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同(罢辞苍驳)步(叠耻)进(闯颈苍)行(齿颈苍驳)的(顿别)是(厂丑颈)原(驰耻补苍)州(窜丑辞耻)区(蚕耻)叁(厂补苍)营(驰颈苍驳)全(蚕耻补苍)民(惭颈苍)健(闯颈补苍)身(厂丑别苍)中(窜丑辞苍驳)心(齿颈苍)赛(厂补颈)场(颁丑补苍驳)迎(驰颈苍驳)来(尝补颈)的(顿别)首(厂丑辞耻)场(颁丑补苍驳)比(叠颈)赛(厂补颈),泾(窜耻辞)源(驰耻补苍)县(齿颈补苍)黄(贬耻补苍驳)花(贬耻补)乡(齿颈补苍驳)对(顿耻颈)阵(窜丑别苍)隆(尝辞苍驳)德(顿别)县(齿颈补苍)张(窜丑补苍驳)程(颁丑别苍驳)乡(齿颈补苍驳)的(顿别)比(叠颈)赛(厂补颈)哨(厂丑补辞)声(厂丑别苍驳)一(驰颈)响(齿颈补苍驳),双(厂丑耻补苍驳)方(贵补苍驳)球(蚕颈耻)员(驰耻补苍)立(尝颈)即(闯颈)进(闯颈苍)入(搁耻)状(窜丑耻补苍驳)态(罢补颈),拼(笔颈苍)抢(蚕颈补苍驳)防(贵补苍驳)守(厂丑辞耻),进(闯颈苍)攻(骋辞苍驳)抢(蚕颈补苍驳)断(顿耻补苍),精(闯颈苍驳)准(窜丑耻苍)投(罢辞耻)篮(尝补苍),双(厂丑耻补苍驳)方(贵补苍驳)比(叠颈)分(贵别苍)交(闯颈补辞)替(罢颈)上(厂丑补苍驳)升(厂丑别苍驳)。最(窜耻颈)终(窜丑辞苍驳),张(窜丑补苍驳)程(颁丑别苍驳)乡(齿颈补苍驳)首(厂丑辞耻)战(窜丑补苍)告(骋补辞)捷(闯颈别)。
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社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)到(Dao)底(Di)学(Xue)什(Shi)么(Me)?身(Shen)份(Fen)与(Yu)现(Xian)实(Shi)2019-08-22 00:05·教(Jiao)书(Shu)匠(Jiang)阿(A)伦(Lun)Dramaturgy戏(Xi)剧(Ju)论(Lun)Sociologist Erving Goffman developed the concept ofDramaturgy, the idea that life is like a never-ending play in which people are actors. Goffman believed that when we are born, we are thrust onto a stage called everyday life, and that our socialization consists of learning how to play our assigned roles from other people. We enact our roles in the company of others, who are in turn enacting their roles in interaction with us. He believed that whatever we do, we are playing out some role on the stage of life. Goffman distinguished between front stages and back stages. During our everyday life, we spend most of our lives on the front stage, where we get to deliver our lines and perform. A wedding is a front stage. A classroom lectern is a front stage. A dinner table can be a front stage. Almost any place where we act in front of others is a front stage. Sometimes we are allowed to retreat to the back stages of life. In these private areas, we don’t have to act. We can be our real selves. We can also practice and prepare for our return to the front stage.社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)家(Jia)欧(Ou)文(Wen)·戈(Ge)夫(Fu)曼(Man)(Erving Goffman)提(Ti)出(Chu)了(Liao)戏(Xi)剧(Ju)论(Lun)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian),他(Ta)说(Shuo)生(Sheng)活(Huo)就(Jiu)像(Xiang)一(Yi)场(Chang)永(Yong)不(Bu)停(Ting)歇(Xie)的(De)大(Da)汇(Hui)演(Yan),每(Mei)个(Ge)人(Ren)都(Du)是(Shi)天(Tian)生(Sheng)的(De)演(Yan)员(Yuan)。戈(Ge)夫(Fu)曼(Man)表(Biao)示(Shi),每(Mei)个(Ge)人(Ren)一(Yi)出(Chu)生(Sheng),便(Bian)被(Bei)推(Tui)上(Shang)了(Liao)日(Ri)常(Chang)生(Sheng)活(Huo)这(Zhe)个(Ge)大(Da)舞(Wu)台(Tai),一(Yi)个(Ge)人(Ren)社(She)会(Hui)化(Hua)的(De)过(Guo)程(Cheng),便(Bian)是(Shi)向(Xiang)别(Bie)人(Ren)学(Xue)习(Xi)如(Ru)何(He)演(Yan)好(Hao)自(Zi)己(Ji)在(Zai)这(Zhe)场(Chang)戏(Xi)剧(Ju)中(Zhong)被(Bei)分(Fen)配(Pei)的(De)角(Jiao)色(Se)的(De)过(Guo)程(Cheng)。我(Wo)们(Men)在(Zai)他(Ta)人(Ren)的(De)配(Pei)合(He)下(Xia)演(Yan)好(Hao)自(Zi)己(Ji)的(De)角(Jiao)色(Se),他(Ta)人(Ren)通(Tong)过(Guo)与(Yu)我(Wo)们(Men)的(De)互(Hu)动(Dong)也(Ye)演(Yan)好(Hao)他(Ta)们(Men)各(Ge)自(Zi)所(Suo)扮(Ban)演(Yan)的(De)角(Jiao)色(Se)。戈(Ge)夫(Fu)曼(Man)指(Zhi)出(Chu),我(Wo)们(Men)的(De)每(Mei)个(Ge)行(Xing)为(Wei)动(Dong)作(Zuo), 都(Du)是(Shi)对(Dui)人(Ren)生(Sheng)舞(Wu)台(Tai)上(Shang)某(Mou)个(Ge)角(Jiao)色(Se)的(De)诠(Zuo)释(Shi)。戈(Ge)夫(Fu)曼(Man)将(Jiang)“前(Qian)台(Tai)”和(He)“后(Hou)台(Tai)”加(Jia)以(Yi)区(Qu)分(Fen)。日(Ri)常(Chang)生(Sheng)活(Huo)中(Zhong),“前(Qian)台(Tai)”占(Zhan)据(Ju)了(Liao)我(Wo)们(Men)大(Da)多(Duo)数(Shu)时(Shi)间(Jian),我(Wo)们(Men)在(Zai)这(Zhe)里(Li)诵(Song)读(Du)各(Ge)自(Zi)所(Suo)扮(Ban)演(Yan)的(De)角(Jiao)色(Se)台(Tai)词(Ci),奉(Feng)献(Xian)出(Chu)各(Ge)自(Zi)的(De)表(Biao)演(Yan)。婚(Hun)礼(Li)是(Shi)一(Yi)种(Zhong)“前(Qian)台(Tai)”。教(Jiao)室(Shi)的(De)讲(Jiang)台(Tai)也(Ye)是(Shi)一(Yi)种(Zhong)“前(Qian)台(Tai)”。甚(Shen)至(Zhi)餐(Can)桌(Zhuo)也(Ye)可(Ke)以(Yi)是(Shi)一(Yi)种(Zhong)“前(Qian)台(Tai)”。大(Da)凡(Fan)我(Wo)们(Men)在(Zai)他(Ta)人(Ren)面(Mian)前(Qian)呈(Cheng)现(Xian)的(De)行(Xing)为(Wei)动(Dong)作(Zuo),都(Du)可(Ke)以(Yi)视(Shi)为(Wei)“前(Qian)台(Tai)”的(De)表(Biao)演(Yan)。有(You)时(Shi)候(Hou),我(Wo)们(Men)可(Ke)以(Yi)退(Tui)场(Chang)到(Dao)人(Ren)生(Sheng)的(De)“后(Hou)台(Tai)”。在(Zai)“后(Hou)台(Tai)”的(De)私(Si)人(Ren)领(Ling)域(Yu)里(Li),我(Wo)们(Men)卸(Xie)了(Liao)妆(Zhuang),从(Cong)表(Biao)演(Yan)中(Zhong)暂(Zan)时(Shi)解(Jie)脱(Tuo)出(Chu)来(Lai)。在(Zai)这(Zhe)里(Li),我(Wo)们(Men)可(Ke)以(Yi)做(Zuo)真(Zhen)实(Shi)的(De)自(Zi)己(Ji)。但(Dan)在(Zai)“后(Hou)台(Tai)”上(Shang)我(Wo)们(Men)也(Ye)需(Xu)不(Bu)断(Duan)练(Lian)习(Xi),以(Yi)随(Sui)时(Shi)做(Zuo)好(Hao)准(Zhun)备(Bei)重(Zhong)新(Xin)回(Hui)到(Dao)“前(Qian)台(Tai)”。Impression Management印(Yin)象(Xiang)管(Guan)理(Li)Goffman coined the term Impression Managementto refer to our desire to manipulate others’ impressions of us on the front stage. According to Goffman, we use variousmechanisms, called Sign Vehicles, to present ourselves to others. The most commonly employed sign vehicles are the following:Social settingAppearanceManner of interacting戈(Ge)夫(Fu)曼(Man)提(Ti)出(Chu)了(Liao)“印(Yin)象(Xiang)管(Guan)理(Li)”一(Yi)词(Ci),指(Zhi)的(De)是(Shi)人(Ren)们(Men)试(Shi)图(Tu)控(Kong)制(Zhi)他(Ta)人(Ren)对(Dui)“前(Qian)台(Tai)”自(Zi)己(Ji)所(Suo)形(Xing)成(Cheng)的(De)印(Yin)象(Xiang)的(De)过(Guo)程(Cheng)。据(Ju)戈(Ge)夫(Fu)曼(Man)表(Biao)述(Shu),人(Ren)们(Men)会(Hui)应(Ying)用(Yong)各(Ge)种(Zhong)不(Bu)同(Tong)的(De)方(Fang)法(Fa)向(Xiang)他(Ta)人(Ren)进(Jin)行(Xing)自(Zi)我(Wo)展(Zhan)示(Shi),这(Zhe)些(Xie)方(Fang)法(Fa)被(Bei)称(Cheng)为(Wei)“符(Fu)号(Hao)载(Zai)体(Ti)”。最(Zui)常(Chang)用(Yong)的(De)几(Ji)种(Zhong)符(Fu)号(Hao)载(Zai)体(Ti)如(Ru)下(Xia):?社(She)会(Hui)环(Huan)境(Jing)?外(Wai)观(Guan)?互(Hu)动(Dong)方(Fang)式(Shi)Social Setting社(She)会(Hui)环(Huan)境(Jing)The social setting is the physical place where interaction occurs. It could be a doctor’s examination room, a hallway, someone’s home, or a professor’s office. How we arrange our spaces, and what we put in them, conveys a lot of information about us. A person who lives in a huge home with security guards, attack dogs, and motion detectors conveys the message that he or she is very important, wealthy, and powerful, and probably that uninvited visitors should stay away. On the other hand, the owner of a house with no fence, lots of lights, and a welcome mat would seem much more inviting but perhaps not as rich or powerful.社(She)会(Hui)环(Huan)境(Jing)是(Shi)人(Ren)们(Men)进(Jin)行(Xing)互(Hu)动(Dong)的(De)物(Wu)理(Li)环(Huan)境(Jing)场(Chang)所(Suo)。医(Yi)生(Sheng)的(De)检(Jian)查(Cha)室(Shi)、走(Zou)廊(Lang)、某(Mou)个(Ge)人(Ren)的(De)家(Jia),或(Huo)是(Shi)教(Jiao)授(Shou)的(De)办(Ban)公(Gong)室(Shi),这(Zhe)些(Xie)都(Du)属(Shu)于(Yu)物(Wu)理(Li)环(Huan)境(Jing)场(Chang)所(Suo)。这(Zhe)些(Xie)场(Chang)所(Suo)的(De)空(Kong)间(Jian)布(Bu)置(Zhi)方(Fang)式(Shi),以(Yi)及(Ji)里(Li)面(Mian)放(Fang)置(Zhi)的(De)东(Dong)西(Xi),都(Du)可(Ke)以(Yi)揭(Jie)示(Shi)出(Chu)空(Kong)间(Jian)主(Zhu)人(Ren)的(De)许(Xu)多(Duo)信(Xin)息(Xi)。一(Yi)个(Ge)人(Ren)如(Ru)果(Guo)住(Zhu)在(Zai)配(Pei)有(You)保(Bao)安(An)、军(Jun)犬(Quan)和(He)移(Yi)动(Dong)探(Tan)测(Ce)器(Qi)的(De)大(Da)房(Fang)子(Zi),那(Na)他(Ta)/她(Ta)必(Bi)定(Ding)是(Shi)一(Yi)个(Ge)重(Zhong)要(Yao)、富(Fu)有(You)、有(You)权(Quan)势(Shi)甚(Shen)至(Zhi)是(Shi)不(Bu)可(Ke)随(Sui)意(Yi)被(Bei)打(Da)扰(Rao)的(De)人(Ren)。相(Xiang)反(Fan),如(Ru)果(Guo)一(Yi)个(Ge)人(Ren)住(Zhu)的(De)房(Fang)子(Zi)没(Mei)有(You)围(Wei)栏(Lan)、迎(Ying)客(Ke)红(Hong)毯(Tan),灯(Deng)光(Guang)暗(An)淡(Dan),那(Na)么(Me)这(Zhe)个(Ge)人(Ren)可(Ke)能(Neng)不(Bu)那(Na)么(Me)有(You)钱(Qian)或(Huo)者(Zhe)有(You)权(Quan),但(Dan)他(Ta)/她(Ta)却(Que)更(Geng)容(Rong)易(Yi)和(He)他(Ta)人(Ren)打(Da)成(Cheng)一(Yi)片(Pian)。How we decorate our settings, or what Propswe use, also gives clues to how we want people to think of us. A businesswoman with a photo of her family on her desk communicates that things outside of work are important in her life. When a professor displays her degrees and certificates on the wall of her office, she communicates that she wants to be viewed as a credible authority in her chosen field. When people decorate offices, hang pictures in clinics, or display artwork in their homes, they are using props to convey information about how they want others to see them.我(Wo)们(Men)如(Ru)何(He)装(Zhuang)饰(Shi)这(Zhe)些(Xie)社(She)会(Hui)环(Huan)境(Jing),或(Huo)者(Zhe)我(Wo)们(Men)使(Shi)用(Yong)什(Shi)么(Me)工(Gong)具(Ju)来(Lai)装(Zhuang)饰(Shi),都(Du)能(Neng)体(Ti)现(Xian)出(Chu)在(Zai)他(Ta)人(Ren)对(Dui)自(Zi)己(Ji)所(Suo)形(Xing)成(Cheng)的(De)印(Yin)象(Xiang)上(Shang),我(Wo)们(Men)内(Nei)心(Xin)的(De)期(Qi)望(Wang)值(Zhi)。一(Yi)个(Ge)女(Nv)企(Qi)业(Ye)家(Jia)如(Ru)果(Guo)在(Zai)办(Ban)公(Gong)桌(Zhuo)上(Shang)放(Fang)家(Jia)人(Ren)照(Zhao)片(Pian),那(Na)么(Me)她(Ta)在(Zai)向(Xiang)外(Wai)界(Jie)传(Chuan)达(Da),除(Chu)了(Liao)工(Gong)作(Zuo),其(Qi)他(Ta)事(Shi)情(Qing)对(Dui)她(Ta)也(Ye)同(Tong)样(Yang)重(Zhong)要(Yao)。一(Yi)位(Wei)女(Nv)教(Jiao)授(Shou)如(Ru)果(Guo)在(Zai)办(Ban)公(Gong)室(Shi)的(De)墙(Qiang)上(Shang)挂(Gua)着(Zhuo)学(Xue)位(Wei)和(He)资(Zi)质(Zhi)认(Ren)证(Zheng),那(Na)么(Me)她(Ta)在(Zai)向(Xiang)外(Wai)界(Jie)传(Chuan)达(Da),她(Ta)希(Xi)望(Wang)自(Zi)己(Ji)能(Neng)够(Gou)获(Huo)得(De)所(Suo)在(Zai)领(Ling)域(Yu)的(De)权(Quan)威(Wei)认(Ren)可(Ke)。人(Ren)们(Men)装(Zhuang)饰(Shi)办(Ban)公(Gong)室(Shi),在(Zai)诊(Zhen)所(Suo)挂(Gua)上(Shang)照(Zhao)片(Pian),或(Huo)者(Zhe)在(Zai)家(Jia)里(Li)摆(Bai)上(Shang)艺(Yi)术(Shu)作(Zuo)品(Pin),都(Du)是(Shi)在(Zai)使(Shi)用(Yong)特(Te)定(Ding)的(De)工(Gong)具(Ju)使(Shi)别(Bie)人(Ren)形(Xing)成(Cheng)的(De)印(Yin)象(Xiang)符(Fu)合(He)自(Zi)己(Ji)的(De)期(Qi)望(Wang)。戈(Ge)夫(Fu)曼(Man)戏(Xi)剧(Ju)理(Li)论(Lun)内(Nei)容(Rong)一(Yi)、表(Biao)演(Yan)人(Ren)生(Sheng)⑴人(Ren)生(Sheng)是(Shi)一(Yi)场(Chang)表(Biao)演(Yan),社(She)会(Hui)是(Shi)一(Yi)个(Ge)舞(Wu)台(Tai)。戈(Ge)夫(Fu)曼(Man)的(De)全(Quan)部(Bu)著(Zhu)作(Zuo)都(Du)是(Shi)以(Yi)这(Zhe)样(Yang)一(Yi)个(Ge)基(Ji)本(Ben)观(Guan)点(Dian)为(Wei)前(Qian)提(Ti)的(De)。⑵表(Biao)演(Yan)本(Ben)身(Shen)又(You)分(Fen)两(Liang)种(Zhong)。一(Yi)种(Zhong)是(Shi)不(Bu)知(Zhi)道(Dao)自(Zi)己(Ji)在(Zai)表(Biao)演(Yan),即(Ji)不(Bu)自(Zi)觉(Jue)的(De)表(Biao)演(Yan);另(Ling)一(Yi)种(Zhong)是(Shi)知(Zhi)道(Dao)自(Zi)己(Ji)在(Zai)表(Biao)演(Yan),即(Ji)自(Zi)觉(Jue)的(De)表(Biao)演(Yan)。⑶从(Cong)一(Yi)定(Ding)意(Yi)义(Yi)上(Shang)说(Shuo),符(Fu)号(Hao)本(Ben)身(Shen)就(Jiu)具(Ju)有(You)某(Mou)种(Zhong)欺(Qi)骗(Pian)性(Xing),符(Fu)号(Hao)的(De)基(Ji)本(Ben)属(Shu)性(Xing)就(Jiu)在(Zai)于(Yu)是(Shi)其(Qi)非(Fei)是(Shi)。艾(Ai)柯(Ke)将(Jiang)符(Fu)号(Hao)学(Xue)定(Ding)义(Yi)为(Wei)“原(Yuan)则(Ze)上(Shang)是(Shi)一(Yi)门(Men)研(Yan)究(Jiu)旨(Zhi)在(Zai)撒(Sa)谎(Huang)而(Er)可(Ke)以(Yi)利(Li)用(Yong)的(De)一(Yi)切(Qie)事(Shi)物(Wu)的(De)学(Xue)科(Ke)”,因(Yin)此(Ci)符(Fu)号(Hao)也(Ye)就(Jiu)是(Shi)“能(Neng)用(Yong)来(Lai)撒(Sa)谎(Huang)”的(De)事(Shi)物(Wu)。符(Fu)号(Hao)能(Neng)力(Li)的(De)获(Huo)得(De)使(Shi)我(Wo)们(Men)永(Yong)远(Yuan)地(Di)脱(Tuo)离(Li)了(Liao)单(Dan)纯(Chun)的(De)物(Wu)理(Li)世(Shi)界(Jie),“人(Ren)的(De)符(Fu)号(Hao)活(Huo)动(Dong)能(Neng)力(Li)进(Jin)展(Zhan)多(Duo)少(Shao),物(Wu)理(Li)实(Shi)在(Zai)似(Si)乎(Hu)也(Ye)就(Jiu)相(Xiang)应(Ying)地(Di)退(Tui)却(Que)多(Duo)少(Shao)”。⑷人(Ren)际(Ji)传(Chuan)播(Bo)的(De)过(Guo)程(Cheng)就(Jiu)是(Shi)人(Ren)们(Men)表(Biao)演(Yan)“自(Zi)我(Wo)”的(De)过(Guo)程(Cheng),但(Dan)这(Zhe)个(Ge)“自(Zi)我(Wo)”并(Bing)非(Fei)真(Zhen)实(Shi)的(De)自(Zi)我(Wo),而(Er)是(Shi)经(Jing)符(Fu)号(Hao)乔(Qiao)装(Zhuang)打(Da)扮(Ban)了(Liao)的(De)“自(Zi)我(Wo)”。二(Er)、印(Yin)象(Xiang)管(Guan)理(Li)在(Zai)人(Ren)际(Ji)互(Hu)动(Dong)中(Zhong),“不(Bu)管(Guan)个(Ge)人(Ren)在(Zai)头(Tou)脑(Nao)中(Zhong)所(Suo)具(Ju)有(You)的(De)具(Ju)体(Ti)目(Mu)标(Biao)是(Shi)什(Shi)么(Me),也(Ye)不(Bu)管(Guan)他(Ta)达(Da)到(Dao)这(Zhe)个(Ge)目(Mu)标(Biao)的(De)动(Dong)机(Ji)是(Shi)什(Shi)么(Me),他(Ta)的(De)兴(Xing)趣(Qu)始(Shi)终(Zhong)是(Shi)控(Kong)制(Zhi)他(Ta)人(Ren)的(De)行(Xing)为(Wei),特(Te)别(Bie)是(Shi)控(Kong)制(Zhi)他(Ta)人(Ren)对(Dui)他(Ta)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying)。这(Zhe)种(Zhong)控(Kong)制(Zhi)将(Jiang)主(Zhu)要(Yao)通(Tong)过(Guo)影(Ying)响(Xiang)他(Ta)人(Ren)而(Er)逐(Zhu)渐(Jian)形(Xing)成(Cheng)的(De)限(Xian)定(Ding)而(Er)实(Shi)现(Xian)的(De),而(Er)且(Qie)他(Ta)能(Neng)通(Tong)过(Guo)给(Gei)他(Ta)人(Ren)某(Mou)种(Zhong)印(Yin)象(Xiang)的(De)方(Fang)式(Shi)借(Jie)以(Yi)表(Biao)现(Xian)自(Zi)己(Ji)达(Da)到(Dao)影(Ying)响(Xiang)这(Zhe)种(Zhong)限(Xian)定(Ding)的(De)目(Mu)的(De),他(Ta)给(Gei)人(Ren)的(De)这(Zhe)种(Zhong)印(Yin)象(Xiang)将(Jiang)引(Yin)导(Dao)他(Ta)人(Ren)自(Zi)愿(Yuan)地(Di)根(Gen)据(Ju)他(Ta)的(De)意(Yi)图(Tu)而(Er)行(Xing)动(Dong)。”这(Zhe)就(Jiu)是(Shi)所(Suo)谓(Wei)印(Yin)象(Xiang)管(Guan)理(Li)。“连(Lian)结(Jie)戈(Ge)夫(Fu)曼(Man)著(Zhu)作(Zuo)的(De)纽(Niu)带(Dai),总(Zong)是(Shi)印(Yin)象(Xiang)管(Guan)理(Li)的(De)各(Ge)种(Zhong)变(Bian)化(Hua)形(Xing)式(Shi)。”⑴理(Li)想(Xiang)化(Hua)表(Biao)演(Yan)。这(Zhe)种(Zhong)策(Ce)略(Lue)的(De)一(Yi)个(Ge)重(Zhong)要(Yao)特(Te)征(Zheng)是(Shi)掩(Yan)饰(Shi)。“表(Biao)演(Yan)者(Zhe)会(Hui)掩(Yan)盖(Gai)或(Huo)部(Bu)分(Fen)地(Di)掩(Yan)盖(Gai)与(Yu)他(Ta)自(Zi)己(Ji)理(Li)想(Xiang)的(De)形(Xing)象(Xiang)不(Bu)一(Yi)致(Zhi)的(De)活(Huo)动(Dong)、事(Shi)实(Shi)和(He)动(Dong)机(Ji)”,以(Yi)便(Bian)集(Ji)中(Zhong)展(Zhan)示(Shi)自(Zi)己(Ji)理(Li)想(Xiang)化(Hua)的(De)形(Xing)象(Xiang)。⑵误(Wu)解(Jie)表(Biao)演(Yan)。富(Fu)人(Ren)装(Zhuang)穷(Qiong),流(Liu)氓(Mang)扮(Ban)绅(Shen)士(Shi)都(Du)是(Shi)误(Wu)解(Jie)表(Biao)演(Yan)的(De)例(Li)子(Zi)。⑶神(Shen)秘(Mi)化(Hua)表(Biao)演(Yan)。与(Yu)互(Hu)动(Dong)方(Fang)保(Bao)持(Chi)一(Yi)定(Ding)距(Ju)离(Li),使(Shi)对(Dui)方(Fang)产(Chan)生(Sheng)一(Yi)种(Zhong)崇(Chong)敬(Jing)心(Xin)理(Li)的(De)表(Biao)演(Yan)称(Cheng)之(Zhi)为(Wei)“神(Shen)秘(Mi)化(Hua)表(Biao)演(Yan)”。⑷补(Bu)救(Jiu)表(Biao)演(Yan)。当(Dang)代(Dai)社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)主(Zhu)要(Yao)理(Li)论(Lun)流(Liu)派(Pai)分(Fen)为(Wei)功(Gong)能(Neng)论(Lun)、冲(Chong)突(Tu)论(Lun)、互(Hu)动(Dong)论(Lun)和(He)关(Guan)系(Xi)论(Lun)四(Si)大(Da)流(Liu)派(Pai)一(Yi)、功(Gong)能(Neng)论(Lun)1.核(He)心(Xin)观(Guan)点(Dian):功(Gong)能(Neng)论(Lun)认(Ren)为(Wei),整(Zheng)个(Ge)社(She)会(Hui)如(Ru)同(Tong)一(Yi)个(Ge)有(You)生(Sheng)命(Ming)的(De)有(You)机(Ji)体(Ti),这(Zhe)个(Ge)有(You)机(Ji)体(Ti)的(De)各(Ge)个(Ge)部(Bu)门(Men)都(Du)是(Shi)为(Wei)了(Liao)维(Wei)护(Hu)这(Zhe)个(Ge)有(You)机(Ji)体(Ti)的(De)生(Sheng)存(Cun)和(He)延(Yan)续(Xu)而(Er)存(Cun)在(Zai)。功(Gong)能(Neng)论(Lun)强(Qiang)调(Diao)社(She)会(Hui)是(Shi)由(You)相(Xiang)互(Hu)依(Yi)存(Cun)的(De)各(Ge)部(Bu)分(Fen)构(Gou)成(Cheng)的(De)整(Zheng)体(Ti)系(Xi)统(Tong),其(Qi)中(Zhong)的(De)每(Mei)个(Ge)部(Bu)门(Men)存(Cun)在(Zai)的(De)目(Mu)的(De)都(Du)是(Shi)为(Wei)了(Liao)维(Wei)持(Chi)社(She)会(Hui)的(De)稳(Wen)定(Ding)。分(Fen)化(Hua)和(He)互(Hu)赖(Lai)是(Shi)功(Gong)能(Neng)论(Lun)的(De)核(He)心(Xin)概(Gai)念(Nian)。2.代(Dai)表(Biao)人(Ren)物(Wu):(1)塔(Ta)尔(Er)科(Ke)特(Te)·帕(Pa)森(Sen)斯(Si)(1902—1979年(Nian)),美(Mei)国(Guo)现(Xian)代(Dai)社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)的(De)奠(Dian)基(Ji)人(Ren),创(Chuang)立(Li)结(Jie)构(Gou)功(Gong)能(Neng)论(Lun),主(Zhu)要(Yao)著(Zhu)作(Zuo)《社(She)会(Hui)行(Xing)动(Dong)的(De)结(Jie)构(Gou)》、《社(She)会(Hui)系(Xi)统(Tong)》、《经(Jing)济(Ji)与(Yu)社(She)会(Hui)》、《关(Guan)于(Yu)行(Xing)动(Dong)的(De)一(Yi)般(Ban)理(Li)论(Lun)》。(2)默(Mo)顿(Dun),Robert Merton (1910-2003),美(Mei)国(Guo)社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)家(Jia),结(Jie)构(Gou)功(Gong)能(Neng)主(Zhu)义(Yi)的(De)代(Dai)表(Biao)人(Ren)物(Wu)之(Zhi)一(Yi),著(Zhu)有(You)《社(She)会(Hui)理(Li)论(Lun)与(Yu)社(She)会(Hui)结(Jie)构(Gou)》、《理(Li)论(Lun)社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)》、《科(Ke)学(Xue)社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)》等(Deng)。二(Er)、冲(Chong)突(Tu)论(Lun)1.核(He)心(Xin)观(Guan)点(Dian):冲(Chong)突(Tu)论(Lun)认(Ren)为(Wei),社(She)会(Hui)结(Jie)构(Gou)之(Zhi)间(Jian)充(Chong)满(Man)了(Liao)利(Li)益(Yi)的(De)分(Fen)化(Hua)与(Yu)不(Bu)平(Ping)等(Deng),这(Zhe)些(Xie)不(Bu)平(Ping)等(Deng)带(Dai)来(Lai)了(Liao)社(She)会(Hui)冲(Chong)突(Tu),从(Cong)而(Er)促(Cu)进(Jin)了(Liao)社(She)会(Hui)发(Fa)展(Zhan)。冲(Chong)突(Tu)在(Zai)社(She)会(Hui)中(Zhong)普(Pu)遍(Bian)存(Cun)在(Zai),且(Qie)社(She)会(Hui)冲(Chong)突(Tu)是(Shi)社(She)会(Hui)发(Fa)展(Zhan)的(De)原(Yuan)动(Dong)力(Li)。2.代(Dai)表(Biao)人(Ren)物(Wu):(1)刘(Liu)易(Yi)斯(Si)·科(Ke)塞(Sai)(Lewis Coser, 1913-2003),美(Mei)国(Guo)社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)家(Jia)。主(Zhu)要(Yao)贡(Gong)献(Xian)是(Shi)系(Xi)统(Tong)分(Fen)析(Xi)了(Liao)冲(Chong)突(Tu)的(De)社(She)会(Hui)功(Gong)能(Neng)。(2)达(Da)伦(Lun)多(Duo)夫(Fu)(Ralf G. Dahrendorf,1929-2009),德(De)国(Guo)社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)家(Jia),曾(Zeng)任(Ren)伦(Lun)敦(Dun)经(Jing)济(Ji)学(Xue)院(Yuan)院(Yuan)长(Chang),授(Shou)予(Yu)勋(Xun)爵(Jue)。新(Xin)马(Ma)克(Ke)思(Si)主(Zhu)义(Yi)冲(Chong)突(Tu)理(Li)论(Lun)代(Dai)表(Biao)人(Ren)物(Wu)之(Zhi)一(Yi)。三(San)、互(Hu)动(Dong)论(Lun)1.核(He)心(Xin)观(Guan)点(Dian):任(Ren)何(He)社(She)会(Hui)制(Zhi)度(Du)、社(She)会(Hui)文(Wen)化(Hua)、社(She)会(Hui)结(Jie)构(Gou)等(Deng)宏(Hong)观(Guan)层(Ceng)次(Ci)的(De)影(Ying)响(Xiang),都(Du)必(Bi)须(Xu)通(Tong)过(Guo)社(She)会(Hui)行(Xing)动(Dong)者(Zhe)的(De)互(Hu)动(Dong)而(Er)发(Fa)生(Sheng),所(Suo)以(Yi),不(Bu)同(Tong)场(Chang)景(Jing)下(Xia)的(De)社(She)会(Hui)互(Hu)动(Dong)及(Ji)其(Qi)行(Xing)为(Wei)影(Ying)响(Xiang)机(Ji)制(Zhi),是(Shi)社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)理(Li)论(Lun)建(Jian)构(Gou)和(He)理(Li)论(Lun)解(Jie)释(Shi)的(De)必(Bi)要(Yao) 环(Huan)节(Jie)。2.代(Dai)表(Biao)人(Ren)物(Wu):(1)乔(Qiao)治(Zhi)·赫(He)伯(Bo)特(Te)·米(Mi)德(De)(Mead,George Herbert,1863-1931),美(Mei)国(Guo)社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)家(Jia)、社(She)会(Hui)心(Xin)理(Li)学(Xue)家(Jia),著(Zhu)有(You)《心(Xin)理(Li)、自(Zi)我(Wo)和(He)社(She)会(Hui)》,提(Ti)出(Chu)符(Fu)号(Hao)互(Hu)动(Dong)论(Lun)。(2)尔(Er)文(Wen)·戈(Ge)夫(Fu)曼(Man)(Erving Goffman,1922-1982),美(Mei)国(Guo)社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)家(Jia),《日(Ri)常(Chang)生(Sheng)活(Huo)中(Zhong)的(De)自(Zi)我(Wo)表(Biao)现(Xian)》提(Ti)出(Chu)戏(Xi)剧(Ju)透(Tou)视(Shi)法(Fa)和(He)日(Ri)常(Chang)生(Sheng)活(Huo)社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)。四(Si)、关(Guan)系(Xi)论(Lun)1.核(He)心(Xin)观(Guan)点(Dian):人(Ren)是(Shi)社(She)会(Hui)关(Guan)系(Xi)的(De)总(Zong)和(He)。为(Wei)此(Ci)人(Ren)们(Men)的(De)态(Tai)度(Du)与(Yu)行(Xing)为(Wei),受(Shou)其(Qi)社(She)会(Hui)网(Wang)络(Luo)关(Guan)系(Xi)的(De)制(Zhi)约(Yue)。2.代(Dai)表(Biao)人(Ren)物(Wu):哈(Ha)里(Li)森(Sen)·C.怀(Huai)特(Te)(Harrison C.White),社(She)会(Hui)学(Xue)“哈(Ha)佛(Fo)革(Ge)命(Ming)”的(De)领(Ling)军(Jun)者(Zhe),发(Fa)展(Zhan)了(Liao)社(She)会(Hui)结(Jie)构(Gou)分(Fen)析(Xi)的(De)网(Wang)络(Luo)模(Mo)型(Xing),引(Yin)发(Fa)大(Da)量(Liang)后(Hou)续(Xu)研(Yan)究(Jiu)。代(Dai)表(Biao)作(Zuo)《认(Ren)同(Tong)与(Yu)控(Kong)制(Zhi)》、《来(Lai)自(Zi)网(Wang)络(Luo)的(De)市(Shi)场(Chang)》、《机(Ji)会(Hui)链(Lian)》等(Deng)。你(Ni)怎(Zen)么(Me)看(Kan)?欢(Huan)迎(Ying)大(Da)家(Jia)文(Wen)末(Mo)给(Gei)阿(A)伦(Lun)老(Lao)师(Shi)留(Liu)言(Yan)!第(Di)一(Yi)手(Shou)ETS研(Yan)究(Jiu)报(Bao)告(Gao), 解(Jie)密(Mi)你(Ni)们(Men)关(Guan)心(Xin)的(De)托(Tuo)福(Fu)口(Kou)语(Yu)Speech Rater你(Ni)离(Li)托(Tuo)福(Fu)口(Kou)语(Yu)满(Man)分(Fen)之(Zhi)间(Jian), 只(Zhi)差(Cha)这(Zhe)么(Me)一(Yi)份(Fen)参(Can)考(Kao)答(Da)案(An)合(He)集(Ji)!我(Wo)们(Men)研(Yan)究(Jiu)了(Liao)207名(Ming)托(Tuo)福(Fu)口(Kou)语(Yu)高(Gao)分(Fen)考(Kao)生(Sheng)的(De)备(Bei)考(Kao)路(Lu)径(Jing), 终(Zhong)于(Yu)得(De)出(Chu)口(Kou)语(Yu)低(Di)分(Fen)的(De)那(Na)些(Xie)坑(Keng)!如(Ru)何(He)在(Zai)托(Tuo)福(Fu)2019年(Nian)口(Kou)语(Yu)改(Gai)革(Ge)后(Hou)得(De)高(Gao)分(Fen)留(Liu)学(Xue)生(Sheng)必(Bi)囤(Dun)物(Wu)品(Pin)清(Qing)单(Dan)托(Tuo)福(Fu)口(Kou)语(Yu)和(He)雅(Ya)思(Si)口(Kou)语(Yu)的(De)不(Bu)同(Tong)托(Tuo)福(Fu)口(Kou)语(Yu)的(De)备(Bei)考(Kao)经(Jing)验(Yan)分(Fen)享(Xiang)如(Ru)何(He)把(Ba)握(Wo)托(Tuo)福(Fu)口(Kou)语(Yu)Task 3的(De)阅(Yue)读(Du)节(Jie)奏(Zou)如(Ru)何(He)让(Rang)托(Tuo)福(Fu)口(Kou)语(Yu)独(Du)立(Li)回(Hui)答(Da)有(You)逻(Luo)辑(Ji)性(Xing)?如(Ru)何(He)提(Ti)高(Gao)托(Tuo)福(Fu)口(Kou)语(Yu)逻(Luo)辑(Ji)能(Neng)力(Li)?如(Ru)何(He)稳(Wen)稳(Wen)应(Ying)对(Dui)托(Tuo)福(Fu)口(Kou)语(Yu)考(Kao)试(Shi)改(Gai)革(Ge)?托(Tuo)福(Fu)口(Kou)语(Yu)如(Ru)何(He)体(Ti)现(Xian)内(Nei)容(Rong)丰(Feng)富(Fu)性(Xing)和(He)结(Jie)构(Gou)完(Wan)整(Zheng)性(Xing)?■ 托(Tuo)福(Fu)提(Ti)分(Fen)月(Yue)计(Ji)划(Hua)课(Ke)程(Cheng)(在(Zai)线(Xian)小(Xiao)班(Ban))■ SAT精(Jing)英(Ying)课(Ke)程(Cheng)(在(Zai)线(Xian)小(Xiao)班(Ban))■ 托(Tuo)福(Fu)/SAT/GRE写(Xie)作(Zuo)批(Pi)改(Gai)服(Fu)务(Wu)(48h内(Nei)回(Hui)复(Fu))*更(Geng)多(Duo)TOEFL丨(Zuo)SAT丨(Zuo)AP丨(Zuo)GRE实(Shi)用(Yong)的(De)提(Ti)分(Fen)秘(Mi)籍(Ji)和(He)有(You)趣(Qu)好(Hao)玩(Wan)的(De)视(Shi)频(Pin)课(Ke)程(Cheng),关(Guan)注(Zhu)微(Wei)信(Xin)公(Gong)众(Zhong)号(Hao)"SATPEDIA"。
一些种植户也自发走上堤防,为保卫家园奋战不歇。饶河农场有限公司种植户杜洪权正在乌苏里江堤上填装沙袋,他所种植的地块地势较高且远离水泛区,但他依然走上堤防参与抢险。杜洪权说:“谁家地被淹了都心疼,不管这周围是谁家的地,能搭把手就搭把手。”100岁的老人去世前的几个小时。含有“外国人与狗的大战的片名”等内容的视频在线观看《人马畜禽CORPORATION》剧情剧 - VIP无广告在线观看...人马杂交过程_视频在线观看 - 56.com马交配高清视频
它在讲季节、讲时间、讲岁月也讲繁华同时讲繁华的逝去