoda，wohuaiyiyucewenyouguan。qitadecuowugenyuanbaokuocewendiantongwenduji（birureouwenduji）detantousuozaidibingbushiyuanlaishedingdedidian，huozhezhuanhuanhuoxianshibufendedianluchuliaowenti（birureshuiqixianshiwendudedianluyinweishuigouguozaodiliangdengzhishishuikailiao），dengdeng。ruguorendingyouguomaoqipaojiudaibiaogaowendehuahuanyoushoupiandekeneng（cishirendechangshibanyanliaowendujidejiaose），yinweijiarudiwenfenjieqihuadewuzhi，birupengsha，henrongyizaidiwenxiajiurangyouguofantengbuyi。jiushehuiliumangdouhen，jiuyourenyongguozhezhaobiaoyanxiayouguo。8、fuwendu“yubujingrensibuxiu”bingbushishirenteyoudetaidu。wulixuejiamenweiliaoboqubuxiudemingsheng， zaitichuxingainiandeshihouyiyangshichuyujingren。birurelixuedinglvqiangdiaoliaojueduiwendulingdushibukenengdadaode，danruguozuodadaoliaone，youhuozherangninwuyiweibitahuandine，nagaishiduomehongdongya。“fuwendu”jiushizheyangdeyigegainian。peishangxiangzheyangdejuzi“fuwendudetixibirenhe zhengwendutixidure（Rather, a system with a negative temperature is hotter than any system with a positive temperature）”，jianzhitaihouxiandailiao。qishi，suoweidefuwendushejideshijiguanggongzuojiezhihuozhecichangzhongfenliedehezixuanzheyangdejinyoujigenengji（shijishangshiliangge）detixi，yinweiwaizaibengpu（pumping）deyuanyin，tixizhongdegaonengjiyijiaodadebilibeizhanju，jichuxianlizishufanzhuan（population inversion）。suoyi，ruguoyingyaoyongboerzimanfenbuzhileidemiaoshu，jirendingmidusuanfuρyoushigeichudehua，H shitixidehamierdunsuanfu，zeTyingqufuzhi。zhuyidaolizishufanzhuanshiyouwaijiedebengpuhenengjidexingzhi，birunengjijiandeshuaibiansulv，suogongtongjuedingde，jiashetixiyousangenengjidehua，anzhaoshangshudingyishenzhinengdedaosangebutongdefuwendu。zhedangranyoudianzuozuo。erruojiangfuwenduxiandingzailiangnengjitixidehua，zhijieyongzhanjuzhuangtaimiaoshujiuxingliao，yinruyigewenducanshuchuliaoxinwenxiaoyingyiwaihuannengyoushimeyichu？leisifuwenduzhileidegainianwulixueshanghuanyouyixie，duzhezhujunyudaoshibufangyixiaozhizhi。9、duodanyuanrelixuetixidewenduruoyigetixisuiranqizhengtishangbushichuyurepinghengtai，ziranyongdanyiwenducanshumiaoshushibuqiadangde，danzuchengtadezixitongqueshigezijinsidichuyupinghengtai，zeduizheyangdetixikeyizhenduizixitongdingyichuyizuwendulaibiaozhengqirelixuetexing。pinghengtaidedengliziti，ruguobushitaiyangedehua，huanyouyuanyanghuoguo （tu8），jiushizheyangderelixuetixi。duipinghengtaidengliziti，keyigenjulizinengliangfenbuhedianzinengliangfenbufenbiedingyiliziwenduhedianziwendu。ruguoyeyongKelvinwenbiaodehua，yibanqitideliziwendu，jinsidikekanzuoshizhudaodenglizititonghuanjingjiaohuanreliangdecanshu，bingbubishiwengaoduoshao。danshi，dianziwenduyaogaodeduo，yibanzai10^5Kyishang，zheyangdedenglizitibeichengweinon-thermal plasma；ruoshidenglizitineidianzihelizishichuyurepingheng de，zeshithermal-plasma。Non-thermal plasma yourenjiangzhifanyiweifeiredengliziti，yourenzesuishoushiyongdiwendenglizitizhegeyiming。liyongjiguangdenggengjuxuanzexingdelihuagongjukeyishideqitizhongzhongxingyuanzihelizidewendubaochihendi，biruweichizai1Kwendudeshuiping，zheyangdedenglizitibeichengweicold plasma huoultra-cold plasma.tu8 yuanyanghuoguoheqitifangdian，dianxingdejuyoulianggejinsirepinghengzixitongderelixuetixi。10、jie shu yuwenduzuoweiyigetongjicanshu，tayuqidingyisuoyilaidetongjiyiqicaigouchengduitixidatishangdekexuemiaoshu。kandaoyigewenduzhi，yaobatatongguanliandewuliliangdefenbulianxiqilai，zheyeshidianziwenduchangchangyongnengliangdanweigeichudedaoli。duiyuzhengtishangyanzhongfenhuade、feipinghengdetixi，jiandandigeichuyilaimougezhengtixingzhi (refushedeqiangdu；mougedianzuzhishenqizhongsuobiaoxiandedianzuzhi) cuowudihuansuanchulaidewenduzhiqishishiwudaoxingde。zhezhengruduipinfuyanzhongfenhuadeshehui，“suanshupingjun”houdegongzishuipinghuoxiaofeizengchangsuduzhihuiyangaishehuidezhenshi，zhezhongxuewendechuxianjikenengshiyinweimouleixuezhexueshugongdizhibuzu，gengkenengshiyinweigaileixuezhexianshenreqingzhiguotou。benwenguanyuwendudetaolunjibenshangshijishucengmiande，cishiwotebiexiangzhongwenyiqiandeyijuhua，jiguanyurenheyigewulixuegainianduyoutaiduowobudongdeneirong。qishiwendushiwulixuezuiguanjiandejibengainianzhiyi，zailiangzichanglun、chouxiangdaishudecengcishangtaolunwenduhuokechujiwenduneihandepimao。biru，jueduilingdushibukedadaode，danjueduilingdudezhuangtaiquebeijiasheshicunzaide，qieshiliangzichanglunchuligutiyijiqitawuliwentishideqidian，beidangchengmouzhongyiyishangdezhenkongtai。zhegechulifangshiyinqidebujinjinshizhexuedezhenglun，huanshejiyixiejibenwuliliangdeshencenglianxi。zhegehuatishuitaishen，yuanchaobizhenenglizhiwai。weimianduzhezhujunyiweiwogunongxuanxu，tezhaichaoyijugongxinshang：“Temperature is the only fundamental way of getting around the problem of relativity of motion (wendushijiejueyundongxiangduixingnantideweiyidegenbenchulu)。”zenmeyang，lingrenjingchahu？buzhui1. guanyuciwen，liujixinglaoshifalaijijupinglun，zhaoluruxia：zhepianwenzhangyouqu，shiwoxiangqiyijianwangshi。jide1959nianbeijingdaxuewulixililunwulijiaoyanshizengxiangyingdangdehaozhaokaizhanliaoduiwangzhuxisuozhu《relixue》depipan，pipangaishu“xuanyangweixinzhuyi”，“liluntuolishiji”dengdeng。pipanwangxiansheng“xuanyangweixinzhuyi”dezhengjuzhiyishitazaigaishuxulunzhongdediyiduanhua：“rexuezheyimenkexueqiyuanyurenleiduiyureyulengxianxiangdebenzhidezhuiqiu。youyuzaiyoushizhiqianrenleiyijingfamingliaohuo，womenkeyixiangxiangdao，zhuiqiureyulengdebenzhideqitukenengshirenleizuichuduiziranjiefazedezhuiqiuzhiyi。”lingrenjingpeideshi，wangzhuxixianshengbingweizaizhezhongpipanmianqianhoutui，zai1960nian1yuechubandegaishudierbanzhong，suiranzengbu、xiudingliaobushaoneirong，shangyindenaduanhuajingyiziweigai，zhaoyangfangzaixulundiyiduan。caozexiankenengbuzhicishi（nashitakenenghuanmeiyouchushengba？），danzhepianwenzhangtixianliaowangxianshengzheduanhuadejingshen，suoyiwojuedeyouqu，zhenlikanlaishipibudaode。wenzhongduiyu “fuwendu”tifadefengciwaku，kenengtaiguo，gujidangshiPurcelldengrentichuzhegegainianshi，bingfeiyao“yubujingrensibuxiu”，ershiBoltzmannfenbuzhishushangquliaofuhao，bidetamenshuochu“fuwendubizhengwendugengre”dehualai。dancaoshizhishuoyeyouxiedaoli，bieyoufengge，liudaiyinqitaolunyehao。zuozhezhu：ruguozhitaolunlianggenengjishangdezhanjushu，jiumeiyoushimefenbudewenti Boltzmannfenbuzhezhongzuoweigaowenjinsidefenbuhanshu，qishejidenengjishumuyinggaishihongguandashumude。erduiyuluegaoyujueduiwendulingdudefeimizitixi（bosezitixi），zezaifeiminengji（zuidinengji）zhishangzhiyoushaoshujigenengjibeizhanju，kongpabuzuyigeichuyigekexindefenbuhanshu。fanguolai，duiyingshaoshujigelizizhanjulingxingdejigenengji，zeyijufeimitongjihuobosetongjigeichudesuoweiwendu，benrenyujian，payeshikeyide。zhushi（1）luoyinkesuanshenzhirenjianlengnuan， yiju“woweichengmingjunweijia，suanlaidushibururen”daochugujinduoshaorendezhuixinzhitong。－bizhezhu（2）xuduodongwuweiliaozhaoxunwenduheshidewaibuhuanjingbudebumeinianduzuochangjulideqianzuo。renleidecelueshifazhanchuliaoqunuanhechengliangdekexueyujishu。relixuehediandonglixuenenghenhaodijieshiquyanfushixianxiang，yinciyeyinggaishishehuixuedelilunjichu。－bizhezhu（3）yuchumaozedong《niannujiao. kunlun》，zuoyu1935nian。－bizhezhu（4）dayishi：kefoujiangnibizuoqinglangdexiari？niqueshigengjiaxiuli、wenwan！cishiliuchuandehanyibeichengweizaichuangzuo，yiyufanyiwuguan。－bizhezhu。（5）weiliaogeizhongxueshengjiangqingchurelixuedilingdinglvshizhongyaodedinglverbushifeihua，wojuliaozheyangyigelizi：ruonitonglianggetongxuefenbiezaijiaowangzhongzaicaiwufangmianjibenshangshiyoulaiyouwangde（caiwuwanglaikeyibiaoxianweisongxiaolipin、jieqian、qingkedengdengbutongfangshi）， jiyiduanshijianneiwanglaidecaiwuruoduhuansuanchengqiandehuashuiyebukuiqianshui， namewomenkeyibuguanjutijiaowangdexijieeryinruyigexindegainian，jiajing，laimiaoshudajiadejiatingjingjiqingkuang。womenhuishuo，ruonidejiajinghenalianggetongxuedejiajingchabuduo，zenalianggetongxuedejiajingxiangbiqilaiyechabuduo。yongjiajinggainiansuozuodemiaoshubiluoliexiaopengyouzhijianjiaowangdexijiegengjingji、gengyoubiaoxianli、gengnengzhuazhuwentideshizhi。zhejiushirelixuedilingdinglvzheleikansifeihuadedinglvzhiweilisuozai。－bizhezhu。（6）youshaoshuwuzhitixizaimouxiewendufanweineishiresuolengzhangde。－bizhezhu（7）fuhao°ClaiziruidianrenAnders Celsius xingdeshouzimuC。Celsiusyu1742nianjianyiliaozhetaowendubiaozhun。°Czaihanyuzhongduzuo“sheshiwendu”。lingyouyitaozaihangbanshangchangtingdaodewenbiaoshihuashi（Fahrenheit）wenbiao. －bizhezhu（8）“guaide”，yingwenweiwell-behaved. xiangbiandianhuolinjiedianfujinmouxiewuliliangduiwendudeyilaiguanxijiushibuguaide。dianxingdeliziyouyehaizaiλ－diandebiresuiwendudebianhua。－bizhezhu。（9）yuzhoudebeijingfusheweishimekeyikanzuoshiheitifushe，wokebudong。－bizhezhu。cankaowenxian[1] Thomas Mann, Magic Mountain, Knopf , New York 1939.[2] caozexian，wulixueyaowenjiaozi005：puxue：kandemohuanyishu，《wuli》36juan11qi，886-887(2007）.[3] Thomas D. McGee, Principles and Methods of Temperature Measurement, John Wiley & Sons (1988).[4] wangkelin，caozexian，shijianbiaoduyushenzaoqiyuzhouyinanwenti，《wuli》38juan，11qi，769－778(2009).[5] Philip Anderson in L. M. Brown, A. Pais, B. Pippard (Eds.), Twentieth Century Physics，IOP Publishing, 1995）pp.2017.[6] caozexian，wulixueyaowenjiaozi027: zuofeishang－the myth of entropy, 《wuli》，38juan9qi，675－680（2009）.zhu：benwenweicaozexianzhu 《wulixueyaowenjiaozi》di28pian，yuantiwei《wendu：yuejinlengnuanshuoyanliang》。te bie ti shi1. jinru『fanpu』weixingongzhonghaodibucaidan“jingpinzhuanlan“，kechayuebutongzhutixiliekepuwenzhang。2. 『fanpu』kaitongliaoanyuejiansuowenzhanggongneng。guanzhugongzhonghao，huifusiweishuzuchengdenianfen+yuefen，ru“1903”，kehuoqu2019nian3yuedewenzhangsuoyin，yicileitui。banquanshuoming：huanyinggerenzhuanfa，renhexingshidemeitihuojigouweijingshouquan，budezhuanzaihezhaibian。zhuanzaishouquanqingzai「fanpu」weixingongzhonghaoneilianxihoutai。《fanpu》，kexuejialinghangdehaokepu。guojizhumingwulixuejiawenxiaogangyushengwuxuejiayanninggongtongchurenzongbianji，yushushiweibutonglingyuyiliuxuezhezuchengdebianweihuiyiqi，yunigongtongqiusuo。guanzhu《fanpu》（weixinhao：fanpu2019）canyugengduotaolun。ercizhuanzaihuohezuoqinglianxifanpugongzhonghaohoutai。jigenvrenhuitou，kandaozhengzhu，mangyouxiezuozuodesanliao。nvrenjianci，tizhuolanzihuiliaozijizhudeyuanzi。
父(贵耻)母(惭耻)？伴(叠补苍)侣(尝惫)？子(窜颈)女(狈惫)？朋(笔别苍驳)友(驰辞耻)？金(闯颈苍)钱(蚕颈补苍)？房(贵补苍驳)子(窜颈)？车(颁丑别)子(窜颈)？事(厂丑颈)业(驰别)？或(贬耻辞)许(齿耻)你(狈颈)会(贬耻颈)觉(闯耻别)得(顿别)这(窜丑别)些(齿颈别)才(颁补颈)是(厂丑颈)自(窜颈)己(闯颈)最(窜耻颈)大(顿补)的(顿别)靠(碍补辞)山(厂丑补苍)。
为什么菌子中毒还是很多人吃？吃个菌子怎么还要疾控出手？原创2024-06-01 16:15·热爱生活的市民小王《金瓶梅1-5电影观看完整版免费观看》高清不卡在线...《金瓶梅2在线》高清不卡在线观看 - 全集剧情 - 炽热...
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