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中华豪门—中国古建筑的木结构类型原创2023-01-18 13:57·中华豪门开鸿顺本期编辑/开鸿顺KaiHongShun Studio————————中国境内不同区域木构建筑的风格差异颇大但从结构角度看则较为统一大体可分为抬梁式、穿斗式、井干式三种技术体系The style of wooden buildings in different regions in China is quite different, but from the structural point of view, they are relatively unified, and can be divided into three technical systems, namely, lifting beam type, penetrating bucket type and well dry type.抬梁式结构通过使用大跨度粱枋可以获得较开敞的室内空间在大型建筑上得到广泛使用而穿斗式与井干式则多用于小型建筑同时与木结构并行砖石结构在各时期也得到了不同程度的发展早期以砌筑台基、墓室、小型建筑最为常见至元明时期则出现了较大型的砖拱券建筑多以仿木建筑形象出现俗称无梁殿Through the use of large-span beam braces, the beam lifting structure can obtain a relatively open indoor space, which is widely used in large buildings, while the bucket type and well dry type are mostly used in small buildings. At the same time, in parallel with the wooden structure, the masonry structure has also been developed to different degrees in different periods.与前述技术相配套夯土技术自原始时期开始就在建筑基础与墙体建造上得到了广泛使用至晚近时期更发展出了以土楼为代表的集合式大型住宅体系In combination with the above technologies, ramming technology has been widely used in building foundation and wall construction since the original period. In the recent period, a large residential system with Tulou as its representative has been developed.抬梁式木结构抬梁式结构是中国传统木构最主流的技术类型基本特点为柱顶置梁梁的端部安放檩条梁中部通过短柱支叠短梁层层而上可至三到五层如柱顶使用斗拱则梁头安置于斗拱之上借助大跨度的梁枋这种结构可以提供开敞的室内空间故而为各类高等级建筑广泛采用The lifting beam structure is the most mainstream technology type of Chinese traditional wooden structure. The basic feature is that the beam is placed on the top of the column, the purlin is placed at the end of the beam, and the short beam is supported by the short column in the middle of the beam, which can reach three to five floors.穿斗式木结构穿斗亦称串逗常见于南方地区基本特征为檩条直接置于柱头之上沿进深方向用穿枋将柱子串联起来形成一榀榀的屋架沿面阔方向再用穿枋将各榀梁架串联起来由此形成整体框架这种做法的优点是用材节省取材便利可以用细小木料组合为屋架但由于柱列密集无法提供开阔的室内空间一般只用于小型民居之上Wearing Dou, also known as "string tease", is common in southern China. The basic feature is that the purlin is directly placed on the column head, and the columns are connected in series with braces along the depth direction to form a roof truss. Along the direction of the width of the face, the beams are connected in series with braces to form the overall frame.混合式木结构穿斗式结构为降低过密柱列的影响部分吸收拾梁式的做法发展出了混合式做法此种做法仍为柱头承檩以穿枋连接柱列但通过局部使用大型穿枋形成了类似拾梁式的格局有效减少了室内立柱数量是一种较为合理的做法故而现存穿斗式结构普遍具有混合式的特征In order to reduce the impact of over-dense columns, the bucket structure partially absorbs the method of picking up beams and develops a mixed method. This method is still to support purlins at the column head and connect the columns with braces... Therefore, the existing bucket type structure generally has the characteristics of mixed type.井干式木结构因其状如古代水并的围栏故名并干并干式结构首先将木材平行向上层层叠置在转角处利用榫卯咬合形成房屋四壁然后在侧壁上承檩构成房顶但此种做法木材消耗巨大故而多见于林区中国只在东北、西南山区少量出现It is named Binggan because it looks like a fence in ancient times. In the dry-type structure, the wood is first stacked in parallel and upward layers, and the mortise and tenon are used at the corners to form the four walls of the house, and then the purlins on the side walls form the roof.石砌结构在中国西南山区如羌族及嘉绒藏族聚居区山体多为板岩或片麻岩易于开采加工且经人耐用故而逐步形成了以石材砌筑墙体的结构形式此类建筑墙体为石砌屋顶为木结构上覆士层很适合当地干燥少雨的气候特征In the mountainous areas of southwest China, such as the inhabited areas of Qiang and Jiarong Tibetans, the mountains are mostly slate or gneiss, which are easy to be mined and processed, and are durable. Therefore, the structural form of stone masonry walls has gradually formed.夯土结构夯土技术早在原始时期即已出现通过人工夯筑可以大大增加夯土体的强度和耐久性是古代墙体、台基常用的构造方法由于夯土是分层夯实在夯土体之上能看到明显的分层痕迹The ramming technology has appeared in the primitive period. Through manual ramming, the strength and durability of rammed soil can be greatly increased. It is a common construction method for ancient walls and abutments. Since the compacted soil is compacted in layers, obvious layering marks can be seen on the compacted soil.砖拱券仿木结构中国早期纯砖石结构多见于地下墓室地面以上除佛塔及桥梁外较少使用此类技术至元明时期伴随砖瓦生产的迅速增长同时通过吸收中亚与西亚地区的拱券技术汉地出现了样式繁多的砖拱券建筑多数为仿木建筑造型In the early stage of China, pure brick and stone structures were mostly found in underground tombs. Except for pagodas and bridges above the ground, such technologies were rarely used. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, with the rapid growth of brick and tile production, and through the absorption of arch technology in Central Asia and West Asia.中国境内不同区域木构建筑的风格差异颇大但从结构角度看则较为统一大体可分为抬梁式、穿斗式、井干式三种技术体系The style of wooden buildings in different regions in China is quite different, but from the structural point of view, they are relatively unified, and can be divided into three technical systems, namely, lifting beam type, penetrating bucket type and well dry type.抬梁式结构通过使用大跨度粱枋可以获得较开敞的室内空间在大型建筑上得到广泛使用而穿斗式与井干式则多用于小型建筑同时与木结构并行砖石结构在各时期也得到了不同程度的发展早期以砌筑台基、墓室、小型建筑最为常见至元明时期则出现了较大型的砖拱券建筑多以仿木建筑形象出现俗称无梁殿Through the use of large-span beam braces, the beam lifting structure can obtain a relatively open indoor space, which is widely used in large buildings, while the bucket type and well dry type are mostly used in small buildings. At the same time, in parallel with the wooden structure, the masonry structure has also been developed to different degrees in different periods.与前述技术相配套夯土技术自原始时期开始就在建筑基础与墙体建造上得到了广泛使用至晚近时期更发展出了以土楼为代表的集合式大型住宅体系In combination with the above technologies, ramming technology has been widely used in building foundation and wall construction since the original period. In the recent period, a large residential system with Tulou as its representative has been developed.抬梁式木结构抬梁式结构是中国传统木构最主流的技术类型基本特点为柱顶置梁梁的端部安放檩条梁中部通过短柱支叠短梁层层而上可至三到五层如柱顶使用斗拱则梁头安置于斗拱之上借助大跨度的梁枋这种结构可以提供开敞的室内空间故而为各类高等级建筑广泛采用The lifting beam structure is the most mainstream technology type of Chinese traditional wooden structure. The basic feature is that the beam is placed on the top of the column, the purlin is placed at the end of the beam, and the short beam is supported by the short column in the middle of the beam, which can reach three to five floors...穿斗式木结构穿斗亦称串逗常见于南方地区基本特征为檩条直接置于柱头之上沿进深方向用穿枋将柱子串联起来形成一榀榀的屋架沿面阔方向再用穿枋将各榀梁架串联起来由此形成整体框架这种做法的优点是用材节省取材便利可以用细小木料组合为屋架但由于柱列密集无法提供开阔的室内空间一般只用于小型民居之上Wearing Dou, also known as "string tease", is common in southern China. The basic feature is that the purlin is directly placed on the column head, and the columns are connected in series with braces along the depth direction to form a roof truss. Along the direction of the width of the face, the beams are connected in series with braces to form the overall frame.混合式木结构穿斗式结构为降低过密柱列的影响部分吸收拾梁式的做法发展出了混合式做法此种做法仍为柱头承檩以穿枋连接柱列但通过局部使用大型穿枋形成了类似拾梁式的格局有效减少了室内立柱数量是一种较为合理的做法故而现存穿斗式结构普遍具有混合式的特征In order to reduce the impact of over-dense columns, the bucket structure partially absorbs the method of picking up beams and develops a mixed method. This method is still to support purlins at the column head and connect the columns with braces.井干式木结构因其状如古代水并的围栏故名并干并干式结构首先将木材平行向上层层叠置在转角处利用榫卯咬合形成房屋四壁然后在侧壁上承檩构成房顶但此种做法木材消耗巨大故而多见于林区中国只在东北、西南山区少量出现It is named Binggan because it looks like a fence in ancient times. In the dry-type structure, the wood is first stacked in parallel and upward layers, and the mortise and tenon are used at the corners to form the four walls of the house, and then the purlins on the side walls form the roof.石砌结构在中国西南山区如羌族及嘉绒藏族聚居区山体多为板岩或片麻岩易于开采加工且经人耐用故而逐步形成了以石材砌筑墙体的结构形式此类建筑墙体为石砌屋顶为木结构上覆士层很适合当地干燥少雨的气候特征In the mountainous areas of southwest China, such as the inhabited areas of Qiang and Jiarong Tibetans, the mountains are mostly slate or gneiss, which are easy to be mined and processed, and are durable. Therefore, the structural form of stone masonry walls has gradually formed.夯土结构夯土技术早在原始时期即已出现通过人工夯筑可以大大增加夯土体的强度和耐久性是古代墙体、台基常用的构造方法由于夯土是分层夯实在夯土体之上能看到明显的分层痕迹The ramming technology has appeared in the primitive period. Through manual ramming, the strength and durability of rammed soil can be greatly increased. It is a common construction method for ancient walls and abutments. Since the compacted soil is compacted in layers, obvious layering marks can be seen on the compacted soil.砖拱券仿木结构中国早期纯砖石结构多见于地下墓室地面以上除佛塔及桥梁外较少使用此类技术至元明时期伴随砖瓦生产的迅速增长同时通过吸收中亚与西亚地区的拱券技术汉地出现了样式繁多的砖拱券建筑多数为仿木建筑造型In the early stage of China, pure brick and stone structures were mostly found in underground tombs. Except for pagodas and bridges above the ground, such technologies were rarely used. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, with the rapid growth of brick and tile production.
凌渡 - LAMANDO A级轿车可以说，人工智能大模型是在一夜之间热得发烫的。