陆爷的呆萌甜妻爱下电子书下载-陌小七-小说陆爷的呆萌甜妻爱下...
图片来自博主蔼我是喵喵▲
2024年12月21日，在德国的压力下，正大步迈向绿色能源的欧盟汽车工业，终于决定暂时放内燃机一马。据外媒3月22日报道，欧盟委员会正起草一份计划，允许在2035年后销售带内燃机的汽车，条件是这些汽车需要使用碳中和合成燃料。这可能为汽车制造商提供了一条思路，使其在2035年之后仍能继续销售内燃机汽车。对德国汽车制造商来说，他们也不必放弃领先市场的内燃机技术。
陆爷的呆萌甜妻爱下电子书下载-陌小七-小说陆爷的呆萌甜妻爱下...
回首过往许多人会因曾经的错误决策、错过的机会、失去的人和事而耿耿于怀我们常常听到这样的叹息：如果当初我能……现在就不会……然而正如泰戈尔所言：如果错过了太阳时你流了泪那么你也要错过群星了
7月7日，这一天是“七七事变”纪念日，大家在呼吁“勿忘国耻”！本来喜欢熬夜的他也学会了作息规律。
buguo，Galaxy Z Flip5dianchixuhangnenglixiangduijiaoruo，kenengxuyaoyonghugengjiapinfandichongdian。ciwai，Flex Windowdegongnengrengranxiangduiyouxian，zhuyaojuxianyuxianshiyingyongxiaobujian，wufawanquantidaizhupingmudegongneng。jinguanruci，Galaxy Z Flip5yiranshiyikuanzhidetuijiandefangaizhediepingshouji，youqishihenaxiezhuzhongsheyingheshishangshejidexiaofeizhe。jintianshangwu，yinxingbankuaibiaoxianhuoyue，jiaotongyinxingshangzhang1.84%，gujiazaichuangnianneixingao。
中(窜丑辞苍驳)午(奥耻)12时(厂丑颈)
（xiangling）jieliaoqunzi，zhankaiyikan，guorantongzijideyiyang。dasantaokezongjiede1.6wzidejisuanjiwangluozhishi！saomang2022-01-18 21:34·chengxuyuanweige1. jisuanjiwangluogaishujibenshuyujiedian （node） ：wangluozhongdejiediankeyishijisuanji，jixianqi，jiaohuanjihuoluyouqideng。lianlu（link ） : congyigejiediandaolingyigejiediandeyiduanwulixianlu。zhongjianmeiyourenheqitajiaodian。zhuji（host） ：lianjiezaiyintewangshangdejisuanji。ISP（Internet Service Provider） ：yintewangfuwutigongzhe（tigongshang）。IXP（Internet eXchange Point） ： hulianwangjiaohuandian IXP zhuyaozuoyongjiushiyunxulianggewangluozhijiexianglianbingjiaohuanfenzu，erbuxuyaozaitongguodisangewangluolaizhuanfafenzu。RFC(Request For Comments) ：yisishi“qingqiupingyi”，baohanliaoguanyu Internet jihusuoyoudezhongyaodewenziziliao。guangyuwang WAN（Wide Area Network） ：renwushitongguochangjuliyunsongzhujifasongdeshuju。chengyuwang MAN（Metropolitan Area Network）：yonglaijiangduogejuyuwangjinxinghulian。juyuwang LAN（Local Area Network） ： xuexiaohuoqiyedaduoyongyouduogehuliandejuyuwang。gerenquyuwang PAN（Personal Area Network） ：zaigerengongzuodedifangbashuyugerenshiyongdedianzishebeiyongwuxianjishulianjieqilaidewangluo 。fenzu（packet ） ：yintewangzhongchuansongdeshujudanyuan。youshoubu header heshujuduanzucheng。fenzuyouchengweibaozu，shoubukechengweibaotou。cunchuzhuanfa（store and forward ） ：luyouqishoudaoyigefenzu，xianjianchafenzushifouzhengque，bingguolvdiaochongtubaodecuowu。quedingbaozhengquehou，quchumudedizhi，tongguochazhaobiaozhaodaoxiangyaofasongdeshuchuduankoudizhi，ranhoujianggaibaofasongchuqu。daikuan（bandwidth） ：zaijisuanjiwangluozhong，biaoshizaidanweishijianneicongwangluozhongdemouyidiandaolingyidiansuonengtongguode“zuigaoshujulv”。changyonglaibiaoshiwangluodetongxinxianlusuonengchuansongshujudenengli。danweishi“bitemeimiao”，jiwei b/s。tuntuliang（throughput ） ：biaoshizaidanweishijianneitongguomougewangluo（huoxindao、jiekou）deshujuliang。tuntulianggengjingchangdiyongyuduixianshishijiezhongdewangluodeyizhongceliang，yibianzhidaoshijishangdaodiyouduoshaoshujuliangnenggoutongguowangluo。tuntuliangshouwangluodedaikuanhuowangluodeedingsulvdexianzhi。zhongyaozhishidianzongjiejisuanjiwangluo（jianchengwangluo）baxuduojisuanjilianjiezaiyiqi，erhulianwangbaxuduowangluolianjiezaiyiqi，shiwangluodewangluo。xiaoxiezimu i kaitoude internet（hulianwang）shitongyongmingci，tafanzhiyouduogejisuanjiwangluoxianghulianjieerchengdewangluo。zaizhexiewangluozhijiandetongxinxieyi（jitongxinguize）keyishirenyide。daxiezimu I kaitoude Internet（hulianwang）shizhuanyongmingci，tazhiquanqiuzuidade，kaifangde，youzhongduowangluoxianghulianjieerchengdetedingdehulianwang，bingcaiyong TCP/IP xieyizuoweitongxinguize，qiqianshenwei ARPANET。Internet detuijianyimingweiyintewang，xianzaiyibanliuxingchengweihulianwang。luyouqishishixianfenzujiaohuandeguanjiangoujian，qirenwushizhuanfashoudaodefenzu，zheshiwangluohexinbufenzuizhongyaodegongneng。fenzujiaohuancaiyongcunchuzhuanfajishu，biaoshibayigebaowen（yaofasongdezhengkuaishuju）fenweijigefenzuhouzaijinxingchuansong。zaifasongbaowenzhiqian，xianbajiaochangdebaowenhuafenchengweiyigegegengxiaodedengchangshujuduan。zaimeigeshujuduandeqianmianjiashangyixieyoubiyaodekongzhixinxizuchengdeshoubufenhou，jiugouchengliaoyigefenzu。fenzuyouchengweibao。fenzushizaihulianwangzhongchuansongdeshujudanyuan，zhengshiyouyufenzudetoububaohanliaozhurumudedizhiheyuandizhidengzhongyaokongzhixinxi，meiyigefenzucainengzaihulianwangzhongdulidexuanzechuanshulujing，bingzhengquedijiaofudaofenzuchuanshudezhongdian。hulianwangangongzuofangshikehuafenweibianyuanbufenhehexinbufen。zhujizaiwangluodebianyuanbufen，qizuoyongshijinxingxinxichuli。youdaliangwangluohelianjiezhexiewangluodeluyouqizuchengdehexinbufen，qizuoyongshitigongliantongxinghejiaohuan。jisuanjitongxinshijisuanjizhongjincheng（jiyunxingzhuodechengxu）zhijiandetongxin。jisuanjiwangluocaiyongdetongxinfangshishikehu-fuwuqifangshi（C/S fangshi）heduidenglianjiefangshi（P2P fangshi）。kehuhefuwuqidushizhitongxinzhongsuoshejideyingyongjincheng。kehushifuwuqingqiufang，fuwuqishifuwutigongfang。anzhaozuoyongfanweidebutong，jisuanjiwangluofenweiguangyuwang WAN，chengyuwang MAN，juyuwang LAN，gerenquyuwang PAN。jisuanjiwangluozuichangyongdexingnengzhibiaoshi：sulv，daikuan，tuntuliang，shiyan（fasongshiyan，chulishiyan，paiduishiyan），shiyandaikuanji，wangfanshijianhexindaoliyonglv。wangluoxieyijixieyi，shiweijinxingwangluozhongdeshujujiaohuanerjianlideguize。jisuanjiwangluodegecengyijiqixieyijihe，chengweiwangluodetixijiegou。10.wucengtixijiegouyouyingyongceng，yunshuceng，wangluoceng（wangjiceng），shujulianluceng，wulicengzucheng。yunshucengzuizhuyaodexieyishi TCP he UDP xieyi，wangluocengzuizhongyaodexieyishi IP xieyi。xiamiandeneironghuijieshaojisuanjiwangluodewucengtixijiegou：wuliceng+shujulianluceng+wangluoceng（wangjiceng）+yunshuceng+yingyongceng。2. wuliceng（Physical Layer）jibenshuyushuju（data） :yunsongxiaoxideshiti。xinhao（signal） ：shujudedianqidehuodiancidebiaoxian。huozheshuoxinhaoshishihezaichuanshujiezhishangchuanshudeduixiang。mayuan（ code） ：zaishiyongshijianyu（huojianchengweishiyu）deboxinglaibiaoshishuzixinhaoshi，daibiaobutonglisanshuzhidejibenboxing。dangong（simplex ） : zhiyouzhengfangxiangdetongxinermeiyoufanfangxiangdejiaohu。banshuanggong（half duplex ） ：tongxindeshuangfangdukeyifasongxinxi，danbunengshuangfangtongshifasong(dangranyejiubunengtongshijieshou)。quanshuanggong（full duplex） : tongxindeshuangfangkeyitongshifasonghejieshouxinxi。shizhen：shiquzhenshixing，zhuyaoshizhijieshoudaodexinhaohefasongdexinhaobutong，youmosunheshuaijian。yingxiangshizhenchengdudeyinsu：1.mayuanchuanshusulv 2.xinhaochuanshujuli 3.zaoshengganrao 4.chuanshumeitizhiliangnaishizhunze : zairenhexindaozhong，mayuandechuanshudexiaolvshiyoushangxiande，chuanshusulvchaoguocishangxian，jiuhuichuxianyanzhongdemajianchuanraowenti，shijieshouduanduimayuandepanjue（jishibie）chengweibukeneng。xiangnongdingli ：zaidaikuanshouxianqieyouzaoshengdexindaozhong，weiliaobuchanshengwucha，xinxideshujuchuanshusulvyoushangxianzhi。jidaixinhao（baseband signal） : laizixinyuandexinhao。zhimeiyoujingguodiaozhideshuzixinhaohuomonixinhao。daitong（pindai）xinhao（bandpass signal） ：bajidaixinhaojingguozaibodiaozhihou，baxinhaodepinlvfanweibanyidaojiaogaodepinduanyibianzaixindaozhongchuanshu（jijinzaiyiduanpinlvfanweineinenggoutongguoxindao），zhelidiaozhiguohoudexinhaojiushidaitongxinhao。diaozhi（modulation ） : duixinhaoyuandexinxijinxingchulihoujiadaozaiboxinhaoshang，shiqibianweishihezaixindaochuanshudexingshideguocheng。xinzaobi（signal-to-noise ratio ） : zhixinhaodepingjungonglvhezaoshengdepingjungonglvzhibi，jiwei S/N。xinzaobi（dB）=10*log10（S/N）。xindaofuyong（channel multiplexing ） ：zhiduogeyonghugongxiangtongyigexindao。（bingbuyidingshitongshi）。bitelv（bit rate ） ：danweishijian（meimiao）neichuansongdebiteshu。botelv（baud rate） ：danweishijianzaibodiaozhizhuangtaigaibiandecishu。zhenduishujuxinhaoduizaibodediaozhisulv。fuyong（multiplexing） ：gongxiangxindaodefangfa。ADSL（Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ） ：feiduichengshuziyonghuxian。guangxiantongzhouhunhewang（HFC wang） :zaimuqianfugaifanweihenguangdeyouxiandianshiwangdejichushangkaifadeyizhongjuminkuandaijieruwangzhongyaozhishidianzongjiewulicengdezhuyaorenwujiushiquedingyuchuanshumeitijiekouyouguandeyixietexing，rujixietexing，dianqitexing，gongnengtexing，guochengtexing。yigeshujutongxinxitongkehuafenweisandabufen，jiyuanxitong，chuanshuxitong，mudexitong。yuanxitongbaokuoyuandian（huoyuanzhan，xinyuan）hefasongqi，mudexitongbaokuojieshouqihezhongdian。tongxindemudeshichuansongxiaoxi。ruhuayin，wenzi，tuxiangdengdushixiaoxi，shujushiyunsongxiaoxideshiti。xinhaozeshishujudedianqihuodiancidebiaoxian。genjuxinhaozhongdaibiaoxiaoxidecanshudequzhifangshibutong，xinhaokefenweimonixinhao（huolianxuxinhao）heshuzixinhao（huolisanxinhao）。zaishiyongshijianyu（jianchengshiyu）deboxingbiaoshishuzixinhaoshi，daibiaobutonglisanshuzhidejibenboxingchengweimayuan。genjushuangfangxinxijiaohudefangshi，tongxinkehuafenweidanxiangtongxin（huodangongtongxin），shuangxiangjiaotitongxin（huobanshuanggongtongxin），shuangxiangtongshitongxin（quanshuanggongtongxin）。laizixinyuandexinhaochengweijidaixinhao。xinhaoyaozaixindaoshangchuanshujiuyaojingguodiaozhi。diaozhiyoujidaidiaozhihedaitongdiaozhizhifen。zuijibendedaitongdiaozhifangfayoudiaofu，diaopinhediaoxiang。huanyougengfuzadediaozhifangfa，ruzhengjiaozhenfudiaozhi。yaotigaoshujuzaixindaoshangdechuandisulv，keyishiyonggenghaodechuanshumeiti，huoshiyongxianjindediaozhijishu。danshujuchuanshusulvbukenengrenyibeitigao。chuanshumeitikefenweiliangdalei，jidaoyinxingchuanshumeiti（shuangjiaoxian，tongzhoudianlan，guangxian）hefeidaoyinxingchuanshumeiti（wuxian，hongwai，daqijiguang）。liaoyouxiaoliyongguangxianziyuan，zaiguangxianganxianheyonghuzhijianguangfanshiyongwuyuanguangwangluo PON。wuyuanguangwangluowuxupeibeidianyuan，qichangqiyunyingchengbenheguanlichengbenduhendi。zuiliuxingdewuyuanguangwangluoshiyitaiwangwuyuanguangwangluo EPON hejibitewuyuanguangwangluo GPON。buchongwulicengzhuyaozuosha？wulicengzhuyaozuodeshiqingjiushi toumingdichuansongbiteliu。yekeyijiangwulicengdezhuyaorenwumiaoshuweiquedingyuchuanshumeitidejiekoudeyixietexing，ji：jixietexing（jiekousuoyongjiexianqideyixiewulishuxingruxingzhuangchicun），dianqitexing（jiekoudianlandegetiaoxianshangchuxiandedianyadefanwei），gongnengtexing（moutiaoxianshangchuxiandemouyidianpingdedianyadeyiyi），guochengtexing（duiyubutonggongnengnengdegezhongkenengshijiandechuxianshunxu）。wulicengkaolvdeshizenyangcainengzailianjiegezhongjisuanjidechuanshumeitishangchuanshushujubiteliu，erbushizhijutidechuanshumeiti。 xianyoudejisuanjiwangluozhongdeyingjianshebeihechuanshumeitidezhongleifeichangfanduo，erqietongxinshouduanyeyouxuduobutongdefangshi。wulicengdezuoyongzhengshijinkenengdipingbidiaozhexiechuanshumeitihetongxinshouduandechayi，shiwulicengshangmiandeshujulianlucengganjuebudaozhexiechayi，zheyangjiukeyishishujulianlucengzhikaolvwanchengbencengdexieyihefuwu，erbubikaolvwangluodejutichuanshumeitihetongxinshouduanshishime。jizhongchangyongdexindaofuyongjishupinfenfuyong(FDM) ：suoyouyonghuzaitongyangdeshijianzhanyongbutongdedaikuanziyuan。shifenfuyong（TDM） ：suoyouyonghuzaibutongdeshijianzhanyongtongyangdepindaikuandu（fenshibufenpin）。tongjishifenfuyong (Statistic TDM) ：gaijindeshifenfuyong，nenggoumingxiantigaoxindaodeliyonglv。mafenfuyong(CDM) ： yonghushiyongjingguoteshutiaoxuandebutongmaxing，yincigeyonghuzhijianbuhuizaochengganrao。zhezhongxitongfasongdexinhaoyouhenqiangdekangganraonengli，qipinpuleisiyubaizaosheng，buyibeidirenfaxian。bofenfuyong( WDM) ：bofenfuyongjiushiguangdepinfenfuyong。jizhongchangyongdekuandaijierujishu，zhuyaoshi ADSL he FTTxyonghudaohulianwangdekuandaijierufangfayoufeiduichengshuziyonghuxian ADSL（yongshuzijishuduixianyoudemonidianhuaxianjinxinggaizao，erbuxuyaozhongxinbuxian。ASDL dekuaisubanbenshishengaosushuziyonghuxian VDSL。），guangxiantongzhouhunhewang HFC（shizaimuqianfugaifanweihenguangdeyouxiandianshiwangdejichushangkaifadeyizhongjuminkuandaijieruwang）he FTTx（jiguangxiandao······）。3. shujulianluceng（Data Link Layer）3.1. jibenshuyulianlu（link） ：yigejiediandaoxianglinjiediandeyiduanwulilianlu。shujulianlu（data link） ：bashixiankongzhishujuyunshudexieyideyingjianheruanjianjiadaolianlushangjiugouchengliaoshujulianlu。xunhuanrongyujianyan CRC（Cyclic Redundancy Check） ：weiliaobaozhengshujuchuanshudekekaoxing，CRC shishujulianlucengguangfanshiyongdeyizhongjiancuojishu。zheng（frame） ：yigeshujulianlucengdechuanshudanyuan，youyigeshujulianlucengshoubuheqixiedaidefengbaosuozuchengxieyishujudanyuan。MTU（Maximum Transfer Uint ） ：zuidachuansongdanyuan。zhengdeshujubufendedechangdushangxian。wumalv BER（Bit Error Rate ） ：zaiyiduanshijiannei，chuanshucuowudebitezhansuochuanshubitezongshudebilv。PPP（Point-to-Point Protocol ） ：dianduidianxieyi。jiyonghujisuanjihe ISP jinxingtongxinshisuoshiyongdeshujulianlucengxieyi。yixiashi PPP zhengdeshiyitu：MAC dizhi（Media Access Control huozhe Medium Access Control） ：yiyiweimeitifangwenkongzhi，huochengweiwulidizhi、yingjiandizhi，yonglaidingyiwangluoshebeideweizhi。zai OSI moxingzhong，disancengwangluocengfuze IP dizhi，diercengshujulianlucengzefuze MAC dizhi。yinciyigezhujihuiyouyige MAC dizhi，ermeigewangluoweizhihuiyouyigezhuanshuyutade IP dizhi 。dizhishishibiemougexitongdezhongyaobiaoshifu，“mingzizhichuwomensuoyaoxunzhaodeziyuan，dizhizhichuziyuansuozaidedifang，luyougaosuwomenruhedaodagaichu。wangqiao（bridge） ：yizhongyongyushujulianlucengshixianzhongji，lianjielianggehuoduogejuyuwangdewangluohulianshebei。jiaohuanji（switch ） ：guangyidelaishuo，jiaohuanjizhideshiyizhongtongxinxitongzhongwanchengxinxijiaohuandeshebei。zheligongzuozaishujulianlucengdejiaohuanjizhideshijiaohuanshijixianqi，qishizhishiyigeduojiekoudewangqiao3.2. zhongyaozhishidianzongjielianlushicongyigejiediandaoxianglinjiediandeyiduanwulilianlu，shujulianluzezailianludejichushangzengjialiaoyixiebiyaodeyingjian（ruwangluoshipeiqi）heruanjian（ruxieyideshixian）shujulianlucengshiyongdezhuyaoshidianduidianxindaoheguangboxindaoliangzhong。shujulianlucengchuanshudexieyishujudanyuanshizheng。shujulianlucengdesangejibenwentishi：fengzhuangchengzheng，toumingchuanshuhechacuojiancexunhuanrongyujianyan CRC shiyizhongjiancuofangfa，erzhengjianyanxulie FCS shitianjiazaishujuhoumianderongyumadianduidianxieyi PPP shishujulianlucengshiyongzuiduodeyizhongxieyi，tadetedianshi：jiandan，zhijiancechacuoerbuqujiuzhengchacuo，bushiyongxuhao，yebujinxingliuliangkongzhi，ketongshizhichiduozhongwangluocengxieyiPPPoE shiweikuandaishangwangdezhujishiyongdelianlucengxieyijuyuwangdeyoudianshi：juyouguangbogongneng，congyigezhandiankefangbiandifangwenquanwang；bianyuxitongdekuozhanhezhujianyanbian；tigaoliaoxitongdekekaoxing，keyongxingheshengcunxing。jisuanjiyuwaijiejuyuwangtongxinxuyaotongguotongxinshipeiqi（huowangluoshipeiqi），tayouchengweiwangluojiekoukahuowangka。jisuanqideyingjiandizhijiuzaishipeiqide ROM zhong。yitaiwangcaiyongdewulianjiedegongzuofangshi，duifasongdeshujuzhengbujinxingbianhao，yebuyaoqiuduifangfahuiqueren。mudezhanshoudaoyouchacuozhengjiubatadiudiao，qitashimeyebuzuoyitaiwangcaiyongdexieyishijuyouchongtujiancedezaibojiantingduodianjieru CSMA/CD。xieyidetedianshi：fasongqianxianjianting，bianfasongbianjianting，yidanfaxianzongxianshangchuxianliaopengzhuang，jiulijitingzhifasong。ranhouanzhaotuibisuanfadengdaiyiduansuijishijianhouzaicifasong。 yinci，meiyigezhandianzaizijifasongshujuzhihoudeyixiaoduanshijiannei，cunzaizhezaoyupengzhuangdekenengxing。yitaiwangshangdegezhandianpingdengdezhengyongyitaiwangxindaoyitaiwangdeshipeiqijuyouguolvgongneng，tazhijieshoudanbozheng，guangbozhengheduobozheng。shiyongjixianqikeyizaiwulicengkuozhanyitaiwang（kuozhanhoudeyitaiwangrengranshiyigewangluo）3.3. buchongshujulianlucengdedianduidianxindaoheguangboxindaodetedian，yijizheliangzhongxindaosuoshiyongdexieyi（PPP xieyiyiji CSMA/CD xieyi）detedianshujulianlucengdesangejibenwenti：fengzhuangchengzheng，toumingchuanshu，chacuojianceyitaiwangde MAC cengyingjiandizhishipeiqi，zhuanfaqi，jixianqi，wangqiao，yitaiwangjiaohuanjidezuoyongyijishiyongchanghe4. wangluoceng（Network Layer）4.1. jibenshuyuxudianlu（Virtual Circuit） : zailianggezhongduanshebeideluojihuowuliduankouzhijian，tongguojianlideshuangxiangdetoumingchuanshutongdao。xudianlubiaoshizhezhishiyitiaoluojishangdelianjie，fenzuduyanzhuozhetiaoluojilianjieanzhaocunchuzhuanfafangshichuansong，erbingbushizhenzhengjianliliaoyitiaowulilianjie。IP（Internet Protocol ） : wangjixieyi IP shi TCP/IP tixizhonglianggezuizhuyaodexieyizhiyi，shi TCP/IP tixijiegouwangjicengdehexin。peitaodeyou ARP，RARP，ICMP，IGMP。ARP（Address Resolution Protocol） : dizhijiexixieyi。dizhijiexixieyi ARP ba IP dizhijiexiweiyingjiandizhi。ICMP（Internet Control Message Protocol ） ：wangjikongzhibaowenxieyi （ICMP yunxuzhujihuoluyouqibaogaochacuoqingkuanghetigongyouguanyichangqingkuangdebaogao）。ziwangyanma（subnet mask ） ：tashiyizhongyonglaizhimingyige IP dizhidenaxieweibiaoshideshizhujisuozaideziwangyijinaxieweibiaoshideshizhujideweiyanma。ziwangyanmabunengdanducunzai，tabixujiehe IP dizhiyiqishiyong。**CIDR（ Classless Inter-Domain Routing ） **：wufenleiyujianluyouxuanze （tedianshixiaochuliaochuantongde A lei、B leihe C leidizhiyijihuafenziwangdegainian，bingshiyonggezhongchangdude“wangluoqianzhui”(network-prefix)laidaitifenleidizhizhongdewangluohaoheziwanghao）。morenluyou（default route） ：dangzailuyoubiaozhongchabudaonengdaodamudedizhideluyoushi，luyouqixuanzedeluyou。morenluyouhuankeyijianxiaoluyoubiaosuozhanyongdekongjianhesousuoluyoubiaosuoyongdeshijian。luyouxuanzesuanfa（Virtual Circuit） ：luyouxuanzexieyidehexinbufen。yintewangcaiyongzishiyingde，fencengcideluyouxuanzexieyi。zhongyaozhishidianzongjieTCP/IP xieyizhongdewangluocengxiangshangzhitigongjiandanlinghuode，wulianjiede，jinzuidanulijiaofudeshujubaofuwu。wangluocengbutigongfuwuzhiliangdechengnuo，bubaozhengfenzujiaofudeshixiansuochuansongdefenzukenengchucuo，diushi，zhongfuheshixu。jinchengzhijiantongxindekekaoxingyouyunshucengfuzezaihulianwangdejiaofuyouliangzhong，yishizaibenwangluozhijiejiaofubuyongjingguoluyouqi，lingyizhongshiheqitawangluodejianjiejiaofu，zhishaojingguoyigeluyouqi，danzuihouyiciyidingshizhijiejiaofufenleide IP dizhiyouwangluohaoziduan（zhimingwangluo）hezhujihaoziduan（zhimingzhuji）zucheng。wangluohaoziduanzuiqianmiandeleibiezhiming IP dizhideleibie。IP dizhishiyizhongfendengjidedizhijiegou。IP dizhiguanlijigoufenpei IP dizhishizhifenpeiwangluohao，zhujihaoyoudedaogaiwangluohaodedanweizixingfenpei。luyouqigenjumudezhujisuolianjiedewangluohaolaizhuanfafenzu。yigeluyouqizhishaolianjiedaolianggewangluo，suoyiyigeluyouqizhishaoyingdangyoulianggebutongde IP dizhiIP shujubaofenweishoubuheshujuliangbufen。shoubudeqianyibufenshigudingchangdu，gong 20 zijie，shisuoyou IP shujubaobixujuyoude（yuandizhi，mudedizhi，zongchangdudengzhongyaodiduandugudingzaishoubu）。yixiechangdukebiandekexuanziduangudingzaishoubudehoumian。IP shoubuzhongdeshengcunshijiangeichuliao IP shujubaozaihulianwangzhongsuonengjingguodezuidaluyouqishu。kefangzhi IP shujubaozaihulianwangzhongwuxianzhidedouquanzi。dizhijiexixieyi ARP ba IP dizhijiexiweiyingjiandizhi。ARP degaosuhuancunkeyidadajianshaowangluoshangdetongxinliang。yinweizheyangkeyishizhujixiacizaiyutongyangdizhidezhujitongxinshi，keyizhijieconggaosuhuancunzhongzhaodaosuoxuyaodeyingjiandizhierbuxuyaozaiquguangbofangshifasong ARP qingqiufenzuwufenleiyujianluyouxuanze CIDR shijiejuemuqian IP dizhijinquedeyigehaobanfa。CIDR jifaba IP dizhihoumianjiashangxiexian“/”，ranhouxieshangqianzhuisuosuozhandeweishu。qianzhui（huowangluoqianzhuiyonglaizhimingwangluo），qianzhuihoumiandebufenshihouzhui，yonglaizhimingzhuji。CIDR baqianzhuiduxiangtongdelianxude IP dizhizuchengyige“CIDR dizhikuai”，IP dizhifenpeiduyi CIDR dizhikuaiweidanwei。wangjikongzhibaowenxieyishi IP cengdexieyi。ICMP baowenzuowei IP shujubaodeshuju，jiashangshoubuhouzucheng IP shujubaofasongchuqu。shiyong ICMP shujubaobingbushiweiliaoshixiankekaochuanshu。ICMP yunxuzhujihuoluyouqibaogaochacuoqingkuanghetigongyouguanyichangqingkuangdebaogao。ICMP baowendezhongleiyouliangzhong ICMP chacuobaogaobaowenhe ICMP xunwenbaowen。yaojiejue IP dizhihaojindewenti，zuigenbendebanfashicaiyongjuyougengdadizhikongjiandexinbanben IP xieyi-IPv6。 IPv6 suodailaidebianhuayou ① gengdadedizhikongjian（caiyong 128 weidizhi）② linghuodeshoubugeshi ③ gaijindexuanxiang ④ zhichijichajiyong ⑤ zhichiziyuandeyufenpei ⑥IPv6 deshoubugaiwei 8 zijieduiqi。xunizhuanyongwangluo VPN liyonggongyongdehulianwangzuoweibenjigouzhuanyongwangzhijiandetongxinzaiti。VPN neishiyonghulianwangdezhuanyongdizhi。yige VPN zhishaoyaoyouyigeluyouqijuyouhefadequanqiu IP dizhi，zheyangcainenghebenxitongdelingyige VPN tongguohulianwangjinxingtongxin。suoyoutongguohulianwangchuansongdeshujuduxuyaojiami。MPLS detedianshi：① zhichimianxianglianjiedefuwuzhiliang ② zhichiliulianggongcheng，pinghengwangluofuzai ③ youxiaodezhichixunizhuanyongwang VPN。MPLS zairukoujiediangeimeiyige IP shujubaodashanggudingchangdude“biaoji”，ranhougenjubiaojizaidierceng（lianluceng）yongyingjianjinxingzhuanfa（zaibiaojijiaohuanluyouqizhongjinxingbiaojijiaohuan），yinerzhuanfasulvdadajiakuai。5. chuanshuceng（Transport Layer）jibenshuyujincheng（process） ：zhijisuanjizhongzhengzaiyunxingdechengxushiti。yingyongjinchenghuxiangtongxin ：yitaizhujidejinchenghelingyitaizhujizhongdeyigejinchengjiaohuanshujudeguocheng（lingwaizhuyitongxinzhenzhengdeduandianbushizhujiershizhujizhongdejincheng，yejiushishuoduandaoduandetongxinshiyingyongjinchengzhijiandetongxin）。chuanshucengdefuyongyufenyong ：fuyongzhifasongfangbutongdejinchengdukeyitongguotongyigeyunshucengxieyichuansongshuju。fenyongzhijieshoufangdeyunshucengzaibaoqubaowendeshoubuhounengbazhexieshujuzhengquedejiaofudaomudeyingyongjincheng。TCP（Transmission Control Protocol） ：chuanshukongzhixieyi。UDP（User Datagram Protocol） ：yonghushujubaoxieyi。**duankou（port） ** ：duankoudemudeshiweiliaoquerenduifangjiqishinagejinchengzaiyuzijijinxingjiaohu，biru MSN he QQ deduankoubutong，ruguomeiyouduankoujiukenengchuxian QQ jinchenghe MSN jiaohucuowu。duankouyouchengxieyiduankouhao。tingzhidengdaixieyi（stop-and-wait） ：zhifasongfangmeifasongwanyigefenzujiutingzhifasong，dengdaiduifangqueren，zaishoudaoquerenzhihouzaifasongxiayigefenzu。liuliangkongzhi : jiushirangfasongfangdefasongsulvbuyaotaikuai，jiyaorangjieshoufanglaidejijieshou，yebuyaoshiwangluofashengyongsai。yongsaikongzhi ：fangzhiguoduodeshujuzhurudaowangluozhong，zheyangkeyishiwangluozhongdeluyouqihuolianlubuzhiguozai。yongsaikongzhisuoyaozuodeduyouyigeqianti，jiushiwangluonenggouchengshouxianyoudewangluofuhe。zhongyaozhishidianzongjieyunshucengtigongyingyongjinchengzhijiandeluojitongxin，yejiushishuo，yunshucengzhijiandetongxinbingbushizhenzhengzailianggeyunshucengzhijianzhijiechuanshushuju。yunshucengxiangyingyongcengpingbiliaoxiamianwangluodexijie（ruwangluotuobu，suocaiyongdeluyouxuanzexieyideng），tashiyingyongjinchengzhijiankanqilaihaoxianglianggeyunshucengshitizhijianyouyitiaoduandaoduandeluojitongxinxindao。wangluocengweizhujitigongluojitongxin，eryunshucengweiyingyongjinchengzhijiantigongduandaoduandeluojitongxin。yunshucengdelianggezhongyaoxieyishiyonghushujubaoxieyi UDP hechuanshukongzhixieyi TCP。anzhao OSI deshuyu，lianggeduidengyunshushitizaitongxinshichuansongdeshujudanweijiaozuoyunshuxieyishujudanyuan TPDU（Transport Protocol Data Unit）。danzai TCP/IP tixizhong，zegenjusuoshiyongdexieyishi TCP huo UDP，fenbiechengzhiwei TCP baowenduanhuo UDP yonghushujubao。UDP zaichuansongshujuzhiqianbuxuyaoxianjianlilianjie，yuandizhujizaishoudao UDP baowenhou，buxuyaogeichurenhequeren。suiran UDP butigongkekaojiaofu，danzaimouxieqingkuangxia UDP queshiyizhongzuiyouxiaodegongzuofangshi。 TCP tigongmianxianglianjiedefuwu。zaichuansongshujuzhiqianbixuxianjianlilianjie，shujuchuansongjieshuhouyaoshifanglianjie。TCP butigongguangbohuoduobofuwu。youyu TCP yaotigongkekaode，mianxianglianjiedechuanshufuwu，zheyinanyibimianzengjialiaoxuduokaixiao，ruqueren，liuliangkongzhi，jishiqiyijilianjieguanlideng。zhebujinshixieyishujudanyuandeshoubuzengdahenduo，huanyaozhanyongxuduochulijiziyuan。yingjianduankoushibutongyingjianshebeijinxingjiaohudejiekou，erruanjianduankoushiyingyongcenggezhongxieyijinchengyuyunshushitijinxingcengjianjiaohudeyizhongdizhi。UDP he TCP deshoubugeshizhongduyouyuanduankouhemudeduankouzhelianggezhongyaoziduan。dangyunshucengshoudao IP cengjiaoshanglaideyunshucengbaowenshi，jiunenggou genjuqishoubuzhongdemudeduankouhaobashujujiaofuyingyongcengdemudeyingyongceng。（lianggejinchengzhijianjinxingtongxinbuguangyaozhidaoduifang IP dizhierqieyaozhidaoduifangdeduankouhao(weiliaozhaodaoduifangjisuanjizhongdeyingyongjincheng)）yunshucengyongyige 16 weiduankouhaobiaozhiyigeduankou。duankouhaozhiyoubendiyiyi，tazhishiweiliaobiaozhijisuanjiyingyongcengzhongdegegejinchengzaiheyunshucengjiaohushidecengjianjiekou。zaihulianwangdebutongjisuanjizhong，xiangtongdeduankouhaoshimeiyouguanliande。xieyiduankouhaojianchengduankou。suirantongxindezhongdianshiyingyongjincheng，danzhiyaobasuofasongdebaowenjiaodaomudezhujidemougeheshiduankou，shengxiadegongzuo（zuihoujiaofumudejincheng）jiuyou TCP he UDP laiwancheng。yunshucengdeduankouhaofenweifuwuqiduanshiyongdeduankouhao（0~1023 zhipaigeishuzhiduankou，1024~49151 shidengjiduankouhao）hekehuduanzanshishiyongdeduankouhao（49152~65535）UDP dezhuyaotedianshi ① wulianjie ② jinzuidanulijiaofu ③ mianxiangbaowen ④ wuyongsaikongzhi ⑤ zhichiyiduiyi，yiduiduo，duoduiyiheduoduiduodejiaohutongxin ⑥ shoubukaixiaoxiao（zhiyousigeziduan：yuanduankou，mudeduankou，changduhejianyanhe）TCP dezhuyaotedianshi ① mianxianglianjie ② meiyitiao TCP lianjiezhinengshiyiduiyide ③ tigongkekaojiaofu ④ tigongquanshuanggongtongxin ⑤ mianxiangzijieliuTCP yongzhujide IP dizhijiashangzhujishangdeduankouhaozuowei TCP lianjiededuandian。zheyangdeduandianjiujiaozuotaojiezi（socket）huochakou。taojieziyong（IP dizhi：duankouhao）laibiaoshi。meiyitiao TCP lianjieweiyibeitongxinliangduandelianggeduandiansuoqueding。tingzhidengdaixieyishiweiliaoshixiankekaochuanshude，tadejibenyuanlijiushimeifawanyigefenzujiutingzhifasong，dengdaiduifangqueren。zaishoudaoquerenhouzaifaxiayigefenzu。weiliaotigaochuanshuxiaolv，fasongfangkeyibushiyongdixiaolvdetingzhidengdaixieyi，ershicaiyongliushuixianchuanshu。liushuixianchuanshujiushifasongfangkelianxufasongduogefenzu，bubimeifawanyigefenzujiutingxialaidengdaiduifangqueren。zheyangkeshixindaoshangyizhiyoushujubujianduandezaichuansong。zhezhongchuanshufangshikeyimingxiantigaoxindaoliyonglv。tingzhidengdaixieyizhongchaoshizhongchuanshizhizhiyaochaoguoyiduanshijianrengranmeiyoushoudaoqueren，jiuzhongchuanqianmianfasongguodefenzu（renweigangcaifasongguodefenzudiushiliao）。yincimeifasongwanyigefenzuxuyaoshezhiyigechaoshijishiqi，qizhongzhuanshijianyingbishujuzaifenzuchuanshudepingjunwangfanshijiangengchangyixie。zhezhongzidongzhongchuanfangshichangchengweizidongzhongchuanqingqiu ARQ。lingwaizaitingzhidengdaixieyizhongruoshoudaozhongfufenzu，jiudiuqigaifenzu，dantongshihuanyaofasongqueren。lianxu ARQ xieyiketigaoxindaoliyonglv。fasongweichiyigefasongchuangkou，fanweiyufasongchuangkouneidefenzukelianxufasongchuqu，erbuxuyaodengdaiduifangqueren。jieshoufangyibancaiyongleijiqueren，duianxudaodadezuihouyigefenzufasongqueren，biaomingdaozhegefenzuweizhidesuoyoufenzuduyijingzhengqueshoudaoliao。TCP baowenduandeqian 20 gezijieshigudingde，houmianyou 4n zijieshigenjuxuyaozengjiadexuanxiang。yinci，TCP shoubudezuixiaochangdushi 20 zijie。TCP shiyonghuadongchuangkoujizhi。fasongchuangkoulimiandexuhaobiaoshiyunxufasongdexuhao。fasongchuangkouhouyandehoumianbufenbiaoshiyifasongqieyishoudaoqueren，erfasongchuangkouqianyandeqianmianbufenbiaoshibuyunxufasong。fasongchuangkouhouyandebianhuaqingkuangyouliangzhongkeneng，jibudong（meiyoushoudaoxindequeren）heqianyi（shoudaoliaoxindequeren）。fasongchuangkoudeqianyantongchangshibuduanxiangqianyidongde。yibanlaishuo，womenzongshixiwangshujuchuanshugengkuaiyixie。danruguofasongfangbashujufasongdeguokuai，jieshoufangjiukenenglaibujijieshou，zhejiuhuizaochengshujudediushi。suoweiliuliangkongzhijiushirangfasongfangdefasongsulvbuyaotaikuai，yaorangjieshoufanglaidejijieshou。zaimouduanshijian，ruoduiwangluozhongmouyiziyuandexuqiuchaoguoliaogaiziyuansuonengtigongdekeyongbufen，wangluodexingnengjiuyaobianhuai。zhezhongqingkuangjiujiaoyongsai。yongsaikongzhijiushiweiliaofangzhiguoduodeshujuzhurudaowangluozhong，zheyangjiukeyishiwangluozhongdeluyouqihuolianlubuzhiguozai。yongsaikongzhisuoyaozuodeduyouyigeqianti，jiushiwangluonenggouchengshouxianyoudewangluofuhe。yongsaikongzhishiyigequanjuxingdeguocheng，shejidaosuoyoudezhuji，suoyoudeluyouqi，yijiyujiangdiwangluochuanshuxingnengyouguandesuoyouyinsu。xiangfan，liuliangkongzhiwangwangshidianduidiantongxinliangdekongzhi，shigeduandaoduandewenti。liuliangkongzhisuoyaozuodaodejiushiyizhifasongduanfasongshujudesulv，yibianshijieshouduanlaidejijieshou。weiliaojinxingyongsaikongzhi，TCP fasongfangyaoweichiyigeyongsaichuangkou cwnd dezhuangtaibianliang。yongsaikongzhichuangkoudedaxiaoqujueyuwangluodeyongsaichengdu，bingqiedongtaibianhua。fasongfangrangzijidefasongchuangkouquweiyongsaichuangkouhejieshoufangdejieshouchuangkouzhongjiaoxiaodeyige。TCP deyongsaikongzhicaiyongliaosizhongsuanfa，jimankaishi，yongsaibimian，kuaizhongchuanhekuaihuifu。zaiwangluocengyekeyishiluyouqicaiyongshidangdefenzudiuqicelue（ruzhudongduilieguanli AQM），yijianshaowangluoyongsaidefasheng。yunshulianjiedesangejieduan，ji：lianjiejianli，shujuchuansonghelianjieshifang。zhudongfaqi TCP lianjiejianlideyingyongjinchengjiaozuokehu，erbeidongdengdailianjiejianlideyingyongjinchengjiaozuofuwuqi。TCP lianjiecaiyongsanbaowenwoshoujizhi。fuwuqiyaoquerenyonghudelianjieqingqiu，ranhoukehuyaoduifuwuqidequerenjinxingqueren。TCP delianjieshifangcaiyongsibaowenwoshoujizhi。renheyifangdukeyizaishujuchuansongjieshuhoufachulianjieshifangdetongzhi，daiduifangquerenhoujinrubanguanbizhuangtai。danglingyifangyemeiyoushujuzaifasongshi，zefasonglianjieshifangtongzhi，duifangquerenhoujiuwanquanguanbiliao TCP lianjiebuchong（zhongyao）yixiazhishidianxuyaozhongdianguanzhu：duankouhetaojiezideyiyiUDP he TCP dequbieyijiliangzhedeyingyongchangjingzaibukekaodewangluoshangshixiankekaochuanshudegongzuoyuanli，tingzhidengdaixieyihe ARQ xieyiTCP dehuadongchuangkou，liuliangkongzhi，yongsaikongzhihelianjieguanliTCP desanciwoshou，sicihuishoujizhi6. yingyongceng（Application Layer）jibenshuyuyumingxitong（DNS） ：yumingxitong（DNS，Domain Name System）jiangrenleikedudeyuming (liru，http://www.) zhuanhuanweijiqikedude IP dizhi (liru，220.181.38.148)。womenkeyijiangqilijieweizhuanweihulianwangshejidedianhuabao。wenjianchuanshuxieyi（FTP） ：FTP shi File TransferProtocol（wenjianchuanshuxieyi）deyingwenjiancheng，erzhongwenjianchengwei“wenchuanxieyi”。yongyu Internet shangdekongzhiwenjiandeshuangxiangchuanshu。tongshi，tayeshiyigeyingyongchengxu（Application）。jiyubutongdecaozuoxitongyoubutongde FTP yingyongchengxu，ersuoyouzhexieyingyongchengxuduzunshoutongyizhongxieyiyichuanshuwenjian。zai FTP deshiyongdangzhong，yonghujingchangyudaolianggegainian："xiazai"（Download）he"shangchuan"（Upload）。 "xiazai"wenjianjiushicongyuanchengzhujikaobeiwenjianzhizijidejisuanjishang；"shangchuan"wenjianjiushijiangwenjiancongzijidejisuanjizhongkaobeizhiyuanchengzhujishang。yong Internet yuyanlaishuo，yonghuketongguokehujichengxuxiang（cong）yuanchengzhujishangchuan（xiazai）wenjian。jiandanwenjianchuanshuxieyi（TFTP） ：TFTP（Trivial File Transfer Protocol,jiandanwenjianchuanshuxieyi）shi TCP/IP xieyizuzhongdeyigeyonglaizaikehujiyufuwuqizhijianjinxingjiandanwenjianchuanshudexieyi，tigongbufuza、kaixiaobudadewenjianchuanshufuwu。duankouhaowei 69。yuanchengzhongduanxieyi（TELENET） ：Telnet xieyishi TCP/IP xieyizuzhongdeyiyuan，shi Internet yuanchengdenglufuwudebiaozhunxieyihezhuyaofangshi。taweiyonghutigongliaozaibendijisuanjishangwanchengyuanchengzhujigongzuodenengli。zaizhongduanshiyongzhedediannaoshangshiyong telnet chengxu，yongtalianjiedaofuwuqi。zhongduanshiyongzhekeyizai telnet chengxuzhongshurumingling，zhexieminglinghuizaifuwuqishangyunxing，jiuxiangzhijiezaifuwuqidekongzhitaishangshuruyiyang。keyizaibendijiunengkongzhifuwuqi。yaokaishiyige telnet huihua，bixushuruyonghuminghemimalaidenglufuwuqi。Telnet shichangyongdeyuanchengkongzhi Web fuwuqidefangfa。wanweiwang（WWW） ：WWW shihuanqiuxinxiwangdesuoxie，（yizuo“Web”、“WWW”、“'W3'”，yingwenquanchengwei“World Wide Web”），zhongwenmingziwei“wanweiwang”，"huanqiuwang"deng，changjianchengwei Web。fenwei Web kehuduanhe Web fuwuqichengxu。WWW keyirang Web kehuduan（changyongzuolanqi）fangwenzuolan Web fuwuqishangdeyemian。shiyigeyouxuduohuxianglianjiedechaowenbenzuchengdexitong，tongguohulianwangfangwen。zaizhegexitongzhong，meigeyouyongdeshiwu，chengweiyiyang“ziyuan”；bingqieyouyigequanju“tongyiziyuanbiaoshifu”（URI）biaoshi；zhexieziyuantongguochaowenbenchuanshuxieyi（Hypertext Transfer Protocol）chuansonggeiyonghu，erhouzhetongguodianjilianjielaihuodeziyuan。wanweiwanglianmeng（yingyu：World Wide Web Consortium，jiancheng W3C），youcheng W3C lishihui。1994 nian 10 yuezaimashengligongxueyuan（MIT）jisuanjikexueshiyanshichengli。wanweiwanglianmengdechuangjianzheshiwanweiwangdefamingzhedimu·bonasi-li。wanweiwangbingbudengtonghulianwang，wanweiwangzhishihulianwangsuonengtigongdefuwuqizhongzhiyi，shikaozhuohulianwangyunxingdeyixiangfuwu。wanweiwangdedazhigongzuogongcheng：tongyiziyuandingweifu（URL） ：tongyiziyuandingweifushiduikeyiconghulianwangshangdedaodeziyuandeweizhihefangwenfangfadeyizhongjianjiedebiaoshi，shihulianwangshangbiaozhunziyuandedizhi。hulianwangshangdemeigewenjianduyouyigeweiyide URL，tabaohandexinxizhichuwenjiandeweizhiyijizuolanqiyinggaizenmechulita。chaowenbenchuanshuxieyi（HTTP） ：chaowenbenchuanshuxieyi（HTTP，HyperText Transfer Protocol)shihulianwangshangyingyongzuiweiguangfandeyizhongwangluoxieyi。suoyoude WWW wenjiandubixuzunshouzhegebiaozhun。sheji HTTP zuichudemudeshiweiliaotigongyizhongfabuhejieshou HTML yemiandefangfa。1960 nianmeiguoren Ted Nelson gousiliaoyizhongtongguojisuanjichuliwenbenxinxidefangfa，bingchengzhiweichaowenben（hypertext）,zhechengweiliao HTTP chaowenbenchuanshuxieyibiaozhunjiagoudefazhangenji。HTTP xieyidebenzhijiushiyizhongzuolanqiyufuwuqizhijianyuedinghaodetongxingeshi。HTTP deyuanliruxiatusuoshi：dailifuwuqi（Proxy Server） ： dailifuwuqi（Proxy Server）shiyizhongwangluoshiti，tayouchengweiwanweiwanggaosuhuancun。 dailifuwuqibazuijindeyixieqingqiuhexiangyingzancunzaibendicipanzhong。dangxinqingqiudaodashi，ruodailifuwuqifaxianzhegeqingqiuyuzanshicunfangdedeqingqiuxiangtong，jiufanhuizancundexiangying，erbuxuyaoan URL dedizhizaiciquhulianwangfangwengaiziyuan。dailifuwuqikezaikehuduanhuofuwuqigongzuo，yekeyizaizhongjianxitonggongzuo。jiandanyoujianchuanshuxieyi(SMTP) : SMTP（Simple Mail Transfer Protocol）jijiandanyoujianchuanshuxieyi,tashiyizuyongyuyouyuandizhidaomudedizhichuansongyoujiandeguize，youtalaikongzhixinjiandezhongzhuanfangshi。 SMTP xieyishuyu TCP/IP xieyicu，tabangzhumeitaijisuanjizaifasonghuozhongzhuanxinjianshizhaodaoxiayigemudedi。 tongguo SMTP xieyisuozhidingdefuwuqi,jiukeyiba E-mail jidaoshouxinrendefuwuqishangliao，zhenggeguochengzhiyaojifenzhong。SMTP fuwuqizeshizunxun SMTP xieyidefasongyoujianfuwuqi，yonglaifasonghuozhongzhuanfachudedianziyoujian。sousuoyinqing :sousuoyinqing（Search Engine）shizhigenjuyidingdecelue、yunyongtedingdejisuanjichengxuconghulianwangshangsoujixinxi，zaiduixinxijinxingzuzhihechulihou，weiyonghutigongjiansuofuwu，jiangyonghujiansuoxiangguandexinxizhanshigeiyonghudexitong。sousuoyinqingbaokuoquanwensuoyin、mulusuoyin、yuansousuoyinqing、chuizhisousuoyinqing、jiheshisousuoyinqing、menhusousuoyinqingyumianfeilianjieliebiaodeng。chuizhisousuoyinqing ：chuizhisousuoyinqingshizhenduimouyigexingyedezhuanyesousuoyinqing，shisousuoyinqingdexifenheyanshen，shiduiwangyekuzhongdemouleizhuanmendexinxijinxingyicizhenghe，dingxiangfenziduanchouquchuxuyaodeshujujinxingchulihouzaiyimouzhongxingshifanhuigeiyonghu。chuizhisousuoshixiangduitongyongsousuoyinqingdexinxiliangda、chaxunbuzhunque、shendubugoudengtichulaidexindesousuoyinqingfuwumoshi，tongguozhenduimouyitedinglingyu、mouyitedingrenqunhuomouyitedingxuqiutigongdeyouyidingjiazhidexinxihexiangguanfuwu。qitedianjiushi“zhuan、jing、shen”，qiejuyouxingyesecai，xiangbijiaotongyongsousuoyinqingdehailiangxinxiwuxuhua，chuizhisousuoyinqingzexiandegengjiazhuanzhu、jutiheshenru。quanwensuoyin :quanwensuoyinjishushimuqiansousuoyinqingdeguanjianjishu。shixiangzai 1M daxiaodewenjianzhongsousuoyigeci，kenengxuyaojimiao，zai 100M dewenjianzhongkenengxuyaojishimiao，ruguozaigengdadewenjianzhongsousuonamejiuxuyaogengdadexitongkaixiao，zheyangdekaixiaoshibuxianshide。suoyizaizheyangdemaodunxiachuxianliaoquanwensuoyinjishu，youshihouyourenjiaodaopaiwendangjishu。mulusuoyin ：mulusuoyin（ search index/directory)，gumingsiyijiushijiangwangzhanfenmenbieleidicunfangzaixiangyingdemuluzhong，yinciyonghuzaichaxunxinxishi，kexuanzeguanjiancisousuo，yekeanfenleimuluzhucengchazhao。zhongyaozhishidianzongjiewenjianchuanshuxieyi（FTP）shiyong TCP kekaodeyunshufuwu。FTP shiyongkehufuwuqifangshi。yige FTP fuwuqijinchengkeyitongshiweiduogeyonghutigongfuwu。zaijinjinxingwenjianchuanshushi，FTP dekehuhefuwuqizhijianyaoxianjianlilianggebingxingde TCP lianjie:kongzhilianjieheshujulianjie。shijiyongyuchuanshuwenjiandeshishujulianjie。wanweiwangkehuchengxuyufuwuqizhijianjinxingjiaohushiyongdexieyishichaowenbenchuanshuxieyi HTTP。HTTP shiyong TCP lianjiejinxingkekaochuanshu。dan HTTP benshenshiwulianjie、wuzhuangtaide。HTTP/1.1 xieyishiyongliaochixulianjie（fenweifeiliushuixianfangshiheliushuixianfangshi）dianziyoujianbayoujianfasongdaoshoujianrenshiyongdeyoujianfuwuqi，bingfangzaiqizhongdeshoujianrenyouxiangzhong，shoujianrenkesuishishangwangdaozijishiyongdeyoujianfuwuqiduqu，xiangdangyudianziyouxiang。yigedianziyoujianxitongyousangezhongyaozuchenggoujian：yonghudaili、youjianfuwuqi、youjianxieyi（baokuoyoujianfasongxieyi，ru SMTP，heyoujianduquxieyi，ru POP3 he IMAP）。yonghudailiheyoujianfuwuqiduyaoyunxingzhexiexieyi。buchong（zhongyao）yixiazhishidianxuyaozhongdianguanzhu：yingyongcengdechangjianxieyi（zhongdianguanzhu HTTP xieyi）yumingxitong-congyumingjiexichu IP dizhifangwenyigewangzhandazhideguochengxitongdiaoyongheyingyongbianchengjiekougainian
日(搁颈)子(窜颈)一(驰颈)天(罢颈补苍)天(罢颈补苍)过(骋耻辞)去(蚕耻)，我(奥辞)和(贬别)孙(厂耻苍)子(窜颈)浩(贬补辞)浩(贬补辞)的(顿别)生(厂丑别苍驳)活(贬耻辞)依(驰颈)然(搁补苍)充(颁丑辞苍驳)实(厂丑颈)而(贰谤)快(碍耻补颈)乐(尝别)。虽(厂耻颈)然(搁补苍)有(驰辞耻)时(厂丑颈)候(贬辞耻)会(贬耻颈)感(骋补苍)到(顿补辞)疲(笔颈)惫(叠别颈)，但(顿补苍)只(窜丑颈)要(驰补辞)想(齿颈补苍驳)到(顿补辞)家(闯颈补)人(搁别苍)的(顿别)支(窜丑颈)持(颁丑颈)和(贬别)鼓(骋耻)励(尝颈)，心(齿颈苍)中(窜丑辞苍驳)便(叠颈补苍)会(贬耻颈)充(颁丑辞苍驳)满(惭补苍)力(尝颈)量(尝颈补苍驳)。
护士：不用。电商平台上多个商家也在售卖“乌梅汤2.0”陆爷的呆萌甜妻爱下电子书下载-陌小七-小说陆爷的呆萌甜妻爱下...
大家都是普通人没有哪个人是完美的表妹跟我抱怨看见人家那小蛮腰穿衣服真好看无奈自己骨架大还壮的不行我建议她接纳自己就好了你是独一无二的存在