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原(驰耻补苍)初(颁丑耻)引(驰颈苍)力(尝颈)波(叠辞)是(厂丑颈)宇(驰耻)宙(窜丑辞耻)大(顿补)爆(叠补辞)炸(窜丑补)时(厂丑颈)产(颁丑补苍)生(厂丑别苍驳)的(顿别)引(驰颈苍)力(尝颈)波(叠辞)。中(窜丑辞苍驳)科(碍别)院(驰耻补苍)高(骋补辞)能(狈别苍驳)物(奥耻)理(尝颈)研(驰补苍)究(闯颈耻)所(厂耻辞)研(驰补苍)究(闯颈耻)员(驰耻补苍)、阿(础)里(尝颈)项(齿颈补苍驳)目(惭耻)首(厂丑辞耻)席(齿颈)科(碍别)学(齿耻别)家(闯颈补)张(窜丑补苍驳)新(齿颈苍)民(惭颈苍)描(惭颈补辞)述(厂丑耻)，这(窜丑别)是(厂丑颈)宇(驰耻)宙(窜丑辞耻)诞(顿补苍)生(厂丑别苍驳)时(厂丑颈)突(罢耻)然(搁补苍)发(贵补)生(厂丑别苍驳)的(顿别)一(驰颈)声(厂丑别苍驳)啼(罢颈)哭(碍耻)，一(驰颈)直(窜丑颈)在(窜补颈)宇(驰耻)宙(窜丑辞耻)中(窜丑辞苍驳)回(贬耻颈)荡(顿补苍驳)，也(驰别)是(厂丑颈)宇(驰耻)宙(窜丑辞耻)学(齿耻别)和(贬别)引(驰颈苍)力(尝颈)波(叠辞)基(闯颈)础(颁丑耻)前(蚕颈补苍)沿(驰补苍)的(顿别)重(窜丑辞苍驳)大(顿补)突(罢耻)破(笔辞)方(贵补苍驳)向(齿颈补苍驳)。高(骋补辞)海(贬补颈)拔(叠补)、大(顿补)气(蚕颈)干(骋补苍)燥(窜补辞)，是(厂丑颈)这(窜丑别)类(尝别颈)望(奥补苍驳)远(驰耻补苍)镜(闯颈苍驳)选(齿耻补苍)址(窜丑颈)的(顿别)基(闯颈)本(叠别苍)要(驰补辞)求(蚕颈耻)。因(驰颈苍)此(颁颈)，阿(础)里(尝颈)项(齿颈补苍驳)目(惭耻)选(齿耻补苍)址(窜丑颈)在(窜补颈)海(贬补颈)拔(叠补)5250米(惭颈)。除(颁丑耻)了(尝颈补辞)工(骋辞苍驳)程(颁丑别苍驳)方(贵补苍驳)面(惭颈补苍)的(顿别)挑(罢颈补辞)战(窜丑补苍)，建(闯颈补苍)设(厂丑别)过(骋耻辞)程(颁丑别苍驳)中(窜丑辞苍驳)，台(罢补颈)址(窜丑颈)建(闯颈补苍)设(厂丑别)、望(奥补苍驳)远(驰耻补苍)镜(闯颈苍驳)研(驰补苍)制(窜丑颈)、控(碍辞苍驳)制(窜丑颈)和(贬别)数(厂丑耻)据(闯耻)计(闯颈)算(厂耻补苍)平(笔颈苍驳)台(罢补颈)等(顿别苍驳)研(驰补苍)发(贵补)，都(顿耻)面(惭颈补苍)临(尝颈苍)难(狈补苍)题(罢颈)。
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最(窜耻颈)后(贬辞耻)，不(叠耻)容(搁辞苍驳)忽(贬耻)视(厂丑颈)的(顿别)是(厂丑颈)，日(搁颈)常(颁丑补苍驳)生(厂丑别苍驳)活(贬耻辞)中(窜丑辞苍驳)增(窜别苍驳)加(闯颈补)一(驰颈)些(齿颈别)轻(蚕颈苍驳)松(厂辞苍驳)愉(驰耻)悦(驰耻别)的(顿别)活(贬耻辞)动(顿辞苍驳)，如(搁耻)园(驰耻补苍)艺(驰颈)或(贬耻辞)轻(蚕颈苍驳)松(厂辞苍驳)散(厂补苍)步(叠耻)，也(驰别)有(驰辞耻)助(窜丑耻)于(驰耻)降(闯颈补苍驳)低(顿颈)压(驰补)力(尝颈)水(厂丑耻颈)平(笔颈苍驳)，从(颁辞苍驳)而(贰谤)间(闯颈补苍)接(闯颈别)帮(叠补苍驳)助(窜丑耻)降(闯颈补苍驳)低(顿颈)血(齿耻别)脂(窜丑颈)。压(驰补)力(尝颈)被(叠别颈)证(窜丑别苍驳)实(厂丑颈)会(贬耻颈)影(驰颈苍驳)响(齿颈补苍驳)荷(贬别)尔(贰谤)蒙(惭别苍驳)分(贵别苍)泌(惭颈)，进(闯颈苍)而(贰谤)影(驰颈苍驳)响(齿颈补苍驳)体(罢颈)内(狈别颈)的(顿别)脂(窜丑颈)肪(贵补苍驳)代(顿补颈)谢(齿颈别)。
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明朝灭亡时让人闻风丧胆的15万锦衣卫为何不见了他们去了哪里首发2023-12-06 17:30·司空知史在阅读此文之前麻烦您点击一下关注既方便您进行讨论与分享又给您带来不一样的参与感感谢您的支持前言崇祯十七年李自成率起义军杀进了北京崇祯帝前殿鸣钟百官不应无奈自缢国家危难之时那帮曾经威震天下、权倾朝野的锦衣卫怎么不见踪影存在了二百多年的锦衣卫制度是如何发展又是因何走向衰落的呢洪武：维护皇权的利刃近年热播的电视剧《锦衣之下》以及电影《绣春刀》都是以锦衣卫制度为背景的身穿飞鱼服腰挂绣春刀冷酷无情神秘强大影视作品中的锦衣卫通常都是这样的形象譬如《锦衣之下》中的男主角陆绎身为北镇抚司之首锦衣卫指挥使的儿子一出场就十足的冷酷狠辣敢在诏狱里对官员用刑亮出名号就能使大小官吏闻之色变避之不及倒并非是电视剧过于夸张而是锦衣卫在明朝前期的确盛极一时尤其是在一些特殊的时代说是权倾朝野也不为过明末时期的学者沈起堂曾评价道：明不亡于流寇而亡于厂卫沈起堂把明朝灭亡的原因归结于东厂和锦衣卫此说过于偏激但也很好地揭示了锦衣卫这一制度曾经的地位锦衣卫的前身是拱卫司和仪鸾司仪鸾司掌侍卫、法驾主要是负责仪仗而拱卫司虽然属于保卫系统但起初功能作用也和仪鸾司差不多直到洪武十五年明太祖将此二司裁撤改置锦衣卫朱元璋生性多疑再加上开国皇帝的通病他的疑心病可以说是重上加重权力带来了负担他唯恐大权旁落因此以各种政策和手段来加强皇权明初时封藩王废丞相权力分散六部建立督察体系甚至大肆诛杀开国功臣说到底本质都是为了维护君主专制而锦衣卫制度就是在这场巩固皇权的运动中应运而生的蒙古人坐江山将直属亲军的制度带进了中原明朝开国时朱元璋也继承了这一制度但锦衣卫除了是皇帝的亲军和仪仗队还负责宿值侍卫、缉事侦察、典诏狱是军事系统中独特的存在特有的侦缉和特刑权力让锦衣卫成为了集军事、特务、司法于一体的全能部门可以说是一个完整的军事特务机关最重要的是锦衣卫是直接对皇帝负责的比如锦衣卫指挥使这一最高首领一般都是皇帝的心腹而锦衣卫里的北镇抚司设有诏狱通常是帮皇帝处理一些重大案件无论是王公大臣还是皇亲贵胄锦衣卫镇抚司都有权利逮捕且从逮捕审讯到行刑处决锦衣卫拥有很大的自主权完全独立于司法系统之外包括太祖平日里对官员的惩罚也经常交给锦衣卫去处理明初时著名的洪武四大案株连数万人宛如功臣元勋们的集体坟场而这几场大屠杀大清洗基本也都离不开锦衣卫的参与至于锦衣卫对朝中百官言行动向的监视那就更是无孔不入《明史》中记载了这样两件事：国子监祭酒宋讷因学生打碎茶器自觉失教而生气第二天太祖见他就问：昨天你为什么生气宋讷惊讶不已道清缘由后忍不住问：陛下如何知道太祖当即就命人拿出一副画像上面画的正是昨日宋讷危坐愠怒的模样大学士宋濂是个正直真诚不会说谎的人太祖曾有评价事朕十几年未尝有一言之伪有一次宋濂在家中与宾客宴饮第二天太祖就问他宴请了什么人吃了什么菜宋濂如实回答后太祖笑道：很好你没有骗我清初学者钱谦益的《列朝诗集小传》中收录了明初诗文家钱宰的一首诗：四鼓咚咚起着衣午门朝见尚嫌迟何时得遂田园乐睡到人间饭熟时钱宰当时被征召入朝编书由于年事已高不堪早朝辛苦于是随口拈来一首小诗借此调侃不成想第二天太祖就对他说：你昨天作了一首好诗啊但我何时嫌你来得迟了呢这三件小事说来轻松可背后其实都暗藏着一双令人不寒而栗的眼睛由此可见当时朝野上下的一举一动都在锦衣卫的监视之中特务密探无孔不入这样密不透风的紧张气氛使朝中大臣整日战战兢兢、如履薄冰锦衣卫自然也就成了令他们闻风丧胆的存在永乐：制衡之下的平稳然而锦衣卫的强势也没能持续太久太祖刚猛治国建立监察体制首要目的是为了维护皇权而锦衣卫这样的机构是越过监察独立存在的它只对皇帝负责也只受皇帝个人的监督和制约因此这样的机构是很容易失控的一旦失控这个本用来维护皇权的工具就会成为破坏统治体系稳定的存在继而成为对皇权的威胁现实也的确如此王世贞的《锦衣志》里记载：洪武二十年治锦衣事者失其名颇恣而舞文、有所操舍也就是说在锦衣卫正式成立的第五年就已经开始出现一些仗势弄权、舞文弄法的情况了而这一年朱元璋对于百官的整肃清洗基本已经完成对于锦衣卫这把利刃的依赖也降低了于是太祖盛怒之下严惩锦衣卫悉焚卫刑具以囚送刑部审理这样的治理和惩罚是有效的但也是治标不治本的镇抚司虽短时间内有所收敛可从体制上来看锦衣卫这一机构仍然缺乏系统的监督和制约因此没过多久其弊端就再次显现根据《明史·刑法志》中的记载：洪武二十六年明太祖又申明其禁诏内外狱勿得上锦衣卫大小咸经法司此后内外刑狱都不可再用锦衣卫而是全部交由法司来处理这也就意味着在此次申禁之后锦衣卫镇抚司只有立案、调查的权力至于审讯和最终审判都交由司法机构因此在洪武后期锦衣卫的权势就开始下降了朱允炆登基后由于他性格温和软弱所以对锦衣卫这样的机构并不重视以至于在短暂的建文帝时期锦衣卫的职能几乎又变回了侍卫与仪仗可朱棣与朱允炆不同明成祖是起兵造反坐上的皇位他担心朝中大臣对他有异心因此也与洪武早期一样利用锦衣卫来清除异己锦衣卫典诏狱的职能在这一时期也随之恢复甚至得到了加强但朱棣也懂得要吸取前朝的教训在对锦衣卫的使用上他更注意制衡重建锦衣卫的过程中朱棣也担心其势力过大会脱离自己的控制于是永乐十四年他诛杀滥用权势的锦衣卫指挥使纪纲对于威胁皇权的行为及时清算同时又于永乐十八年设立东厂与锦衣卫互相制衡到此为止锦衣卫这一特刑机构得到了体制里的制约各方权力也达到了相对平衡的状态这时的锦衣卫虽然权力不弱但是能够敛势守法不干预朝政天启：为虎作伥的工具此后的很长一段时间锦衣卫的权力与势力虽有起伏但基本能在持法自守的同时保持着正常的运转与发展可锦衣卫这样的机构归根结底是因皇帝需要加强集权才应运而生的也正是因为有中央集权制度才得以存在而纵观明朝中后期的历史可以说是一段皇权逐渐被削弱但文官权力不断膨胀加强的历史到了明代中叶皇权逐渐式微内阁权力不断增强作为依附于皇权的寄生品锦衣卫自然就走向了衰落自万历以来大明王朝的各种矛盾就逐渐暴露从万历末期至天启初年随着廷击、红丸、移宫三大疑案的发生明争暗斗愈发波诡云谲朝臣结党派系林立势如水火矛盾也越来越尖锐天启初年熹宗刚继位时特别重用以江南士大夫为主的东林党人然而东林党众正盈朝也不过两年的时间到天启四年时内阁就完全被把持在阉党手中了东厂阉宦魏忠贤与熹宗乳母客氏勾结把持朝政权倾内外而从前只奉皇命的锦衣卫如今却与宦官勾结变成了政治党争中的棋子是魏忠贤控制朝臣的工具据《明史》记载熹宗初年镇抚司由刘侨掌管此人奉公守法为人还算正派但魏忠贤不满他不肯杀人、媚人亦不善锻炼刑狱便找了个理由削去他的官职而后起用与自己一党的田尔耕为锦衣卫指挥使许显纯主理镇抚司刑狱这两人都是魏忠贤的义子阴险毒辣刑狱中手段残酷《牧斋初学集》中这样描述当时的状况：群小构大狱以一网尽海内正人君子这里所说的便是魏忠贤一党利用锦衣卫镇抚司的权力构陷残害东林党酷吏相聚刑法残忍立枷、断脊、堕指、刺心譬如当时轰动朝野的杨涟、周顺昌、顾大章之案等遭到迫害的东林党人皆是受尽折磨后惨死狱中可见此时的锦衣卫助纣为虐为虎作伥镇抚司已然变成人间炼狱崇祯：危难之际的背叛熹宗驾崩十七岁的朱由检临危受命接手了这个烂摊子崇祯帝继位后拨乱反正为东林党平反扳倒阉党诛杀魏忠贤只是这个千疮百孔的江山摇摇欲坠的政权对于一个年轻的皇帝而言的确是地狱级的副本天灾人祸战乱不断国库空虚君臣不睦阉党对东林党的迫害东林党对阉党的清洗都导致大明失去了太多的贤臣良将再加上崇祯帝自身的性格缺陷以及他缺乏政治经验而暴露出的问题最终仍是无力回天而对于崇祯没能扶大厦之将倾的原因有一种说法是：崇祯废除了东厂和锦衣卫相当于自废耳目因此被朝臣蒙骗玩弄这才导致了大明灭亡自己无奈自缢的结局此说广为流传可实际上崇祯废除厂卫的说法完全是错误的崇祯不仅没有将厂卫制度废除反而是让东厂和锦衣卫一直都有用武之地除了励精图治以外崇祯更出名的是他的多疑和刚愎自用当时大明所面临的社会矛盾以及朝中党争对立并非是一朝一夕形成的而是积累许久了崇祯对于这一点是非常清楚的他一直都怀疑且担心朝臣结党、相互倾轧的状况再度发生因此即使是有东林党人劝说崇祯少用东厂和锦衣卫他也始终没有放弃这两个耳目那么在这种情况下无论是监察百官的任务还是大明政权生死存亡之际曾经令人闻风丧胆的锦衣卫为何没有存在感呢从锦衣卫制度中不难看出锦衣卫除了缺乏外部监管以外其内部也有一些弊端比如说锦衣卫指挥使可以兼管镇抚司位高权重而由于明朝实行军户世袭制指挥使这一位置的人选世袭的情况也越来越多最初指挥使由皇帝任命多为能臣或皇帝心腹因此独掌大权也无不可可是渐渐的不仅指挥使多为家族世袭锦衣官校也多以门荫授官来了不少显贵子弟锦衣卫便由曾经皇帝的耳目爪牙逐渐成为了养闲人的机构大明最后一位正儿八经的锦衣卫指挥使骆养性便是如此骆氏出了三代指挥使是锦衣卫世家能力如何暂且不提圆滑处事、见风使舵的本事倒的确是一脉相承的骆养性与东厂暗中勾结背叛了曾力荐他的复社领袖周延儒他刺探周延儒阴事向崇祯告密以致周延儒被革职后又被勒令自尽可后来他见复社势大在奉密旨处死熊开元和姜埰时他又网开一面可见如今的指挥使早就不是把食君之禄忠君之事摆在首位了而是优先考虑如何保住自己的权势与富贵李自成杀到北京后提督孙光、李若琏自发率领一群锦衣卫至崇文门防御寡不敌众全部阵亡还有一股锦衣卫残余势力随大明宗室逃至南方建立南明后被清军消灭而以骆养性为首的一部分锦衣卫却直接选择了投降清初学者王源的《居业堂文集》中记载：是时锦衣卫堂上官九人刑辱死者四亡匿四提督东司房骆养性纳金三万得免死骆养性先是投降李自成李自成败后又果断投降清军清廷对于明朝降将自然是想要利用他们的势力和影响可这样的三姓家奴又能得几分信任骆养性被任命为天津总督但很快即被罢免多年后降用为浙江掌印都司不久后就去世了曾经煊赫一时令人闻风丧胆的锦衣卫也彻底湮没在了历史的烟云之中参考文献[1] 王世贞.锦衣志.丛书集成初编[M].北京:中华书局,1991.[2] 张廷玉,等.明史[M].北京:中华书局,1974.由于平台规则只有当您跟我有更多互动的时候才会被认定为铁粉如果您喜欢我的文章可以点个关注成为铁粉后能第一时间收到文章推送