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近日,多家银行发布公告调整ATM无卡取款业务。不少银行客户担心,以后身上不带银行卡再也没法在ATM上取现金了。7月2日,北京青年报记者通过多方了解和亲身试用发现,国内银行无卡取款有多种模式,目前被叫停的多是无卡预约取款业务,少数银行取消了扫码取款,大部分银行的扫码取款和刷脸取款依然可以正常使用。北青报记者亲身试用后发现,刷脸取款比扫码取款更便捷。互联网时代的文字错讹2019-03-02 03:49·光明网作者:苏芃(南京师范大学文学院副教授)近日,在网络媒体上读到一篇学术论文,其中引用《大唐新语》“终南捷径”的典故说:“(卢)藏用指终南山谓之曰:‘此中大有佳处,何必在远!’(司马)承祯徐答曰:‘以仆所观,乃仕宦快捷方式耳。’”继而搜索“终南快捷方式”,“百度汉语”里竟然收有这一词条,释义依据即是《大唐新语》。“终南快捷方式”显然是“终南捷径”之误,这个错讹在许多严肃的学术著作里屡见不鲜,叶圣陶先生1914年发表过一篇文言小说《终南捷径》,也被有些研究者误作《终南快捷方式》。究其原因,这一错误的产生与汉语词汇的繁简转换有关。由于计算机专有名词shortcut在内地和港台的翻译不同,内地译作“快捷方式”,港台译作“捷径”,因此在对这类译词进行繁简转换时,即使上下文不涉及翻译用语,也会出现繁体字“捷徑”变成简体字“快捷方式”的现象。一时值毕业季,在审读各类论文时发现,除了单个汉字繁简转换不对应的常见错误(比如“皇后”误成“皇後”、“千里”误成“千裏”),整个词语转换时发生的错讹也大量存在,其中“终南快捷方式”这类由繁转简的讹变相对较少,更多的是由简转繁时带来的讹误,如:资料→數據、信息→資訊、申请项目→申請專案、数字化→數位化。更有甚者,如海内存知己→海記憶體知己、卜算子→卜運算元、途中奔驰→途中賓士、鲁隐公元年→魯隱西元年。“资料”变成“数据”、“信息”变成“资讯”还并不影响文意,但“海内存知己”变成“海记忆体知己”就会让一般读者感到莫名其妙。这些错误的发生可归因于内地与港台对同一事物的称名不同,尤其涉及译名分歧最多,于是按词繁简转换时就会出现错误的关联。类似现象,江庆柏先生《电脑自动转换中文简繁字产生的问题》(《古籍整理出版情况简报》2014年第1期)一文已有揭示,但未引起足够重视,各类出版物中繁简转换错误层出不穷。实际上,互联网时代的文字错讹,除了繁简转换之误,还有不少新的衍生类型。例如,因电脑、手机输入法产生的错讹。现今最常用的是拼音输入法,由于输入拼音后在候选项里会有多组备选字词,在选取时因操作不慎或者判断失误,会导致文本中音近讹字的出现。同样,使用形码输入法,如五笔字型输入法,以及手写输入法等,会导致形近讹字的出现。此外,还有一类非常特殊的错讹,因九宫格输入而产生。九宫格是手机拼音输入法最常用的一种键盘布局,将ABC……XYZ等26个字母分布在8个键位上,这样一来,比如拼写“早上”和“晚上”是完全相同的键位,在备选词里又毗邻,容易导致“早”“晚”混用的情况,这类不涉及汉字形音义关系的错误关联在传统书写中不会发生。再如,因OCR(Optical Character Recognition,光学字符识别)产生的错讹。OCR的原理就是通过扫描纸本等载体上的文字,确定其形状,然后根据计算机程序进行匹配识别转译成字符。简而言之,就是把图像上的文字转换成文本字符。OCR软件在许多领域应用广泛,如果识别的对象本身是规范的排版文本,识别率非常高,人工校读也简便易行。但是在涉及古籍文本时,就容易发生形近而讹,加之人工校读不仔细,会遗患无穷。比如几年前,在全国各地售卖糖炒栗子的包装上,常会看到板栗介绍中援引《诗经》的“树之棒果”,“棒果”是“榛栗”之讹,通过查检发现,这可能是某篇学术论文在OCR时发生的错误,导致网上对于板栗的介绍以讹传讹,最终传播到了大众生活中。二汉语文献的文字讹误类型,以形近而讹和音近而讹为主,从文字的书写主体即人自身来看,形近而讹主要与视觉判断有关,音近而讹主要与听觉判断有关。笔者在以往的研究中还发现,书写对象的特点也会带来一定的影响。比如汉字中形声字数量庞大,尤其进入楷书阶段以后,形声字比例大增,到了南宋已占汉字的90%以上,大量形声字的存在,使得同一声旁且形旁相近的文字最易发生讹混。如“杨(楊)”与“扬(揚)”,皆从“昜”声,而形旁“木”与“扌”相近,整个字形尤为相似,且读音相同,字义也多存相关性,于是在书写与传抄过程中,极易发生异变与混同。汉语中的讹字、异体字、通假字的孳生往往与形声字这个特性有关。如今电脑拼音输入法产生的错误,也是这一历史问题的延续与变体,有时看似操作不慎,其实是因为受到形声字这一特性的干扰。再者,汉字的结构特点与书写习惯也会影响文字的正误,如古人直行竖写,就会发生《战国策》中“触龙言”被写成“触讋”的错误。可见,传统文字错讹的原因主要在两个层面:一是书写主体(书写者)判断疏失,一是书写对象(汉字、文本等)特性干扰,但是前文例举的错讹“终南快捷方式”、“早”“晚”混用、“树之棒果”等,已超出了这两个层面,它们有个共同之处,都和新型的书写媒介有关。无论是繁简转换,还是九宫格输入、OCR文字识别,错误的发生,都在这些中间环节。这让我们意识到,互联网时代书写主体和书写对象之间还存在着一个机器智能的媒介,新型文字错讹本质上是机器智能带来的副作用,要化解机器智能的不足和局限,只有不断提升技术工具性能,并且增加人工干预。三面对新型文字错讹,总体而言,要大力发展信息技术,如人工智能、大数据、构建知识关联来解决新时代的新问题。以前文例举的几种错讹类型而言,如繁简转换,可以在word软件里关闭“转换常用词汇”,只按字转换,不按词转换。由于一个简体字对应多个繁体字,由繁转简时,一般较少出现讹误,这种方法能够有效规避“終南捷徑”转成“终南快捷方式”的问题。但是由简转繁,这种方法又会带来不少繁简单字不对应的错误,必须辅以严格的校对。另一方面,需要通过更新技术手段解决词汇在转换过程中带来的关联错误,比如在计算机中建立繁简词表,并标明具体对应的时间与地域信息,如是中国古代的繁体字词,还是港台当代的繁体字词,进而构建历时性的繁简词库与共时性的繁简词库。至于九宫格输入、OCR文字识别等新型错讹,目前除了技术革新,比如基于大数据的聚类分析,恐怕还得依靠人工校正。当然,最彻底有效的规范手段,是加强语言文字知识的普及教育,从文字使用者角度树立规范与责任意识,防患于未然。《光明日报》( 2019年03月02日 12版)
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在中国航天事业的历史上刘洋和王亚平是两位闪耀的明星她们年龄相仿、资历相当并且都为中国航天事业做出了卓越贡献
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