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李兵沉思小说免费全文187章最新章节冲李兵沉思小说免费全文187章...

9. 安昌 — 腊味飘香的水乡

2024年12月19日，老道士叹了口气：“此事说来话长。近日，朝中有一权臣，因修炼邪术，需取千年妖狐之心以增强修为。他得知小翠的存在，便布下天罗地网，欲将其捕获。而那锦衣公子，实则是权臣的爪牙。”

李兵沉思小说免费全文187章最新章节冲李兵沉思小说免费全文187章...

在当时人体冷冻技术虽然尚未成熟但已经展现出了一定的潜力贝德福德选择将自己作为这一技术的首批尝试者因为他对科技未来有足够的信任并且希望自己的生命可以延续

5月13日，福建省政府发布的《对于进一步加强招商引资工作的意见》，2023年到2025年，福建省级重大招商活动集中签约项目总数超过300个，总投资超过8000亿元。全省新签合同外资项目8000个，合同外资金额超过3000亿元。叁年力争全省新增市场主体200万户。叁、缓震保护跑鞋：适合需要减少跑步时震荡冲击的人群，提供良好的缓震效果。

展开剩余60%

8测耻别8谤颈，虫颈补苍驳驳补苍驳办别箩颈蹿补产耻濒颈补辞箩颈苍苍颈补苍锄丑辞苍驳产补辞，箩耻辩颈迟辞苍驳产耻辫颈濒耻诲别别谤箩颈诲耻迟辞耻锄颈锄丑别尘颈苍驳诲补苍锄丑辞苍驳，濒颈苍测耻补苍迟辞耻锄颈箩颈耻虫颈补苍蝉丑别苍辩颈锄丑辞苍驳。箩耻虫颈补苍驳驳补苍驳办别箩颈辫颈濒耻诲别产补辞驳补辞辩颈尘辞辩颈补苍蝉丑颈尘颈苍驳锄丑耻补苍锄丑补颈肠丑颈测辞耻谤别苍辩颈苍驳办耻补苍驳虫颈补苍蝉丑颈，濒颈苍测耻补苍迟辞耻锄颈227丑补辞蝉颈尘耻锄丑别苍驳辩耻补苍迟辞耻锄颈箩颈箩颈苍、濒颈苍测耻补苍迟辞耻锄颈200丑补辞蝉颈尘耻锄丑别苍驳辩耻补苍迟辞耻锄颈箩颈箩颈苍诲别苍驳箩耻苍虫颈补苍蝉丑别苍，濒颈苍驳飞补颈，测辞耻濒颈苍测耻补苍测耻2018苍颈补苍肠丑别苍驳濒颈诲别丑补苍锄丑辞苍驳濒颈苍测耻补苍辩颈虫颈补虫颈补苍驳驳耻补苍箩颈箩颈苍测别肠丑耻虫颈补苍锄补颈辩颈锄丑辞苍驳，谤耻丑补苍锄丑辞苍驳濒颈苍测耻补苍迟辞耻锄颈箩颈补苍办补苍驳锄丑辞苍驳驳耻辞1丑补辞蝉颈尘耻锄丑别苍驳辩耻补苍迟辞耻锄颈箩颈箩颈苍、丑补苍锄丑辞苍驳濒颈苍测耻补苍迟辞耻锄颈4丑补辞蝉颈尘耻锄丑别苍驳辩耻补苍迟辞耻锄颈箩颈箩颈苍诲别苍驳箩颈箩颈苍虫颈补苍蝉丑别苍肠丑颈肠补苍驳。辩颈锄丑辞苍驳，濒颈苍测耻补苍迟辞耻锄颈227丑补辞蝉颈尘耻锄丑别苍驳辩耻补苍迟辞耻锄颈箩颈箩颈苍辩颈尘辞肠丑颈肠补苍驳箩颈苍别箩颈补辞驳补辞，飞别颈274.5飞补苍测耻补苍。肠颈飞补颈，濒颈苍测耻补苍迟辞耻锄颈辩颈迟补箩颈箩颈苍肠丑颈肠补苍驳箩颈苍别测别诲耻辞锄补颈200飞补苍测耻补苍测颈蝉丑补苍驳。驳耻丑耻颈苍补苍丑耻颈测颈苍驳补颈补苍“肠补颈测耻补苍”蹿别苍驳产辞、飞补苍驳测耻别肠丑别产颈补辞辩颈补苍、锄耻辞产辞驳补辞诲耻补苍蝉丑颈肠丑补苍驳测耻锄耻

另(Ling)外(Wai)，它(Ta)还(Huan)有(You)一(Yi)个(Ge)非(Fei)常(Chang)出(Chu)名(Ming)的(De) 悬(Xuan)崖(Ya)落(Luo)日(Ri)酒(Jiu)吧(Ba) ，听(Ting)说(Shuo)是(Shi)全(Quan)球(Qiu)排(Pai)名(Ming)很(Hen)靠(Kao)前(Qian)的(De)，拍(Pai)照(Zhao)很(Hen)出(Chu)片(Pian)

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16:54·xinhuashe“womenzhelidezuoniu，meitiankandeshilantianbaiyun，chideshitianranmucao，hedeshibingchuanshui......”zaixicanglasashidangxiongxianyijiazuoniurouxiaoshougongsili，wangluozhubozhengzaihulianwangpingtaishangreqingdixiangwangyoumentuijiezhuobenditesenongchanpin——zuoniurougan。zuoweilasashiweiyidechunmuyexian，jinnianlaidangxiongxianzaibeijingshidongchengqudeduikoubangfuxializudangdi“zuoniuyangzhitiaodaliang”dekeguanshiji，tuijinzuoniuquanchanyelianjianshe，tongguozhaoshangyinzihexiangmujianshe，zhongdianduixianyouchanyelianjinxingbulian、yanlian、qianglian，tansuoxingcheng“liangzhongfanyu+kexueyangzhi+tuzaijiagong+pinpaiyingxiao”siweiyitifazhanmoshi，shizuoniuchanyefazhancengcihejingzhenglidedaoyouxiaotisheng。“yanhou”fashengyanshenzuoniujiazhiliandangxiongxiansuyoulasa“beidamen”zhicheng：dixingtushangliangtiaopingxingshanmaizhongjian，yidaodongbeizhixinandexiachanggudixiangliangceyanshen，dangxiongxianchengqiahaoeshouqijian，qingcangtieluheqingcanggongluchuanjingerguo，quweiyoushimingxian，kancheng“yanhou”zhidi。“bunengshuiguodipishi，ba‘yanhou’zuochengjiandandetongdao；yaoba‘guolujingji’biancheng‘luodijingji’。”dangxiongxianxianweishujitudengpeijiejulishuo，xiangfazhantuzaijiagongye，bianshiyizhongyanlianfangshi，nenggouhuoqugenggaodefujiazhi。5nianqian，dangxiongxianyinjindaxingxiandaihuatuzailiushuixian，tuzaijiagongguochengshixianshuzihua、shengtaihua、zhinenghua。zoujindangxiongyijiazuoniutuzailongtouqiyedejiagongchejian，tuzailiushuixianyicizhankai，yitouzuoniucongyuchulidaojiagongzaidaofenge，jibenyoujiqiwancheng，quanchengqingjieqiehuanbao。chejianzhurenmaxingbiaoshi，anzhaobutongbuweijinxingqiege，yitouniuzuizhongkefenchu32zhongchanpin。“2020nian，gongsituzailiaoyue3wantouzuoniu，gongchangxiaoshouedadao2yiyuan。”gaijiagongchangchangchangliugangbiaoshi，gaichangzuoniushougoudefanweibujuxianyudangxiongxian，huanbaokuorikazeshi、shannanshi、naqushidebufenxianqu。yutuzaijiagongpeitaodewuliucangchuchanyeyezhengzaimouhuazhong。dangxiongxianjihuajiansheyipijicangchu、fenjian、jiagong、baozhuangdenggongnengyuyitidechengjicangchujidi，jianchenghoujiangchengweicangbeidiquzhongyaodeshangmaowuliuyefazhanzhongxin。xicangdaxuejingjiyuguanlixueyuanjiaoshoujiumaocuobiaoshi，shuzifunengnongmuchanyeshengji，shixicangnongmuchanyelianlianchangzhideyigezhongyaoneirong，yeshichanyegaozhiliangfazhantuidongxicangjingjigaozhiliangfazhandeyigejutitixian。liangzhongyoupeitupofanyu“niu”jishu“huanmeidaofaqingqi，jiuyijingyoumuminkaishidatingzhongniuxiaxiangdeshijianliao。”dangxiongxianzuoniudongjingzhanzhanchangluobusangzhuzhizhuoweilanlideliangzhongzuoniuxiaozhuoshuo。guoquyouyupinzhongxuanyuquefalidu，dangdizuoniujinjiaoxianxiangpubiancunzai，xuqunjiegoubuheli，getishengchanxingnengxiajiang，zuoniupinzhongtuihuamingxian。weici，meidaozuoniufaqingqi，xianlihuizuzhikaizhan“songzhongniuxiaxiang”huodong，jingxintiaoxuandeliangzhongzuoniutongguo“zhucun”，yumuminjiadezuoniujiaopei，dadaogailiangpinzhidexiaoguo。“meicizhongniuxiaxiang，dushoudaomuminmendereliehuanying。”dangxiongxianrenminzhengfufuxianchangwangqingguoshuo。weiyudangxiongxianyangbajingzhenjiamacun1zudedangxiongxianzuoniuliangzhongtuiguangjidijiushizhexiezhongniudezhongyaolaiyuandi，jidizongtouzi2600wanyuan，yufeiniushe3123.29pingfangmi，ketongshisiyangzuoniu450-490tou，xianyoupali、sibu、datongdengduozhongliangzhongzuoniu。genjuguihua，gaijidijiangweiraojianlijichumuzuoniuyangzhitixi、jianlizuoniushuzihuafanyupuxi、peiyu“dangxiongzuoniu”pinxikaizhangongzuo。xiangyaozai“niu”jishushangqudetupo，huanyaoyonghaozhuanye“wainao”。dangxiongxiannongyenongcunjujuchangzerendunzhushuo：“womengenzhejiangdaxuedejiaoshoutuanduijianliliaozuoniuzhongyefazhanhezuojizhi，tamenfuzezuoniujiyinyanjiudenggongzuo，jiejuezuoniuliangzhongpeiyuzhouqichangdengwenti。”zuoweiyixiangchangqijichugongcheng，dangxiongxianshizhongjujiaozuoniuliangzhongfanyugongzuo，“zaizhejianshiqingshang，meiyoutingzhijian。”kexueyangzhizhulizuoniuzengchanliangzuoweizuoniuyangzhidezhuli，muqudemuminbaitianbaniugandaoshanshangchicao，wanshangzaiganhuiniupeng。chuantongdekaotianyangxumoshi，jiyidaozhizuoniuchuxiandongjidiaobiaoxianxiang。“womenyaozuodejiushitongguoyinrukexueyangzhifangfa，bangzhumuminzengjiazuoniudechanroulianghechannailiang。”dangxiongxiannongyenongcunjufujuchangbianbacangjueshuo，zaizhuanjiadezhidaohebeijingshidongchengqudebangfuxia，dangxiongmosuochuliaodutedejiatingmuchangmoshi。dangxiongxianlongrenxiangqudengyanggecuncunminchilieyixizhengshishouyizhe。tajialiyou220touzuoniu，zainongjirenyuanzhidaoxia，mucaoqueshaodeshijie，chilieyixihuibazuoniujizhonggandaonuanpengquansheliyufei。zi2017niandijiatingmuchangzhengshitouruyunyingyilai，chilieyixiyijiadenianjunshourutigaodaojin30wanyuan。“zhengfubujinjiaogeiwojishu，huangeiwotigongzijinbuzhu，woganjueriziyuelaiyueyoupantouliao。”tashuo。jutongji，dangxiongxiangongjijianshejiatingmuchang82jia，qizhong，beijingshidongchengqugongfuchijiatingmuchang26jia，2023niannianchucunlan4037tou，yiwanchengyufeichulan818tou，shixianjingjizongshouru695.3wanyuan，daidonghushu75hu，shixianhujunzengshou92700yuan，renjunzengshou18540yuan，pingjunmeitoubiyufeiqianzengshou2000yuyuan。shuzi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词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)与(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)：词(Ci)汇(Hui)深(Shen)度(Du)知(Zhi)识(Shi)研(Yan)究(Jiu)现(Xian)状(Zhuang)原(Yuan)创(Chuang)2021-12-19 08:36·永(Yong)大(Da)英(Ying)语(Yu)感(Gan)谢(Xie)您(Nin)关(Guan)注(Zhu)“永(Yong)大(Da)英(Ying)语(Yu)”！词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)与(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)：词(Ci)汇(Hui)深(Shen)度(Du)知(Zhi)识(Shi)研(Yan)究(Jiu)现(Xian)状(Zhuang)张(Zhang) 萍(Ping)提(Ti)要(Yao)：本(Ben)文(Wen)首(Shou)先(Xian)厘(Li)清(Qing)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)构(Gou)建(Jian)模(Mo)式(Shi)研(Yan)究(Jiu)与(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)深(Shen)度(Du)知(Zhi)识(Shi)探(Tan)寻(Xun)之(Zhi)间(Jian)的(De)关(Guan)系(Xi), 解(Jie)析(Xi)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)心(Xin)理(Li)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)实(Shi)验(Yan)方(Fang)法(Fa), 回(Hui)顾(Gu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)作(Zuo)为(Wei)心(Xin)理(Li)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)经(Jing)典(Dian)研(Yan)究(Jiu)方(Fang)法(Fa)的(De)发(Fa)展(Zhan)历(Li)程(Cheng)以(Yi)及(Ji)衍(Yan)生(Sheng)范(Fan)式(Shi)。在(Zai)此(Ci)基(Ji)础(Chu)上(Shang), 本(Ben)文(Wen)分(Fen)别(Bie)从(Cong)一(Yi)语(Yu)和(He)二(Er)语(Yu)理(Li)论(Lun)及(Ji)实(Shi)证(Zheng)两(Liang)个(Ge)方(Fang)面(Mian)对(Dui)比(Bi)通(Tong)过(Guo)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)基(Ji)本(Ben)发(Fa)现(Xian)：一(Yi)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)构(Gou)建(Jian)与(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)习(Xi)得(De)发(Fa)展(Zhan)过(Guo)程(Cheng)一(Yi)致(Zhi), 即(Ji)从(Cong)音(Yin)—义(Yi)匹(Pi)配(Pei)到(Dao)句(Ju)法(Fa)知(Zhi)识(Shi)扩(Kuo)展(Zhan)再(Zai)到(Dao)语(Yu)义(Yi)网(Wang)络(Luo)构(Gou)建(Jian)。而(Er)对(Dui)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)是(Shi)否(Fou)独(Du)立(Li)存(Cun)储(Chu)、是(Shi)否(Fou)概(Gai)念(Nian)共(Gong)享(Xiang)以(Yi)及(Ji)母(Mu)语(Yu)作(Zuo)用(Yong)界(Jie)定(Ding)均(Jun)未(Wei)有(You)一(Yi)致(Zhi)结(Jie)论(Lun);对(Dui)其(Qi)词(Ci)汇(Hui)知(Zhi)识(Shi)发(Fa)展(Zhan)路(Lu)径(Jing)是(Shi)否(Fou)与(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)相(Xiang)似(Si)亦(Yi)未(Wei)有(You)令(Ling)人(Ren)信(Xin)服(Fu)的(De)理(Li)论(Lun)和(He)实(Shi)证(Zheng)支(Zhi)撑(Cheng)。本(Ben)文(Wen)最(Zui)后(Hou)总(Zong)结(Jie)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)研(Yan)究(Jiu)中(Zhong)存(Cun)在(Zai)的(De)问(Wen)题(Ti)和(He)争(Zheng)议(Yi)以(Yi)及(Ji)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)作(Zuo)为(Wei)研(Yan)究(Jiu)方(Fang)法(Fa)所(Suo)存(Cun)在(Zai)的(De)缺(Que)陷(Xian), 为(Wei)未(Wei)来(Lai)的(De)相(Xiang)关(Guan)研(Yan)究(Jiu)指(Zhi)明(Ming)方(Fang)向(Xiang)。一(Yi)、引(Yin)言(Yan)词(Ci)汇(Hui)研(Yan)究(Jiu)的(De)中(Zhong)心(Xin)问(Wen)题(Ti)之(Zhi)一(Yi)是(Shi)对(Dui)词(Ci)汇(Hui)深(Shen)度(Du)知(Zhi)识(Shi)习(Xi)得(De)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)(Henriksen, 2008)。从(Cong) Richards(1976)开(Kai)始(Shi)的(De)对(Dui)掌(Zhang)握(Wo)单(Dan)个(Ge)词(Ci)不(Bu)同(Tong)维(Wei)度(Du)的(De)微(Wei)观(Guan)分(Fen)析(Xi)(Wesche & Paribakht, 1996; Nation, 2001)到(Dao)Meara (1996)对(Dui)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)整(Zheng)个(Ge)词(Ci)汇(Hui)系(Xi)统(Tong)进(Jin)行(Xing)的(De)宏(Hong)观(Guan)描(Miao)述(Shu)(Vanniarajan, 1997; Henriksen, 1999; Aitchison, 2003); 从(Cong)注(Zhu)重(Zhong)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)量(Liang)的(De)积(Ji)累(Lei)到(Dao)探(Tan)究(Jiu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)网(Wang)络(Luo)的(De)构(Gou)建(Jian)特(Te)征(Zheng), 从(Cong)单(Dan)一(Yi)的(De)语(Yu)言(Yan)解(Jie)构(Gou)到(Dao)借(Jie)用(Yong)其(Qi)他(Ta)学(Xue)科(Ke)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)方(Fang)法(Fa)多(Duo)视(Shi)角(Jiao)地(Di)探(Tan)寻(Xun)词(Ci)汇(Hui)知(Zhi)识(Shi)的(De)建(Jian)构(Gou)和(He)表(Biao)征(Zheng),词(Ci)汇(Hui)习(Xi)得(De)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)经(Jing)历(Li)了(Liao)一(Yi)个(Ge)质(Zhi)的(De)飞(Fei)跃(Yue)。对(Dui)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)词(Ci)汇(Hui)深(Shen)度(Du)知(Zhi)识(Shi)掌(Zhang)握(Wo)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)目(Mu)前(Qian)采(Cai)用(Yong)了(Liao)很(Hen)多(Duo)方(Fang)法(Fa),但(Dan)最(Zui)引(Yin)人(Ren)注(Zhu)目(Mu)的(De)恐(Kong)怕(Pa)要(Yao)数(Shu)运(Yun)用(Yong)心(Xin)理(Li)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)方(Fang)法(Fa)对(Dui)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)。由(You)于(Yu)研(Yan)究(Jiu)者(Zhe)无(Wu)法(Fa)用(Yong)肉(Rou)眼(Yan)看(Kan)到(Dao)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)存(Cun)储(Chu)和(He)构(Gou)建(Jian),运(Yun)用(Yong)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)测(Ce)试(Shi)提(Ti)取(Qu)实(Shi)验(Yan)结(Jie)果(Guo)就(Jiu)不(Bu)可(Ke)避(Bi)免(Mian)地(Di)成(Cheng)为(Wei)众(Zhong)多(Duo)心(Xin)理(Li)学(Xue)家(Jia)、心(Xin)理(Li)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)家(Jia)和(He)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)家(Jia)不(Bu)约(Yue)而(Er)同(Tong)采(Cai)用(Yong)的(De)方(Fang)法(Fa)。本(Ben)文(Wen)从(Cong)这(Zhe)个(Ge)角(Jiao)度(Du)出(Chu)发(Fa),回(Hui)顾(Gu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)的(De)历(Li)史(Shi),总(Zong)结(Jie)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)所(Suo)揭(Jie)示(Shi)的(De)一(Yi)语(Yu)和(He)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)构(Gou)建(Jian)模(Mo)式(Shi), 由(You)此(Ci)分(Fen)析(Xi)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)词(Ci)汇(Hui)深(Shen)度(Du)知(Zhi)识(Shi)掌(Zhang)握(Wo)的(De)特(Te)点(Dian)以(Yi)及(Ji)与(Yu)本(Ben)族(Zu)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)差(Cha)异(Yi)。由(You)于(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)主(Zhu)要(Yao)以(Yi)母(Mu)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)或(Huo)双(Shuang)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)提(Ti)取(Qu)与(Yu)存(Cun)储(Chu)为(Wei)主(Zhu),对(Dui)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)相(Xiang)对(Dui)较(Jiao)少(Shao),因(Yin)此(Ci),对(Dui)这(Zhe)方(Fang)面(Mian)的(De)了(Liao)解(Jie)需(Xu)要(Yao)大(Da)量(Liang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)提(Ti)供(Gong)更(Geng)多(Duo)证(Zheng)据(Ju)。通(Tong)过(Guo)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)来(Lai)透(Tou)视(Shi)二(Er)语(Yu)及(Ji)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)在(Zai)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)大(Da)脑(Nao)中(Zhong)的(De)结(Jie)构(Gou)表(Biao)征(Zheng),解(Jie)读(Du)这(Zhe)种(Zhong)表(Biao)征(Zheng)所(Suo)折(Zhe)射(She)出(Chu)的(De)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)习(Xi)得(De)中(Zhong)词(Ci)汇(Hui)深(Shen)度(Du)知(Zhi)识(Shi)掌(Zhang)握(Wo)的(De)特(Te)点(Dian) ,无(Wu)论(Lun)对(Dui)心(Xin)理(Li)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)家(Jia)研(Yan)究(Jiu)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)的(De)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku),还(Huan)是(Shi)对(Dui)应(Ying)用(Yong)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)家(Jia)了(Liao)解(Jie)二(Er)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)习(Xi)得(De)问(Wen)题(Ti), 以(Yi)及(Ji)对(Dui)语(Yu)言(Yan)教(Jiao)师(Shi)灵(Ling)活(Huo)高(Gao)效(Xiao)运(Yun)用(Yong)联(Lian)想(Xiang)测(Ce)试(Shi)诊(Zhen)断(Duan)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)能(Neng)力(Li), 都(Du)有(You)重(Zhong)大(Da)意(Yi)义(Yi)。二(Er)、心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)定(Ding)义(Yi)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)(mental lexicon)一(Yi)词(Ci)源(Yuan)自(Zi)心(Xin)理(Li)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue), 意(Yi)指(Zhi)大(Da)脑(Nao)中(Zhong)对(Dui)词(Ci)汇(Hui)知(Zhi)识(Shi)的(De)长(Chang)期(Qi)永(Yong)久(Jiu)记(Ji)忆(Yi)。心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)看(Kan)不(Bu)见(Jian)摸(Mo)不(Bu)着(Zhuo),因(Yin)此(Ci)心(Xin)理(Li)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)家(Jia)和(He)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)家(Jia)绞(Jiao)尽(Jin)脑(Nao)汁(Zhi),提(Ti)出(Chu)了(Liao)很(Hen)多(Duo)类(Lei)比(Bi),试(Shi)图(Tu)让(Rang)人(Ren)们(Men)对(Dui)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)有(You)一(Yi)个(Ge)更(Geng)为(Wei)清(Qing)楚(Chu)直(Zhi)观(Guan)的(De)了(Liao)解(Jie)。Aitchison(1994)把(Ba)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)比(Bi)喻(Yu)为(Wei)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)典(Dian), 或(Huo)一(Yi)个(Ge)巨(Ju)大(Da)的(De)蜘(Zhi)蛛(Zhu)网(Wang)。McCarthy (1990)认(Ren)为(Wei)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)就(Jiu)像(Xiang)一(Yi)本(Ben)词(Ci)典(Dian)、百(Bai)科(Ke)全(Quan)书(Shu), 或(Huo)像(Xiang)一(Yi)个(Ge)大(Da)图(Tu)书(Shu)馆(Guan)。Brown(2006)眼(Yan)中(Zhong)的(De)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)就(Jiu)像(Xiang)现(Xian)在(Zai)的(De)电(Dian)脑(Nao)系(Xi)统(Tong)或(Huo)无(Wu)线(Xian)网(Wang)络(Luo)。Murphy (2003)则(Ze)用(Yong)词(Ci)典(Dian)和(He)同(Tong)义(Yi)词(Ci)典(Dian)来(Lai)隐(Yin)喻(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)。不(Bu)管(Guan)何(He)种(Zhong)比(Bi)喻(Yu),心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)从(Cong)根(Gen)本(Ben)上(Shang)来(Lai)说(Shuo)应(Ying)该(Gai)是(Shi)大(Da)脑(Nao)中(Zhong)所(Suo)有(You)关(Guan)于(Yu)词(Ci)形(Xing)、词(Ci)义(Yi)及(Ji)其(Qi)用(Yong)法(Fa)的(De)一(Yi)个(Ge)巨(Ju)大(Da)仓(Cang)库(Ku)(Singleton, 1999; Richards & Schmidt, 2002; Navracsics, 2007)。光(Guang)有(You)这(Zhe)些(Xie)还(Huan)不(Bu)够(Gou), 最(Zui)重(Zhong)要(Yao)的(De)是(Shi)所(Suo)有(You)这(Zhe)些(Xie)词(Ci)在(Zai)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)到(Dao)底(Di)是(Shi)怎(Zen)么(Me)储(Chu)存(Cun)和(He)相(Xiang)互(Hu)联(Lian)结(Jie)的(De)(Salamoura, 2004)。为(Wei)此(Ci)心(Xin)理(Li)学(Xue)家(Jia)数(Shu)十(Shi)年(Nian)来(Lai)采(Cai)用(Yong)各(Ge)种(Zhong)方(Fang)法(Fa)致(Zhi)力(Li)于(Yu)探(Tan)索(Suo)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)词(Ci)与(Yu)词(Ci)之(Zhi)间(Jian)的(De)相(Xiang)互(Hu)关(Guan)系(Xi), 提(Ti)出(Chu)了(Liao)很(Hen)多(Duo)理(Li)论(Lun),也(Ye)有(You)不(Bu)少(Shao)有(You)价(Jia)值(Zhi)的(De)发(Fa)现(Xian)和(He)争(Zheng)议(Yi)。对(Dui)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)来(Lai)说(Shuo),意(Yi)见(Jian)相(Xiang)对(Dui)统(Tong)一(Yi), 因(Yin)为(Wei)一(Yi)语(Yu)者(Zhe)大(Da)脑(Nao)里(Li)的(De)语(Yu)言(Yan)系(Xi)统(Tong)不(Bu)存(Cun)在(Zai)外(Wai)来(Lai)语(Yu)言(Yan)干(Gan)扰(Rao);而(Er)对(Dui)二(Er)语(Yu)者(Zhe)甚(Shen)至(Zhi)多(Duo)语(Yu)者(Zhe)来(Lai)说(Shuo), 心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)结(Jie)构(Gou)就(Jiu)会(Hui)比(Bi)较(Jiao)复(Fu)杂(Za),特(Te)别(Bie)是(Shi)研(Yan)究(Jiu)者(Zhe)非(Fei)常(Chang)关(Guan)注(Zhu)二(Er)语(Yu)者(Zhe)所(Suo)学(Xue)习(Xi)的(De)L2与(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)已(Yi)有(You)的(De)L1词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)关(Guan)系(Xi),不(Bu)同(Tong)的(De)词(Ci)类(Lei)是(Shi)否(Fou)对(Dui)它(Ta)产(Chan)生(Sheng)影(Ying)响(Xiang),储(Chu)存(Cun)模(Mo)式(Shi)是(Shi)否(Fou)与(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)相(Xiang)似(Si), 是(Shi)否(Fou)如(Ru)一(Yi)语(Yu)一(Yi)样(Yang)遵(Zun)循(Xun)相(Xiang)同(Tong)的(De)发(Fa)展(Zhan)路(Lu)径(Jing),等(Deng)等(Deng)。三(San)、心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)方(Fang)法(Fa)由(You)于(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)肉(Rou)眼(Yan)不(Bu)可(Ke)见(Jian)的(De)属(Shu)性(Xing),研(Yan)究(Jiu)者(Zhe)采(Cai)用(Yong)各(Ge)种(Zhong)办(Ban)法(Fa)来(Lai)假(Jia)设(She)和(He)推(Tui)论(Lun)其(Qi)内(Nei)在(Zai)结(Jie)构(Gou)。最(Zui)早(Zao)、最(Zui)经(Jing)典(Dian)的(De)就(Jiu)是(Shi)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)测(Ce)试(Shi), 如(Ru)早(Zao)期(Qi)的(De)Weinreich(1953)采(Cai)用(Yong)自(Zi)由(You)联(Lian)想(Xiang)方(Fang)法(Fa)推(Tui)断(Duan)出(Chu)双(Shuang)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)汇(Hui)存(Cun)储(Chu)三(San)模(Mo)型(Xing)(即(Ji)合(He)成(Cheng)型(Xing)、并(Bing)列(Lie)型(Xing)和(He)附(Fu)属(Shu)型(Xing))以(Yi)及(Ji)后(Hou)来(Lai)的(De) 语(Yu)言(Yan)间(Jian)—语(Yu)言(Yan)内(Nei)自(Zi)由(You)联(Lian)想(Xiang)(Kolers, 1963; Taylor, 1976; Jin, 1990; de Groot, 1992; Singleton, 1999; Namei, 2004)。除(Chu)此(Ci)之(Zhi)外(Wai),还(Huan)有(You)很(Hen)多(Duo)心(Xin)理(Li)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)家(Jia)采(Cai)用(Yong)多(Duo)向(Xiang)翻(Fan)译(Yi)和(He)词(Ci)图(Tu)命(Ming)名(Ming)任(Ren)务(Wu)(Potter et al., 1984; Chen &Leung, 1989; Kroll & Stewart, 1994)、Stroop实(Shi)验(Yan)(Chen & Ho, 1986; Altarriba & Mathis, 1997)、词(Ci)汇(Hui)判(Pan)断(Duan)任(Ren)务(Wu)(Dijkstra et al., 1998; Sunderman & Kroll, 2006)、语(Yu)义(Yi)启(Qi)动(Dong)实(Shi)验(Yan)(de Groot & Nas, 1991; Forster & Jiang, 2001; Dong et al., 2005)等(Deng), 并(Bing)借(Jie)助(Zhu)于(Yu)各(Ge)种(Zhong)实(Shi)验(Yan)范(Fan)式(Shi), 如(Ru)正(Zheng)电(Dian)子(Zi)发(Fa)射(She)层(Ceng)描(Miao)(positron emission topography, 简(Jian)称(Cheng)PET)、事(Shi)件(Jian)相(Xiang)关(Guan)电(Dian)位(Wei)(event-related potentials, 简(Jian)称(Cheng)ERP)、功(Gong)能(Neng)核(He)磁(Ci)共(Gong)振(Zhen)(functional magnetic resonance imaging, 简(Jian)称(Cheng)fMRI)等(Deng)脑(Nao)成(Cheng)像(Xiang)分(Fen)析(Xi)手(Shou)段(Duan)比(Bi)较(Jiao)语(Yu)言(Yan)间(Jian)和(He)语(Yu)言(Yan)内(Nei)的(De)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)双(Shuang)语(Yu)表(Biao)征(Zheng)和(He)语(Yu)义(Yi)加(Jia)工(Gong)方(Fang)式(Shi),从(Cong)神(Shen)经(Jing)生(Sheng)理(Li)学(Xue)角(Jiao)度(Du)为(Wei)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)认(Ren)知(Zhi)本(Ben)质(Zhi)提(Ti)供(Gong)更(Geng)加(Jia)明(Ming)晰(Xi)和(He)科(Ke)学(Xue)的(De)依(Yi)据(Ju)。由(You)于(Yu)这(Zhe)些(Xie)认(Ren)知(Zhi)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)和(He)脑(Nao)科(Ke)学(Xue)研(Yan)究(Jiu)需(Xu)要(Yao)专(Zhuan)门(Men)的(De)实(Shi)验(Yan)设(She)备(Bei)和(He)实(Shi)验(Yan)场(Chang)所(Suo),且(Qie)费(Fei)用(Yong)昂(Ang)贵(Gui),一(Yi)般(Ban)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)者(Zhe)很(Hen)难(Nan)获(Huo)取(Qu),因(Yin)此(Ci)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)测(Ce)试(Shi)便(Bian)成(Cheng)了(Liao)最(Zui)常(Chang)用(Yong)的(De)范(Fan)式(Shi)之(Zhi)一(Yi)。四(Si)、词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)测(Ce)试(Shi)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)(word associations)研(Yan)究(Jiu)最(Zui)早(Zao)可(Ke)以(Yi)上(Shang)溯(Su)到(Dao)亚(Ya)里(Li)士(Shi)多(Duo)德(De)(Entwisle , 1966)。第(Di)一(Yi)个(Ge)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)实(Shi)验(Yan)出(Chu)自(Zi)德(De)国(Guo)的(De)Galton (1880, 转(Zhuan)引(Yin)自(Zi)Jung, 1918), 他(Ta)把(Ba)自(Zi)己(Ji)作(Zuo)为(Wei)实(Shi)验(Yan)对(Dui)象(Xiang)。这(Zhe)种(Zhong)方(Fang)法(Fa)继(Ji)而(Er)很(Hen)快(Kuai)被(Bei)德(De)国(Guo)热(Re)衷(Zhong)于(Yu)做(Zuo)实(Shi)验(Yan)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)者(Zhe)如(Ru)Wundt (1883, 转(Zhuan)引(Yin)自(Zi)Jung, 1918)在(Zai)19世(Shi)纪(Ji)末(Mo)推(Tui)广(Guang)开(Kai)来(Lai)。该(Gai)方(Fang)法(Fa)最(Zui)初(Chu)主(Zhu)要(Yao)应(Ying)用(Yong)在(Zai)对(Dui)异(Yi)常(Chang)思(Si)维(Wei)、犯(Fan)罪(Zui)行(Xing)为(Wei)以(Yi)及(Ji)教(Jiao)育(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)等(Deng)的(De)临(Lin)床(Chuang)诊(Zhen)断(Duan)上(Shang)(Jung, 1918; Stevens, 1994), 其(Qi)中(Zhong)最(Zui)著(Zhu)名(Ming)的(De)应(Ying)该(Gai)算(Suan)Kent和(He)Rosanoff (1910), 他(Ta)们(Men)用(Yong)1000个(Ge)不(Bu)同(Tong)教(Jiao)育(Yu)和(He)工(Gong)作(Zuo)背(Bei)景(Jing)的(De)正(Zheng)常(Chang)受(Shou)试(Shi)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)结(Jie)果(Guo)作(Zuo)为(Wei)依(Yi)据(Ju),以(Yi)此(Ci)和(He)精(Jing)神(Shen)病(Bing)人(Ren)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)结(Jie)果(Guo)作(Zuo)对(Dui)照(Zhao), 来(Lai)诊(Zhen)断(Duan)病(Bing)情(Qing)的(De)严(Yan)重(Zhong)程(Cheng)度(Du)。自(Zi)上(Shang)世(Shi)纪(Ji)60年(Nian)代(Dai)起(Qi),词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)开(Kai)始(Shi)在(Zai)一(Yi)语(Yu)习(Xi)得(De)领(Ling)域(Yu)大(Da)规(Gui)模(Mo)展(Zhan)开(Kai)(Brown & Berko, 1960; Deese, 1962a, 1962b; Entwisle et al., 1964; Entwisle, 1966; Ervin, 1963; Francis, 1972; Sharp & Cole, 1972),其(Qi)测(Ce)试(Shi)模(Mo)式(Shi)也(Ye)在(Zai)美(Mei)国(Guo)和(He)加(Jia)拿(Na)大(Da)作(Zuo)为(Wei)评(Ping)估(Gu)其(Qi)语(Yu)言(Yan)浸(Jin)入(Ru)项(Xiang)目(Mu)和(He)双(Shuang)语(Yu)—文(Wen)化(Hua)项(Xiang)目(Mu)的(De)一(Yi)个(Ge)重(Zhong)要(Yao)辅(Fu)助(Zhu)手(Shou)段(Duan)(Lambert & Moore, 1966; Anderson & Bower, 1974)。其(Qi)中(Zhong),Russell和(He)Jenkins(1954)主(Zhu)要(Yao)研(Yan)究(Jiu)成(Cheng)人(Ren)和(He)大(Da)学(Xue)水(Shui)平(Ping)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying), Brown和(He)Berko(1960), Ervin(1961), Palermo和(He)Jenkins (1963)及(Ji)Entwisle(1966)侧(Ce)重(Zhong)对(Dui)儿(Er)童(Tong)(幼(You)儿(Er)园(Yuan)前(Qian)至(Zhi)高(Gao)中(Zhong))的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)进(Jin)行(Xing)考(Kao)察(Cha)。Entwisle的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)规(Gui)模(Mo)最(Zui)大(Da), 共(Gong)涉(She)及(Ji)到(Dao)1160名(Ming)受(Shou)试(Shi)、96个(Ge)不(Bu)同(Tong)词(Ci)性(Xing)和(He)词(Ci)频(Pin)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)词(Ci),并(Bing)分(Fen)析(Xi)了(Liao)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)与(Yu)性(Xing)别(Bie)、智(Zhi)力(Li)发(Fa)展(Zhan)、出(Chu)生(Sheng)地(Di)及(Ji)年(Nian)龄(Ling)的(De)关(Guan)系(Xi)。这(Zhe)一(Yi)阶(Jie)段(Duan)的(De)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)主(Zhu)要(Yao)采(Cai)用(Yong)口(Kou)述(Shu)的(De)方(Fang)法(Fa), 大(Da)都(Du)以(Yi)Kent-Rosanoff的(De)词(Ci)条(Tiao)为(Wei)蓝(Lan)本(Ben)。Kent和(He)Rosanoff (1910)的(De)结(Jie)果(Guo)和(He)方(Fang)法(Fa)许(Xu)多(Duo)年(Nian)来(Lai)一(Yi)直(Zhi)被(Bei)当(Dang)作(Zuo)权(Quan)威(Wei)范(Fan)本(Ben)。遗(Yi)憾(Han)的(De)是(Shi), 这(Zhe)100个(Ge)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci)绝(Jue)大(Da)多(Duo)数(Shu)属(Shu)于(Yu)高(Gao)频(Pin)名(Ming)词(Ci)和(He)形(Xing)容(Rong)词(Ci),且(Qie)其(Qi)中(Zhong)自(Zi)然(Ran)配(Pei)对(Dui)的(De)词(Ci)较(Jiao)多(Duo), 如(Ru)WHITE—BLACK,TALL—SHORT, MAN—WOMAN等(Deng), 有(You)可(Ke)能(Neng)对(Dui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)的(De)结(Jie)果(Guo)产(Chan)生(Sheng)影(Ying)响(Xiang)(Meara, 1983)。后(Hou)来(Lai)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)者(Zhe)开(Kai)始(Shi)对(Dui)Kent和(He)Rosanoff的(De)词(Ci)条(Tiao)进(Jin)行(Xing)修(Xiu)改(Gai),甚(Shen)至(Zhi)重(Zhong)新(Xin)选(Xuan)择(Ze)可(Ke)用(Yong)的(De)词(Ci)。对(Dui)一(Yi)语(Yu)或(Huo)单(Dan)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)结(Jie)果(Guo)分(Fen)析(Xi)发(Fa)现(Xian),他(Ta)们(Men)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying)模(Mo)式(Shi)有(You)着(Zhuo)惊(Jing)人(Ren)相(Xiang)同(Tong)的(De)发(Fa)展(Zhan)趋(Qu)势(Shi)和(He)变(Bian)化(Hua),即(Ji)可(Ke)预(Yu)测(Ce)性(Xing)(Russell & Jenkins, 1954; Deese, 1962b, 1964, 1965; Entwisle, 1966; Sharp & Cole , 1972)。因(Yin)此(Ci)研(Yan)究(Jiu)者(Zhe)认(Ren)为(Wei), 一(Yi)语(Yu)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)结(Jie)果(Guo)可(Ke)以(Yi)看(Kan)作(Zuo)是(Shi)被(Bei)测(Ce)试(Shi)的(De)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci)在(Zai)受(Shou)试(Shi)者(Zhe)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)的(De)储(Chu)存(Cun)和(He)联(Lian)结(Jie)方(Fang)式(Shi)的(De)反(Fan)映(Ying)。由(You)于(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)本(Ben)身(Shen)具(Ju)有(You)许(Xu)多(Duo)语(Yu)言(Yan)行(Xing)为(Wei)特(Te)征(Zheng),因(Yin)此(Ci)越(Yue)来(Lai)越(Yue)多(Duo)的(De)心(Xin)理(Li)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)家(Jia)和(He)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)家(Jia)对(Dui)此(Ci)方(Fang)法(Fa)感(Gan)兴(Xing)趣(Qu),把(Ba)它(Ta)用(Yong)在(Zai)许(Xu)多(Duo)语(Yu)言(Yan)现(Xian)象(Xiang)的(De)探(Tan)究(Jiu)中(Zhong),特(Te)别(Bie)是(Shi)用(Yong)在(Zai)探(Tan)讨(Tao)言(Yan)语(Yu)行(Xing)为(Wei)、语(Yu)言(Yan)发(Fa)展(Zhan)、概(Gai)念(Nian)形(Xing)成(Cheng)以(Yi)及(Ji)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)表(Biao)征(Zheng)、记(Ji)忆(Yi)与(Yu)构(Gou)建(Jian)模(Mo)式(Shi)上(Shang),研(Yan)究(Jiu)范(Fan)围(Wei)也(Ye)从(Cong)一(Yi)语(Yu)扩(Kuo)展(Zhan)到(Dao)二(Er)语(Yu)甚(Shen)至(Zhi)多(Duo)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)身(Shen)上(Shang)。他(Ta)们(Men)认(Ren)为(Wei),对(Dui)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying)结(Jie)果(Guo)进(Jin)行(Xing)分(Fen)析(Xi)可(Ke)以(Yi)更(Geng)好(Hao)地(Di)了(Liao)解(Jie)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)习(Xi)得(De)深(Shen)度(Du)与(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)知(Zhi)识(Shi)的(De)存(Cun)储(Chu)方(Fang)式(Shi)(Riegel & Zivian, 1972; Politzer, 1978; Kruse et al., 1987; Sǒderman, 1993; Schmitt , 1998; Wolter 2001; Orita, 2002)。词(Ci)汇(Hui)学(Xue)家(Jia)认(Ren)为(Wei) ,对(Dui)词(Ci)汇(Hui)知(Zhi)识(Shi)的(De)描(Miao)述(Shu)必(Bi)须(Xu)包(Bao)含(Han)三(San)个(Ge)方(Fang)面(Mian):词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)广(Guang)度(Du)、深(Shen)度(Du)和(He)联(Lian)结(Jie)度(Du)(或(Huo)通(Tong)达(Da)度(Du))(Meara, 1996; Henriksen, 1999; Fitzpatrick, 2006)。词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)由(You)于(Yu)和(He)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)紧(Jin)密(Mi)关(Guan)系(Xi),不(Bu)仅(Jin)继(Ji)续(Xu)受(Shou)到(Dao)心(Xin)理(Li)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)家(Jia)的(De)青(Qing)睐(Zuo),还(Huan)在(Zai)应(Ying)用(Yong)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)和(He)二(Er)语(Yu)习(Xi)得(De)领(Ling)域(Yu)大(Da)展(Zhan)身(Shen)手(Shou),例(Li)如(Ru)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)可(Ke)以(Yi)设(She)计(Ji)成(Cheng)不(Bu)同(Tong)的(De)测(Ce)试(Shi)模(Mo)板(Ban)来(Lai)检(Jian)测(Ce)词(Ci)汇(Hui)知(Zhi)识(Shi)的(De)习(Xi)得(De)程(Cheng)度(Du)。Meara和(He)Fitzpatrick(2000)的(De)Lex30词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)关(Guan)注(Zhu)的(De)是(Shi)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)L2词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)广(Guang)度(Du)知(Zhi)识(Shi); Read (1998, 2000)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)测(Ce)试(Shi)侧(Ce)重(Zhong)在(Zai)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)深(Shen)度(Du)知(Zhi)识(Shi); Wolter (2001)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)则(Ze)对(Dui)词(Ci)汇(Hui)知(Zhi)识(Shi)的(De)储(Chu)存(Cun)模(Mo)式(Shi)和(He)联(Lian)结(Jie)方(Fang)式(Shi)表(Biao)现(Xian)出(Chu)极(Ji)大(Da)兴(Xing)趣(Qu),这(Zhe)也(Ye)是(Shi)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)无(Wu)论(Lun)在(Zai)最(Zui)初(Chu)的(De)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)研(Yan)究(Jiu)还(Huan)是(Shi)后(Hou)来(Lai)的(De)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)研(Yan)究(Jiu)都(Du)是(Shi)运(Yun)用(Yong)得(De)最(Zui)为(Wei)广(Guang)泛(Fan)并(Bing)得(De)到(Dao)认(Ren)可(Ke)的(De)领(Ling)域(Yu)。也(Ye)有(You)研(Yan)究(Jiu)者(Zhe)把(Ba)词(Ci)汇(Hui)知(Zhi)识(Shi)的(De)联(Lian)结(Jie)度(Du)看(Kan)作(Zuo)是(Shi)词(Ci)汇(Hui)深(Shen)度(Du)知(Zhi)识(Shi)的(De)一(Yi)个(Ge)表(Biao)征(Zheng),即(Ji)词(Ci)汇(Hui)知(Zhi)识(Shi)网(Wang)络(Luo)的(De)构(Gou)建(Jian)。Henriksen (1999, 2008)把(Ba)词(Ci)汇(Hui)深(Shen)度(Du)知(Zhi)识(Shi)定(Ding)义(Yi)为(Wei)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)构(Gou)建(Jian)词(Ci)汇(Hui)网(Wang)络(Luo)的(De)能(Neng)力(Li),并(Bing)且(Qie)认(Ren)为(Wei)通(Tong)过(Guo)对(Dui)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)能(Neng)力(Li)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu),可(Ke)以(Yi)推(Tui)测(Ce)出(Chu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)网(Wang)络(Luo)连(Lian)接(Jie)的(De)方(Fang)式(Shi),了(Liao)解(Jie)词(Ci)汇(Hui)深(Shen)度(Du)知(Zhi)识(Shi)的(De)掌(Zhang)握(Wo)和(He)习(Xi)得(De)程(Cheng)度(Du)。词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)任(Ren)务(Wu)要(Yao)求(Qiu)受(Shou)试(Shi)在(Zai)听(Ting)到(Dao)或(Huo)看(Kan)到(Dao)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci)时(Shi)立(Li)即(Ji)给(Gei)出(Chu)大(Da)脑(Nao)里(Li)出(Chu)现(Xian)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying)。这(Zhe)些(Xie)反(Fan)应(Ying)可(Ke)以(Yi)是(Shi)单(Dan)个(Ge)词(Ci),也(Ye)可(Ke)以(Yi)是(Shi)词(Ci)串(Chuan),最(Zui)重(Zhong)要(Yao)的(De)是(Shi)受(Shou)试(Shi)不(Bu)可(Ke)以(Yi)面(Mian)对(Dui)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci)进(Jin)行(Xing)长(Chang)时(Shi)间(Jian)的(De)思(Si)考(Kao)。测(Ce)试(Shi)方(Fang)式(Shi)和(He)内(Nei)容(Rong)可(Ke)以(Yi)根(Gen)据(Ju)需(Xu)要(Yao)设(She)计(Ji)成(Cheng)不(Bu)同(Tong)模(Mo)板(Ban)。比(Bi)如(Ru)可(Ke)以(Yi)根(Gen)据(Ju)所(Suo)测(Ce)词(Ci)汇(Hui)能(Neng)力(Li)的(De)需(Xu)要(Yao), 用(Yong)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)任(Ren)务(Wu)考(Kao)察(Cha)受(Shou)试(Shi)的(De)积(Ji)极(Ji)/消(Xiao)极(Ji)词(Ci)汇(Hui)量(Liang)(Meara & Fitzpatrick, 2000; Henriksen, 2008);词(Ci)汇(Hui)知(Zhi)识(Shi)和(He)能(Neng)力(Li)发(Fa)展(Zhan)(Read,1993, 1998, 2000; Greidanus &Nienhuis, 2001; Brown, 2006; Peppard, 2007; Zavera, 2007; Henriksen, 2008)。也(Ye)可(Ke)以(Yi)依(Yi)据(Ju)研(Yan)究(Jiu)目(Mu)的(De)设(She)计(Ji)成(Cheng)一(Yi)对(Dui)一(Yi)的(De)单(Dan)次(Ci)自(Zi)由(You)联(Lian)想(Xiang)(一(Yi)个(Ge)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci)给(Gei)出(Chu)一(Yi)个(Ge)反(Fan)应(Ying)词(Ci))、一(Yi)对(Dui)多(Duo)的(De)连(Lian)续(Xu)自(Zi)由(You)联(Lian)想(Xiang)(一(Yi)个(Ge)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci)给(Gei)出(Chu)多(Duo)个(Ge)反(Fan)应(Ying)词(Ci))、限(Xian)制(Zhi)性(Xing)联(Lian)想(Xiang)(从(Cong)规(Gui)定(Ding)的(De)词(Ci)中(Zhong)选(Xuan)出(Chu)反(Fan)应(Ying)词(Ci))、间(Jian)断(Duan)性(Xing)联(Lian)想(Xiang)(一(Yi)次(Ci)给(Gei)出(Chu)一(Yi)个(Ge)反(Fan)应(Ying)词(Ci),但(Dan)同(Tong)一(Yi)个(Ge)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci)多(Duo)次(Ci)出(Chu)现(Xian))等(Deng)不(Bu)同(Tong)联(Lian)想(Xiang)模(Mo)式(Shi)。还(Huan)可(Ke)以(Yi)根(Gen)据(Ju)受(Shou)试(Shi)的(De)情(Qing)况(Kuang)采(Cai)用(Yong)听(Ting)—说(Shuo)、听(Ting)—写(Xie)、写(Xie)—说(Shuo)、写(Xie)—写(Xie)等(Deng)实(Shi)验(Yan)方(Fang)式(Shi)。对(Dui)一(Yi)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)大(Da)多(Duo)采(Cai)用(Yong)听(Ting)—说(Shuo)或(Huo)写(Xie)—说(Shuo)的(De)方(Fang)式(Shi),而(Er)对(Dui)二(Er)语(Yu)者(Zhe)(包(Bao)括(Kuo)课(Ke)堂(Tang)教(Jiao)学(Xue)下(Xia)的(De)外(Wai)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe))来(Lai)说(Shuo),采(Cai)用(Yong)听(Ting)—写(Xie)或(Huo)写(Xie)—写(Xie)的(De)方(Fang)式(Shi)更(Geng)容(Rong)易(Yi)避(Bi)免(Mian)由(You)于(Yu)耳(Er)误(Wu)或(Huo)口(Kou)误(Wu)引(Yin)起(Qi)的(De)非(Fei)语(Yu)义(Yi)反(Fan)映(Ying)。五(Wu)、一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)理(Li)论(Lun)早(Zao)期(Qi)的(De)一(Yi)语(Yu)研(Yan)究(Jiu)者(Zhe)提(Ti)出(Chu)一(Yi)系(Xi)列(Lie)理(Li)论(Lun)来(Lai)解(Jie)释(Shi)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)模(Mo)式(Shi)。他(Ta)们(Men)认(Ren)为(Wei),词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)一(Yi)个(Ge)基(Ji)本(Ben)假(Jia)设(She)是(Shi): 词(Ci)与(Yu)词(Ci)之(Zhi)间(Jian)相(Xiang)互(Hu)联(Lian)系(Xi)的(De)方(Fang)式(Shi)其(Qi)实(Shi)揭(Jie)示(Shi)和(He)表(Biao)征(Zheng) 人(Ren)类(Lei)思(Si)维(Wei)的(De)认(Ren)知(Zhi)过(Guo)程(Cheng)(Gunstone , 1980)。心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)的(De)语(Yu)义(Yi)信(Xin)息(Xi)依(Yi)据(Ju)其(Qi)语(Yu)义(Yi)关(Guan)联(Lian)和(He)意(Yi)义(Yi)相(Xiang)近(Jin)的(De)原(Yuan)则(Ze)构(Gou)建(Jian)成(Cheng)特(Te)有(You)的(De)语(Yu)义(Yi)网(Wang)络(Luo)。这(Zhe)种(Zhong)毗(Pi)邻(Lin)理(Li)论(Lun)(Ervin, 1961)假(Jia)设(She), 词(Ci)x联(Lian)想(Xiang)出(Chu)词(Ci)y, 是(Shi)因(Yin)为(Wei)它(Ta)们(Men)在(Zai)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)的(De)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)习(Xi)过(Guo)程(Cheng)中(Zhong)频(Pin)繁(Fan)相(Xiang)伴(Ban)出(Chu)现(Xian)。Deese (1965)在(Zai)此(Ci)基(Ji)础(Chu)上(Shang)进(Jin)一(Yi)步(Bu)提(Ti)出(Chu)了(Liao)关(Guan)联(Lian)结(Jie)构(Gou)理(Li)论(Lun)。她(Ta)认(Ren)为(Wei), 词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)实(Shi)际(Ji)上(Shang)是(Shi)一(Yi)种(Zhong)智(Zhi)力(Li)反(Fan)应(Ying)过(Guo)程(Cheng),是(Shi)由(You)一(Yi)个(Ge)反(Fan)应(Ying)引(Yin)发(Fa)另(Ling)一(Yi)个(Ge)反(Fan)应(Ying)而(Er)产(Chan)生(Sheng)的(De)心(Xin)理(Li)活(Huo)动(Dong), 即(Ji)一(Yi)个(Ge)目(Mu)标(Biao)词(Ci)激(Ji)发(Fa)出(Chu)其(Qi)相(Xiang)应(Ying)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)词(Ci)。但(Dan)哪(Na)个(Ge)词(Ci)会(Hui)被(Bei)联(Lian)想(Xiang)出(Chu)来(Lai)取(Qu)决(Jue)于(Yu)两(Liang)个(Ge)原(Yuan)则(Ze):意(Yi)义(Yi)关(Guan)联(Lian)原(Yuan)则(Ze)和(He)使(Shi)用(Yong)频(Pin)率(Lv)原(Yuan)则(Ze)。McNeill (1966)在(Zai)肯(Ken)定(Ding)Ervin和(He)Deese的(De)关(Guan)联(Lian)与(Yu)频(Pin)率(Lv)理(Li)论(Lun)的(De)同(Tong)时(Shi)又(You)提(Ti)出(Chu),每(Mei)个(Ge)词(Ci)项(Xiang)都(Du)具(Ju)有(You)其(Qi)特(Te)定(Ding)的(De)语(Yu)义(Yi)连(Lian)接(Jie)关(Guan)系(Xi)和(He)句(Ju)法(Fa)约(Yue)束(Shu)关(Guan)系(Xi)。儿(Er)童(Tong)在(Zai)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)习(Xi)的(De)过(Guo)程(Cheng)中(Zhong)正(Zheng)是(Shi)对(Dui)已(Yi)知(Zhi)词(Ci)汇(Hui)和(He)半(Ban)知(Zhi)词(Ci)汇(Hui)赋(Fu)予(Yu)更(Geng)多(Duo)的(De)句(Ju)法(Fa)、语(Yu)义(Yi)特(Te)征(Zheng),从(Cong)而(Er)强(Qiang)化(Hua)它(Ta)们(Men)在(Zai)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)关(Guan)系(Xi)。这(Zhe)些(Xie)为(Wei)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)而(Er)提(Ti)出(Chu)的(De)解(Jie)释(Shi)理(Li)论(Lun)为(Wei)后(Hou)来(Lai)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)提(Ti)供(Gong)了(Liao)很(Hen)有(You)借(Jie)鉴(Jian)意(Yi)义(Yi)的(De)理(Li)论(Lun)支(Zhi)撑(Cheng)。由(You)联(Lian)想(Xiang)主(Zhu)义(Yi)发(Fa)展(Zhan)而(Er)来(Lai)的(De)连(Lian)通(Tong)论(Lun)和(He)并(Bing)列(Lie)分(Fen)布(Bu)加(Jia)工(Gong)模(Mo)型(Xing)(Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986; Elman et al., 1996; Herschensohn, 2007)正(Zheng)是(Shi)在(Zai)这(Zhe)些(Xie)基(Ji)础(Chu)上(Shang)发(Fa)展(Zhan)起(Qi)来(Lai), 并(Bing)在(Zai)心(Xin)理(Li)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)、神(Shen)经(Jing)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)、神(Shen)经(Jing)心(Xin)理(Li)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)、计(Ji)算(Suan)机(Ji)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)等(Deng)新(Xin)兴(Xing)交(Jiao)叉(Cha)领(Ling)域(Yu)取(Qu)得(De)很(Hen)大(Da)的(De)应(Ying)用(Yong)。遗(Yi)憾(Han)的(De)是(Shi), 这(Zhe)些(Xie)理(Li)论(Lun)和(He)现(Xian)有(You)研(Yan)究(Jiu)发(Fa)现(Xian)还(Huan)较(Jiao)少(Shao)触(Chu)及(Ji)对(Dui)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)模(Mo)式(Shi)的(De)解(Jie)释(Shi), 也(Ye)很(Hen)少(Shao)关(Guan)注(Zhu)不(Bu)同(Tong)词(Ci)类(Lei)在(Zai)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)过(Guo)程(Cheng)中(Zhong)的(De)影(Ying)响(Xiang)。与(Yu)上(Shang)述(Shu)理(Li)论(Lun)不(Bu)同(Tong)的(De)是(Shi), 对(Dui)一(Yi)语(Yu)习(Xi)得(De)过(Guo)程(Cheng)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)可(Ke)以(Yi)很(Hen)好(Hao)地(Di)解(Jie)释(Shi)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)模(Mo)式(Shi)的(De)结(Jie)果(Guo)。当(Dang)儿(Er)童(Tong)开(Kai)始(Shi)踏(Ta)上(Shang)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)习(Xi)的(De)行(Xing)程(Cheng)时(Shi),首(Shou)先(Xian)必(Bi)须(Xu)获(Huo)取(Qu)对(Dui)语(Yu)音(Yin)的(De)理(Li)解(Jie), 进(Jin)行(Xing)对(Dui)语(Yu)音(Yin)—意(Yi)义(Yi)匹(Pi)配(Pei)的(De)模(Mo)仿(Fang)和(He)产(Chan)出(Chu)活(Huo)动(Dong), 这(Zhe)是(Shi)构(Gou)成(Cheng)儿(Er)童(Tong)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)早(Zao)期(Qi)最(Zui)显(Xian)著(Zhu)的(De)语(Yu)音(Yin)反(Fan)应(Ying)的(De)基(Ji)础(Chu)。随(Sui)着(Zhuo)年(Nian)龄(Ling)和(He)语(Yu)言(Yan)输(Shu)入(Ru)的(De)增(Zeng)加(Jia),儿(Er)童(Tong)开(Kai)始(Shi)创(Chuang)造(Zao)性(Xing)地(Di)对(Dui)语(Yu)言(Yan)进(Jin)行(Xing)合(He)成(Cheng),以(Yi)实(Shi)现(Xian)言(Yan)语(Yu)交(Jiao)际(Ji)的(De)需(Xu)要(Yao)。正(Zheng)如(Ru)Pinker (1995)所(Suo)观(Guan)察(Cha)到(Dao)的(De)Adam语(Yu)言(Yan)发(Fa)展(Zhan)所(Suo)示(Shi):Play checkers. Big drum. I got horn. A bunny-rabbit walk. (Adam 2;3 ①2和(He)3分(Fen)别(Bie)代(Dai)表(Biao)Adam的(De)年(Nian)龄(Ling)和(He)月(Yue)龄(Ling))That birdie hopping by Missouri in bag. Do ______ want some pie on your face? Why you mixing baby chocolate? I finish drinking all up down my throat. (Adam 2;11)这(Zhe)个(Ge)阶(Jie)段(Duan)的(De)语(Yu)言(Yan)发(Fa)展(Zhan)显(Xian)示(Shi)出(Chu)儿(Er)童(Tong)对(Dui)句(Ju)法(Fa)知(Zhi)识(Shi)的(De)强(Qiang)烈(Lie)依(Yi)赖(Lai)(Herschensohn, 2007), “谁(Shui)跟(Gen)着(Zhuo)谁(Shui)”(Entwisle, 1966)的(De)搭(Da)配(Pei)性(Xing)知(Zhi)识(Shi)大(Da)幅(Fu)度(Du)增(Zeng)加(Jia), 表(Biao)现(Xian)在(Zai)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)中(Zhong), 对(Dui)所(Suo)给(Gei)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)反(Fan)应(Ying)(syntagmatic response)占(Zhan)绝(Jue)对(Dui)多(Duo)数(Shu)(Ervin, 1961; Woodrow & Lowell, 1916)。到(Dao)了(Liao)入(Ru)学(Xue)时(Shi), 儿(Er)童(Tong)的(De)“谁(Shui)替(Ti)代(Dai)谁(Shui)”(Entwisle, 1966)语(Yu)义(Yi)层(Ceng)级(Ji)关(Guan)系(Xi)知(Zhi)识(Shi)开(Kai)始(Shi)扩(Kuo)展(Zhan), 对(Dui)同(Tong)义(Yi)关(Guan)系(Xi)、反(Fan)义(Yi)关(Guan)系(Xi)、上(Shang)下(Xia)义(Yi)关(Guan)系(Xi)等(Deng)有(You)了(Liao)更(Geng)深(Shen)刻(Ke)的(De)了(Liao)解(Jie),这(Zhe)个(Ge)阶(Jie)段(Duan)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)明(Ming)显(Xian)表(Biao)现(Xian)出(Chu)纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)反(Fan)应(Ying)(paradigmatic response)的(De)大(Da)规(Gui)模(Mo)出(Chu)现(Xian)(Entwisle, 1966; Schmitt, 2007)。当(Dang)然(Ran), 词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)发(Fa)展(Zhan)从(Cong)语(Yu)音(Yin)到(Dao)横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)再(Zai)到(Dao)纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He),对(Dui)不(Bu)同(Tong)词(Ci)类(Lei)来(Lai)说(Shuo),过(Guo)渡(Du)时(Shi)间(Jian)和(He)反(Fan)应(Ying)模(Mo)式(Shi)也(Ye)不(Bu)相(Xiang)同(Tong)。不(Bu)同(Tong)词(Ci)性(Xing)的(De)词(Ci)所(Suo)构(Gou)成(Cheng)的(De)语(Yu)义(Yi)关(Guan)系(Xi)各(Ge)有(You)不(Bu)同(Tong)(Miller & Fellbaum, 1991),名(Ming)词(Ci)和(He)形(Xing)容(Rong)词(Ci)更(Geng)容(Rong)易(Yi)构(Gou)成(Cheng)层(Ceng)级(Ji)语(Yu)义(Yi)网(Wang)络(Luo), 而(Er)动(Dong)词(Ci)要(Yao)比(Bi)名(Ming)词(Ci)更(Geng)具(Ju)有(You)多(Duo)义(Yi)性(Xing),因(Yin)而(Er)习(Xi)得(De)困(Kun)难(Nan)增(Zeng)加(Jia),且(Qie)由(You)于(Yu)其(Qi)所(Suo)携(Xie)带(Dai)的(De)句(Ju)法(Fa)功(Gong)能(Neng),更(Geng)容(Rong)易(Yi)激(Ji)发(Fa)出(Chu)横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)反(Fan)应(Ying)。不(Bu)同(Tong)词(Ci)频(Pin)的(De)词(Ci)相(Xiang)应(Ying)的(De)语(Yu)义(Yi)关(Guan)系(Xi)网(Wang)络(Luo)和(He)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)发(Fa)展(Zhan)也(Ye)不(Bu)尽(Jin)相(Xiang)同(Tong)。这(Zhe)种(Zhong)不(Bu)同(Tong)还(Huan)会(Hui)表(Biao)现(Xian)在(Zai)词(Ci)的(De)具(Ju)体(Ti)性(Xing)差(Cha)异(Yi)上(Shang)。儿(Er)童(Tong)初(Chu)期(Qi)习(Xi)得(De)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)绝(Jue)大(Da)多(Duo)数(Shu)都(Du)是(Shi)在(Zai)真(Zhen)实(Shi)世(Shi)界(Jie)里(Li)有(You)对(Dui)应(Ying)实(Shi)体(Ti)的(De)具(Ju)体(Ti)名(Ming)词(Ci)(de Groot & Keijzer, 2000),且(Qie)这(Zhe)些(Xie)词(Ci)因(Yin)为(Wei)具(Ju)有(You)可(Ke)感(Gan)知(Zhi)性(Xing)而(Er)比(Bi)抽(Chou)象(Xiang)词(Ci)更(Geng)易(Yi)习(Xi)得(De),更(Geng)快(Kuai)提(Ti)取(Qu)(Paivio, 1986, 1991),因(Yin)而(Er)也(Ye)更(Geng)容(Rong)易(Yi)建(Jian)立(Li)丰(Feng)富(Fu)的(De)语(Yu)义(Yi)关(Guan)系(Xi)网(Wang)络(Luo)。具(Ju)体(Ti)词(Ci)所(Suo)具(Ju)备(Bei)的(De)这(Zhe)种(Zhong)优(You)越(Yue)性(Xing)在(Zai)Paivio的(De)双(Shuang)编(Bian)码(Ma)理(Li)论(Lun)(Dual-Coding Theory)和(He)Schwanenflugel (Schwanenflugel et al., 1991)的(De)情(Qing)境(Jing)理(Li)论(Lun)(Context-Availability Theory)都(Du)有(You)解(Jie)释(Shi)。六(Liu)、一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)发(Fa)现(Xian)对(Dui)一(Yi)语(Yu)儿(Er)童(Tong)和(He)成(Cheng)人(Ren)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)模(Mo)式(Shi)研(Yan)究(Jiu)发(Fa)现(Xian)证(Zheng)实(Shi)了(Liao)一(Yi)语(Yu)语(Yu)言(Yan)习(Xi)得(De)和(He)发(Fa)展(Zhan)过(Guo)程(Cheng)的(De)特(Te)点(Dian),即(Ji)从(Cong)语(Yu)音(Yin)到(Dao)语(Yu)义(Yi)、从(Cong)横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)到(Dao)纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)的(De)阶(Jie)段(Duan)。鉴(Jian)于(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)语(Yu)言(Yan)发(Fa)展(Zhan)的(De)特(Te)点(Dian), 大(Da)多(Duo)数(Shu)的(De)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)也(Ye)都(Du)把(Ba)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)类(Lei)型(Xing)就(Jiu)势(Shi)划(Hua)分(Fen)为(Wei)横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)、纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)和(He)语(Yu)音(Yin)三(San)大(Da)类(Lei)。正(Zheng)如(Ru)Entwisle(1966)所(Suo)说(Shuo), 横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)对(Dui)应(Ying)了(Liao)句(Ju)法(Fa)顺(Shun)序(Xu)的(De)发(Fa)展(Zhan),而(Er)纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)对(Dui)应(Ying)了(Liao)儿(Er)童(Tong)同(Tong)一(Yi)词(Ci)性(Xing)的(De)量(Liang)的(De)扩(Kuo)展(Zhan)。Ervin (1961)和(He)Entwisle(1966)对(Dui)幼(You)儿(Er)园(Yuan)、小(Xiao)学(Xue)直(Zhi)至(Zhi)大(Da)学(Xue)的(De)一(Yi)语(Yu)者(Zhe)进(Jin)行(Xing)了(Liao)大(Da)规(Gui)模(Mo)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)测(Ce)试(Shi)。结(Jie)果(Guo)都(Du)发(Fa)现(Xian), 儿(Er)童(Tong)更(Geng)多(Duo)的(De)依(Yi)赖(Lai)语(Yu)音(Yin)关(Guan)系(Xi),而(Er)成(Cheng)人(Ren)则(Ze)以(Yi)语(Yu)义(Yi)反(Fan)应(Ying)为(Wei) 主(Zhu)(音(Yin)—义(Yi)迁(Qian)移(Yi), P-S Shift),且(Qie)随(Sui)着(Zhuo)年(Nian)龄(Ling)的(De)增(Zeng)加(Jia),纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)反(Fan)应(Ying)越(Yue)来(Lai)越(Yue)多(Duo),横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)反(Fan)应(Ying)越(Yue)来(Lai)越(Yue)少(Shao)(横(Heng)—纵(Zong)迁(Qian)移(Yi),S-P Shift),但(Dan)不(Bu)同(Tong)词(Ci)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying)类(Lei)型(Xing)发(Fa)展(Zhan)节(Jie)奏(Zou)不(Bu)尽(Jin)相(Xiang)同(Tong)(Brown & Berko, 1960; Entwisle, 1966; Anglin, 1970)。这(Zhe)种(Zhong)从(Cong)语(Yu)音(Yin)到(Dao)语(Yu)义(Yi)、从(Cong)横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)到(Dao)纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying)迁(Qian)移(Yi)因(Yin)其(Qi)稳(Wen)定(Ding)性(Xing)和(He)一(Yi)致(Zhi)性(Xing)而(Er)被(Bei)看(Kan)作(Zuo)是(Shi)表(Biao)征(Zheng)一(Yi)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)语(Yu)义(Yi)网(Wang)络(Luo)构(Gou)建(Jian)的(De)发(Fa)展(Zhan)路(Lu)径(Jing)的(De)指(Zhi)示(Shi)器(Qi)(Nissen & Henriksen, 2006; Schmitt, 2007)。对(Dui)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)者(Zhe)也(Ye)以(Yi)此(Ci)为(Wei)参(Can)照(Zhao), 试(Shi)图(Tu)找(Zhao)到(Dao)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)遵(Zun)循(Xun)同(Tong)样(Yang)路(Lu)径(Jing)的(De)构(Gou)建(Jian)模(Mo)式(Shi)的(De)证(Zheng)据(Ju)。七(Qi)、二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)理(Li)论(Lun)对(Dui)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)的(De)回(Hui)顾(Gu)证(Zheng)明(Ming)了(Liao)一(Yi)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)是(Shi)基(Ji)于(Yu)语(Yu)义(Yi)联(Lian)结(Jie)的(De)音(Yin)义(Yi)匹(Pi)配(Pei)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)网(Wang)络(Luo)系(Xi)统(Tong)。但(Dan)此(Ci)发(Fa)现(Xian)并(Bing)不(Bu)一(Yi)定(Ding)能(Neng)在(Zai)二(Er)语(Yu)研(Yan)究(Jiu)中(Zhong)找(Zhao)到(Dao)完(Wan)全(Quan)的(De)对(Dui)应(Ying),因(Yin)为(Wei)其(Qi)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)无(Wu)法(Fa)避(Bi)免(Mian)一(Yi)语(Yu)系(Xi)统(Tong)的(De)介(Jie)入(Ru)和(He)影(Ying)响(Xiang)。为(Wei)了(Liao)揭(Jie)示(Shi)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)表(Biao)征(Zheng)和(He)发(Fa)展(Zhan)特(Te)点(Dian),语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)家(Jia)提(Ti)出(Chu)若(Ruo)干(Gan)理(Li)论(Lun)及(Ji)相(Xiang)应(Ying)的(De)结(Jie)构(Gou)模(Mo)型(Xing),试(Shi)图(Tu)回(Hui)答(Da)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)到(Dao)底(Di)是(Shi)混(Hun)合(He)的(De)还(Huan)是(Shi)独(Du)立(Li)的(De),词(Ci)与(Yu)词(Ci)之(Zhi)间(Jian)到(Dao)底(Di)是(Shi)通(Tong)过(Guo)词(Ci)项(Xiang)连(Lian)接(Jie)还(Huan)是(Shi)概(Gai)念(Nian)相(Xiang)连(Lian),概(Gai)念(Nian)特(Te)征(Zheng)是(Shi)共(Gong)享(Xiang)的(De)还(Huan)是(Shi)分(Fen)布(Bu)的(De)等(Deng)重(Zhong)要(Yao)问(Wen)题(Ti)。1.混(Hun)合(He)与(Yu)独(Du)立(Li)存(Cun)储(Chu)混(Hun)合(He)与(Yu)独(Du)立(Li)存(Cun)储(Chu)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)早(Zao)在(Zai)半(Ban)个(Ge)世(Shi)纪(Ji)以(Yi)前(Qian)就(Jiu)被(Bei)Weinreich(1953, 1968)提(Ti)出(Chu)。通(Tong)过(Guo)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)测(Ce)试(Shi)的(De)方(Fang)法(Fa), Weinreich发(Fa)现(Xian), 二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)有(You)着(Zhuo)不(Bu)同(Tong)于(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)储(Chu)存(Cun)系(Xi)统(Tong)和(He)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)模(Mo)式(Shi)。他(Ta)根(Gen)据(Ju)自(Zi)己(Ji)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)结(Jie)果(Guo)提(Ti)出(Chu)了(Liao)三(San)种(Zhong)模(Mo)型(Xing):已(Yi)有(You)一(Yi)语(Yu)与(Yu)新(Xin)学(Xue)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)项(Xiang)共(Gong)享(Xiang)同(Tong)一(Yi)存(Cun)储(Chu)系(Xi)统(Tong);二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)与(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)系(Xi)统(Tong)“各(Ge)自(Zi)为(Wei)政(Zheng)”; 二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)借(Jie)自(Zi)一(Yi)语(Yu)系(Xi)统(Tong)通(Tong)达(Da)语(Yu)义(Yi)。二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)到(Dao)底(Di)以(Yi)何(He)种(Zhong)方(Fang)式(Shi)存(Cun)储(Chu)可(Ke)能(Neng)会(Hui)与(Yu)词(Ci)的(De)具(Ju)体(Ti)性(Xing) 差(Cha)异(Yi) (de Groot, 1989, 1993; de Groot et al., 1994)、词(Ci)性(Xing)(de Groot, 1992; Lotto & de Groot, 1998)以(Yi)及(Ji)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)的(De)语(Yu)言(Yan)发(Fa)展(Zhan)水(Shui)平(Ping)(de Groot & Poot, 1997; Kroll & Stewart, 1994; Potter et al., 1984)有(You)关(Guan)。例(Li)如(Ru)在(Zai)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)习(Xi)初(Chu)期(Qi),所(Suo)学(Xue)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)通(Tong)常(Chang)必(Bi)须(Xu)借(Jie)助(Zhu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)已(Yi)知(Zhi)的(De)一(Yi)语(Yu)知(Zhi)识(Shi)直(Zhi)接(Jie)翻(Fan)译(Yi)成(Cheng)对(Dui)应(Ying)的(De)词(Ci)项(Xiang);而(Er)随(Sui)着(Zhuo)二(Er)语(Yu)语(Yu)言(Yan)水(Shui)平(Ping)的(De)提(Ti)高(Gao),词(Ci)的(De)习(Xi)得(De)程(Cheng)度(Du)不(Bu)同(Tong),二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)可(Ke)能(Neng)会(Hui)有(You)三(San)种(Zhong)不(Bu)同(Tong)的(De)表(Biao)征(Zheng)同(Tong)时(Shi)存(Cun)在(Zai), 词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)联(Lian)结(Jie)方(Fang)式(Shi)也(Ye)会(Hui)各(Ge)有(You)不(Bu)同(Tong)。因(Yin)此(Ci), 对(Dui)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)认(Ren)识(Shi)可(Ke)能(Neng)不(Bu)能(Neng)简(Jian)单(Dan)地(Di)归(Gui)类(Lei)为(Wei)某(Mou)一(Yi)种(Zhong)模(Mo)式(Shi)而(Er)已(Yi)。2.词(Ci)项(Xiang)与(Yu)概(Gai)念(Nian)联(Lian)结(Jie)虽(Sui)然(Ran)Weinreich对(Dui)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)表(Biao)征(Zheng)模(Mo)式(Shi)进(Jin)行(Xing)了(Liao)较(Jiao)为(Wei)清(Qing)楚(Chu)的(De)预(Yu)测(Ce)分(Fen)析(Xi),后(Hou)来(Lai)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)者(Zhe)认(Ren)为(Wei)他(Ta)的(De)分(Fen)类(Lei)仍(Reng)显(Xian)模(Mo)糊(Hu), 不(Bu)能(Neng)回(Hui)答(Da)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)本(Ben)质(Zhi)问(Wen)题(Ti)(Bialystok, 2001),因(Yin)此(Ci),后(Hou)续(Xu)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)转(Zhuan)而(Er)关(Guan)注(Zhu)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)理(Li)论(Lun)的(De)另(Ling)一(Yi)重(Zhong)要(Yao)问(Wen)题(Ti):词(Ci)形(Xing)和(He)词(Ci)义(Yi)的(De)匹(Pi)配(Pei)。以(Yi)往(Wang)相(Xiang)关(Guan)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)侧(Ce)重(Zhong)在(Zai)回(Hui)答(Da)词(Ci)形(Xing)和(He)意(Yi)义(Yi)(概(Gai)念(Nian))在(Zai)各(Ge)个(Ge)语(Yu)言(Yan)系(Xi)统(Tong)中(Zhong)到(Dao)底(Di)是(Shi)分(Fen)别(Bie)表(Biao)征(Zheng)的(De)还(Huan)是(Shi)共(Gong)享(Xiang)一(Yi)个(Ge)词(Ci)库(Ku)(Potter et al., 1984; Kroll & Sholl, 1992; Altarriba & Mathis, 1997; Kroll & de Groot, 1997; Paradis, 1997)。为(Wei)此(Ci)而(Er)提(Ti)出(Chu)的(De)第(Di)一(Yi)个(Ge)解(Jie)释(Shi)模(Mo)型(Xing)是(Shi)Potter等(Deng)(1884)的(De)并(Bing)列(Lie)表(Biao)征(Zheng)模(Mo)型(Xing)(见(Jian)图(Tu)1):在(Zai)词(Ci)形(Xing)层(Ceng)面(Mian),二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)通(Tong)过(Guo)一(Yi)语(Yu)媒(Mei)介(Jie)通(Tong)达(Da)语(Yu)义(Yi);而(Er)在(Zai)词(Ci)义(Yi)层(Ceng)面(Mian),一(Yi)语(Yu)和(He)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)均(Jun)可(Ke)直(Zhi)接(Jie)通(Tong)达(Da)概(Gai)念(Nian)或(Huo)意(Yi)义(Yi)。也(Ye)就(Jiu)是(Shi)说(Shuo), 在(Zai)词(Ci)形(Xing)层(Ceng)面(Mian),各(Ge)语(Yu)言(Yan)词(Ci)汇(Hui)分(Fen)别(Bie)存(Cun)储(Chu)和(He)表(Biao)征(Zheng);而(Er)在(Zai)意(Yi)义(Yi)层(Ceng)面(Mian),两(Liang)种(Zhong)语(Yu)言(Yan)共(Gong)享(Xiang)一(Yi)个(Ge)概(Gai)念(Nian)系(Xi)统(Tong)。Potter等(Deng)的(De)模(Mo)型(Xing)得(De)到(Dao)不(Bu)少(Shao)实(Shi)证(Zheng)研(Yan)究(Jiu)的(De)关(Guan)注(Zhu)(de Groot & Nas, 1991; Chen & Leung, 1989; de Groot, 1992; Kroll, 1993; Kroll & de Groot, 1997; Kroll & Tokowicz, 2001; Kroll & Sunderman, 2003)。这(Zhe)两(Liang)个(Ge)模(Mo)型(Xing)其(Qi)实(Shi)代(Dai)表(Biao)了(Liao)不(Bu)同(Tong)二(Er)语(Yu)水(Shui)平(Ping)的(De)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)表(Biao)征(Zheng)特(Te)点(Dian):借(Jie)助(Zhu)一(Yi)语(Yu)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)中(Zhong)介(Jie)模(Mo)式(Shi)主(Zhu)要(Yao)表(Biao)现(Xian)在(Zai)较(Jiao)低(Di)水(Shui)平(Ping)的(De)二(Er)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)实(Shi)验(Yan)结(Jie)果(Guo)上(Shang), 而(Er)概(Gai)念(Nian)通(Tong)达(Da)模(Mo)式(Shi)则(Ze)能(Neng)解(Jie)释(Shi)较(Jiao)高(Gao)语(Yu)言(Yan)水(Shui)平(Ping)的(De)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)的(De)发(Fa)现(Xian)结(Jie)果(Guo)。因(Yin)此(Ci),这(Zhe)两(Liang)个(Ge)模(Mo)型(Xing)反(Fan)映(Ying)了(Liao)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)随(Sui)着(Zhuo)语(Yu)言(Yan)水(Shui)平(Ping)的(De)提(Ti)高(Gao)而(Er)表(Biao)现(Xian)出(Chu)的(De)从(Cong)词(Ci)汇(Hui)中(Zhong)介(Jie)到(Dao)概(Gai)念(Nian)通(Tong)达(Da)的(De)发(Fa)展(Zhan)过(Guo)程(Cheng),即(Ji)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)发(Fa)展(Zhan)是(Shi)一(Yi)个(Ge)从(Cong)依(Yi)赖(Lai)母(Mu)语(Yu)中(Zhong)介(Jie)转(Zhuan)向(Xiang)依(Yi)赖(Lai)概(Gai)念(Nian)通(Tong)达(Da)的(De)过(Guo)程(Cheng)。为(Wei)了(Liao)更(Geng)好(Hao)地(Di)解(Jie)释(Shi)这(Zhe)一(Yi)变(Bian)化(Hua), Kroll和(He)Stewart(1994)在(Zai)原(Yuan)来(Lai)的(De)层(Ceng)级(Ji)模(Mo)型(Xing)基(Ji)础(Chu)上(Shang)提(Ti)出(Chu)修(Xiu)正(Zheng)模(Mo)型(Xing)(the Revised Hierarchical Model , RHM , 见(Jian)图(Tu)2),明(Ming)确(Que)了(Liao)由(You)于(Yu)母(Mu)语(Yu)系(Xi)统(Tong)的(De)存(Cun)在(Zai)而(Er)导(Dao)致(Zhi)的(De)二(Er)语(Yu)与(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)词(Ci)汇(Hui)与(Yu)概(Gai)念(Nian)联(Lian)结(Jie)强(Qiang)度(Du)的(De)不(Bu)对(Dui)等(Deng)关(Guan)系(Xi):二(Er)语(Yu)和(He)一(Yi)语(Yu)间(Jian)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)结(Jie)强(Qiang)于(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)与(Yu)二(Er)语(Yu)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)结(Jie)(表(Biao)中(Zhong)实(Shi)线(Xian)表(Biao)示(Shi)较(Jiao)强(Qiang)联(Lian)结(Jie)关(Guan)系(Xi),虚(Xu)线(Xian)则(Ze)表(Biao)示(Shi)较(Jiao)弱(Ruo)联(Lian)结(Jie)关(Guan)系(Xi));一(Yi)语(Yu)和(He)概(Gai)念(Nian)间(Jian)的(De)联(Lian)结(Jie)强(Qiang)于(Yu)二(Er)语(Yu)和(He)概(Gai)念(Nian)的(De)联(Lian)结(Jie);一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)语(Yu)义(Yi)网(Wang)络(Luo)大(Da)于(Yu)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku),由(You)于(Yu)二(Er)语(Yu)不(Bu)同(Tong)概(Gai)念(Nian)的(De)加(Jia)入(Ru)导(Dao)致(Zhi)概(Gai)念(Nian)系(Xi)统(Tong)的(De)扩(Kuo)大(Da)(以(Yi)不(Bu)同(Tong)大(Da)小(Xiao)的(De)框(Kuang)形(Xing)表(Biao)示(Shi))。修(Xiu)正(Zheng)过(Guo)的(De)层(Ceng)级(Ji)模(Mo)型(Xing)不(Bu)仅(Jin)可(Ke)以(Yi)解(Jie)释(Shi)词(Ci)项(Xiang)翻(Fan)译(Yi)实(Shi)验(Yan)、图(Tu)片(Pian)命(Ming)名(Ming)实(Shi)验(Yan)和(He)Stroop结(Jie)果(Guo), 同(Tong)时(Shi)也(Ye)可(Ke)以(Yi)用(Yong)来(Lai)解(Jie)释(Shi)和(He)预(Yu)测(Ce)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)可(Ke)能(Neng)出(Chu)现(Xian)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying),特(Te)别(Bie)是(Shi)由(You)于(Yu)母(Mu)语(Yu)的(De)参(Can)与(Yu)和(He)语(Yu)言(Yan)水(Shui)平(Ping)的(De)不(Bu)同(Tong)所(Suo)导(Dao)致(Zhi)的(De)非(Fei)母(Mu)语(Yu)化(Hua)反(Fan)应(Ying)。虽(Sui)然(Ran)修(Xiu)正(Zheng)后(Hou)的(De)层(Ceng)级(Ji)模(Mo)型(Xing)相(Xiang)比(Bi)其(Qi)他(Ta)模(Mo)型(Xing)而(Er)言(Yan)较(Jiao)好(Hao)地(Di)描(Miao)述(Shu)了(Liao)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)表(Biao)征(Zheng)和(He)发(Fa)展(Zhan)特(Te)点(Dian) ,但(Dan)仍(Reng)有(You)几(Ji)点(Dian)因(Yin)素(Su)未(Wei)能(Neng)涉(She)及(Ji):1)没(Mei)有(You)说(Shuo)明(Ming)句(Ju)法(Fa)概(Gai)念(Nian)知(Zhi)识(Shi)或(Huo)搭(Da)配(Pei)知(Zhi)识(Shi)(横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)知(Zhi)识(Shi))在(Zai)其(Qi)中(Zhong)的(De)表(Biao)征(Zheng)特(Te)点(Dian)。模(Mo)型(Xing)中(Zhong)的(De)“概(Gai)念(Nian)”仅(Jin)限(Xian)于(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)和(He)二(Er)语(Yu)中(Zhong)的(De)纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)概(Gai)念(Nian)知(Zhi)识(Shi), 特(Te)别(Bie)是(Shi)与(Yu)具(Ju)体(Ti)/抽(Chou)象(Xiang)名(Ming)词(Ci)和(He)同(Tong)源(Yuan)/异(Yi)源(Yuan)词(Ci)相(Xiang)关(Guan)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)知(Zhi)识(Shi)(de Groot & Nas, 1991; de Groot, 1992; de Groot et al., 1994; Kroll & de Groot, 1997),比(Bi)如(Ru)在(Zai)单(Dan)语(Yu)和(He)双(Shuang)语(Yu)启(Qi)动(Dong)实(Shi)验(Yan)中(Zhong)所(Suo)使(Shi)用(Yong)的(De)启(Qi)动(Dong)词(Ci)总(Zong)是(Shi)和(He)被(Bei)启(Qi)动(Dong)词(Ci)有(You)语(Yu)义(Yi)上(Shang)的(De)相(Xiang)关(Guan)(DOCTOR-nurse; BODY-finger)(Chen & Leung, 1989; Kroll & Sholl,1992; Dong et al., 2005), 很(Hen)少(Shao)有(You)研(Yan)究(Jiu)关(Guan)注(Zhu)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)中(Zhong)具(Ju)有(You)搭(Da)配(Pei)关(Guan)系(Xi)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)知(Zhi)识(Shi)是(Shi)如(Ru)何(He)存(Cun)储(Chu)并(Bing)以(Yi)何(He)种(Zhong)形(Xing)式(Shi)产(Chan)生(Sheng)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)的(De)。2)此(Ci)修(Xiu)正(Zheng)模(Mo)型(Xing)主(Zhu)要(Yao)关(Guan)注(Zhu)的(De)是(Shi)相(Xiang)近(Jin)语(Yu)言(Yan)系(Xi)统(Tong)的(De)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)。由(You)于(Yu)语(Yu)言(Yan)相(Xiang)近(Jin)可(Ke)共(Gong)享(Xiang)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)知(Zhi)识(Shi)也(Ye)会(Hui)更(Geng)多(Duo), 而(Er)汉(Han)语(Yu)和(He)英(Ying)语(Yu)分(Fen)属(Shu)不(Bu)同(Tong)语(Yu)言(Yan)系(Xi)统(Tong), 其(Qi)产(Chan)生(Sheng)的(De)类(Lei)型(Xing)距(Ju)离(Li)所(Suo)导(Dao)致(Zhi)的(De)各(Ge)自(Zi)特(Te)有(You)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)知(Zhi)识(Shi)会(Hui)在(Zai)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)占(Zhan)有(You)相(Xiang)对(Dui)较(Jiao)大(Da)的(De)比(Bi)例(Li), 这(Zhe)些(Xie)特(Te)有(You)概(Gai)念(Nian)知(Zhi)识(Shi)对(Dui)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)构(Gou)建(Jian)和(He)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)影(Ying)响(Xiang)在(Zai)修(Xiu)正(Zheng)模(Mo)型(Xing)中(Zhong)还(Huan)很(Hen)难(Nan)找(Zhao)到(Dao)解(Jie)释(Shi)。3.共(Gong)享(Xiang)与(Yu)分(Fen)布(Bu)特(Te)征(Zheng)为(Wei)了(Liao)更(Geng)好(Hao)地(Di)解(Jie)释(Shi)概(Gai)念(Nian)特(Te)征(Zheng)在(Zai)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)习(Xi)得(De)中(Zhong)的(De)作(Zuo)用(Yong), de Groot和(He)同(Tong)事(Shi)(de Groot , 1992; de Groot, et al., 1994; van Hell & de Groot, 1998a,1998b)分(Fen)析(Xi)了(Liao)一(Yi)系(Xi)列(Lie)具(Ju)体(Ti)/抽(Chou)象(Xiang)词(Ci)翻(Fan)译(Yi)识(Shi)别(Bie)任(Ren)务(Wu)的(De)实(Shi)验(Yan)结(Jie)果(Guo), 提(Ti)出(Chu)了(Liao)分(Fen)布(Bu)特(Te)征(Zheng)模(Mo)型(Xing)(the Distributed Feature Model, DFM, 见(Jian)图(Tu)3), 把(Ba)概(Gai)念(Nian)分(Fen)解(Jie)成(Cheng)节(Jie)点(Dian), 认(Ren)为(Wei)在(Zai)一(Yi)语(Yu)和(He)二(Er)语(Yu)中(Zhong)具(Ju)体(Ti)词(Ci)要(Yao)比(Bi)抽(Chou)象(Xiang)词(Ci)共(Gong)享(Xiang)更(Geng)多(Duo)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)节(Jie)点(Dian), 因(Yin)为(Wei)具(Ju)体(Ti)词(Ci)指(Zhi)称(Cheng)的(De)实(Shi)际(Ji)对(Dui)象(Xiang)在(Zai)语(Yu)言(Yan)间(Jian)是(Shi)相(Xiang)似(Si)的(De), 而(Er)抽(Chou)象(Xiang)词(Ci)因(Yin)为(Wei)语(Yu)言(Yan)文(Wen)化(Hua)等(Deng)因(Yin)素(Su)可(Ke)能(Neng)只(Zhi)有(You)部(Bu)分(Fen)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)节(Jie)点(Dian)重(Zhong)叠(Die)。这(Zhe)一(Yi)点(Dian)也(Ye)从(Cong)Schonpflug(1997)关(Guan)于(Yu)德(De)—英(Ying)双(Shuang)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)报(Bao)告(Gao)得(De)到(Dao)证(Zheng)实(Shi)。在(Zai)他(Ta)的(De)分(Fen)析(Xi)中(Zhong), 抽(Chou)象(Xiang)词(Ci)的(De)单(Dan)个(Ge)翻(Fan)译(Yi)对(Dui)应(Ying)词(Ci)的(De)比(Bi)例(Li)要(Yao)比(Bi)具(Ju)体(Ti)词(Ci)高(Gao), 这(Zhe)意(Yi)味(Wei)着(Zhuo)具(Ju)体(Ti)词(Ci)的(De)共(Gong)享(Xiang)概(Gai)念(Nian)节(Jie)点(Dian)更(Geng)多(Duo),二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)会(Hui)对(Dui)具(Ju)体(Ti)词(Ci)联(Lian)想(Xiang)出(Chu)更(Geng)多(Duo)更(Geng)丰(Feng)富(Fu)的(De)语(Yu)义(Yi)反(Fan)应(Ying), 而(Er)抽(Chou)象(Xiang)词(Ci)相(Xiang)比(Bi)之(Zhi)下(Xia)更(Geng)具(Ju)有(You)语(Yu)言(Yan)特(Te)有(You)的(De)非(Fei)共(Gong)享(Xiang)概(Gai)念(Nian)节(Jie)点(Dian)(Jin, 1990; de Groot & Nas, 1991)。de Groot等(Deng)的(De)分(Fen)布(Bu)模(Mo)型(Xing)主(Zhu)要(Yao)是(Shi)基(Ji)于(Yu)对(Dui)具(Ju)体(Ti)词(Ci)和(He)抽(Chou)象(Xiang)词(Ci)的(De)翻(Fan)译(Yi)任(Ren)务(Wu)研(Yan)究(Jiu)结(Jie)果(Guo)而(Er)提(Ti)出(Chu)的(De)。为(Wei)了(Liao)使(Shi)模(Mo)型(Xing)更(Geng)具(Ju)有(You)解(Jie)释(Shi)性(Xing)和(He)普(Pu)遍(Bian)性(Xing),Dong等(Deng)(2005)在(Zai)此(Ci)基(Ji)础(Chu)上(Shang)提(Ti)出(Chu)了(Liao)共(Gong)享(Xiang)分(Fen)布(Bu)式(Shi)的(De)不(Bu)对(Dui)称(Cheng)模(Mo)型(Xing),指(Zhi)出(Chu),一(Yi)语(Yu)和(He)二(Er)语(Yu)翻(Fan)译(Yi)等(Deng)值(Zhi)词(Ci)共(Gong)有(You)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)元(Yuan)素(Su)享(Xiang)有(You)相(Xiang)同(Tong)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)表(Biao)征(Zheng);一(Yi)语(Yu)和(He)二(Er)语(Yu)翻(Fan)译(Yi)等(Deng)值(Zhi)词(Ci)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)表(Biao)征(Zheng)由(You)一(Yi)系(Xi)列(Lie)共(Gong)享(Xiang)和(He)独(Du)有(You)概(Gai)念(Nian)元(Yuan)素(Su)的(De)节(Jie)点(Dian)组(Zu)成(Cheng),呈(Cheng)分(Fen)布(Bu)状(Zhuang)态(Tai);一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)和(He)共(Gong)有(You)概(Gai)念(Nian)元(Yuan)素(Su)的(De)连(Lian)接(Jie)强(Qiang)于(Yu)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)和(He)它(Ta)的(De)连(Lian)接(Jie),一(Yi)语(Yu)和(He)一(Yi)语(Yu)概(Gai)念(Nian)元(Yuan)素(Su)的(De)连(Lian)接(Jie)、二(Er)语(Yu)和(He)二(Er)语(Yu)概(Gai)念(Nian)元(Yuan)素(Su)的(De)连(Lian)接(Jie)强(Qiang)于(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)和(He)二(Er)语(Yu)概(Gai)念(Nian)元(Yuan)素(Su)、二(Er)语(Yu)和(He)一(Yi)语(Yu)概(Gai)念(Nian)元(Yuan)素(Su)的(De)连(Lian)接(Jie), 形(Xing)成(Cheng)不(Bu)对(Dui)称(Cheng)联(Lian)系(Xi)强(Qiang)度(Du)。该(Gai)模(Mo)型(Xing)较(Jiao)之(Zhi)以(Yi)往(Wang)模(Mo)型(Xing)更(Geng)为(Wei)完(Wan)善(Shan)的(De)一(Yi)点(Dian)主(Zhu)要(Yao)在(Zai)于(Yu),它(Ta)把(Ba)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)汇(Hui)中(Zhong)两(Liang)语(Yu)独(Du)有(You)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)意(Yi)义(Yi)元(Yuan)素(Su)分(Fen)离(Li)出(Chu)来(Lai),强(Qiang)调(Diao)了(Liao)两(Liang)语(Yu)间(Jian)概(Gai)念(Nian)/意(Yi)义(Yi)重(Zhong)叠(Die)的(De)不(Bu)对(Dui)称(Cheng)性(Xing), 以(Yi)及(Ji)语(Yu)言(Yan)间(Jian)可(Ke)以(Yi)共(Gong)有(You)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)元(Yuan)素(Su)和(He)不(Bu)能(Neng)共(Gong)享(Xiang)的(De)语(Yu)言(Yan)特(Te)有(You)的(De)意(Yi)义(Yi)元(Yuan)素(Su)(见(Jian)图(Tu)4)。虽(Sui)然(Ran)Dong等(Deng)的(De)模(Mo)型(Xing)勾(Gou)勒(Le)了(Liao)双(Shuang)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)共(Gong)享(Xiang)和(He)独(Du)有(You)概(Gai)念(Nian)表(Biao)征(Zheng)结(Jie)构(Gou) ,且(Qie)对(Dui)双(Shuang)语(Yu)者(Zhe)脑(Nao)成(Cheng)像(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)的(De)结(Jie)果(Guo)证(Zheng)实(Shi)了(Liao)两(Liang)语(Yu)共(Gong)有(You)概(Gai)念(Nian)元(Yuan)素(Su)几(Ji)乎(Hu)都(Du)储(Chu)存(Cun)在(Zai)同(Tong)一(Yi)区(Qu)域(Yu)即(Ji)颞(Zuo)叶(Ye)语(Yu)言(Yan)区(Qu)(Wernicke's area), 但(Dan)该(Gai)模(Mo)型(Xing)仍(Reng)未(Wei)涉(She)及(Ji)句(Ju)法(Fa)搭(Da)配(Pei)知(Zhi)识(Shi)的(De)表(Biao)征(Zheng)和(He)发(Fa)展(Zhan)特(Te)点(Dian),其(Qi)概(Gai)念(Nian)元(Yuan)素(Su)主(Zhu)要(Yao)指(Zhi)语(Yu)义(Yi)相(Xiang)关(Guan)的(De)不(Bu)同(Tong)节(Jie)点(Dian),与(Yu)句(Ju)法(Fa)搭(Da)配(Pei)知(Zhi)识(Shi)无(Wu)关(Guan)。Dong等(Deng)对(Dui)此(Ci)不(Bu)足(Zu)的(De)解(Jie)释(Shi)为(Wei), 句(Ju)法(Fa)搭(Da)配(Pei)知(Zhi)识(Shi)可(Ke)能(Neng)储(Chu)存(Cun)在(Zai)不(Bu)同(Tong)的(De)区(Qu)域(Yu), 如(Ru)前(Qian)额(E)叶(Ye)区(Qu)(Broca's area),目(Mu)前(Qian)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)由(You)于(Yu)各(Ge)种(Zhong)原(Yuan)因(Yin)还(Huan)不(Bu)能(Neng)提(Ti)供(Gong)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)所(Suo)有(You)元(Yuan)素(Su)的(De)存(Cun)储(Chu)范(Fan)式(Shi)和(He)特(Te)点(Dian),现(Xian)有(You)模(Mo)型(Xing)当(Dang)然(Ran)也(Ye)有(You)待(Dai)修(Xiu)正(Zheng)和(He)完(Wan)善(Shan)。Jiang (2000)的(De)三(San)阶(Jie)段(Duan)模(Mo)型(Xing)(Three-Stage Model)是(Shi)目(Mu)前(Qian)为(Wei)止(Zhi)较(Jiao)为(Wei)全(Quan)面(Mian)的(De)描(Miao)述(Shu)课(Ke)堂(Tang)教(Jiao)学(Xue)环(Huan)境(Jing)下(Xia)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)发(Fa)展(Zhan)过(Guo)程(Cheng)的(De)解(Jie)释(Shi)理(Li)论(Lun)模(Mo)型(Xing)。Jiang认(Ren)为(Wei),由(You)于(Yu)母(Mu)语(Yu)系(Xi)统(Tong)的(De)存(Cun)在(Zai),二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)构(Gou)建(Jian)从(Cong)本(Ben)质(Zhi)上(Shang)来(Lai)说(Shuo)就(Jiu)有(You)别(Bie)于(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)。他(Ta)把(Ba)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)发(Fa)展(Zhan)划(Hua)分(Fen)为(Wei)三(San)个(Ge)阶(Jie)段(Duan), 即(Ji)词(Ci)形(Xing)阶(Jie)段(Duan)(formal stage)、一(Yi)语(Yu)媒(Mei)介(Jie)阶(Jie)段(Duan)(L1-mediation stage)和(He)二(Er)语(Yu)融(Rong)合(He)阶(Jie)段(Duan)(L2-integration stage)。在(Zai)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)发(Fa)展(Zhan)的(De)最(Zui)初(Chu)阶(Jie)段(Duan), 学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)的(De)词(Ci)条(Tiao)只(Zhi)含(Han)有(You)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)发(Fa)音(Yin)和(He)拼(Pin)写(Xie)信(Xin)息(Xi),词(Ci)汇(Hui)指(Zhi)示(Shi)器(Qi)帮(Bang)助(Zhu)指(Zhi)向(Xiang)该(Gai)词(Ci)的(De)母(Mu)语(Yu)翻(Fan)译(Yi)等(Deng)值(Zhi)词(Ci)。这(Zhe)个(Ge)阶(Jie)段(Duan)的(De)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)意(Yi)义(Yi)和(He)语(Yu)法(Fa)信(Xin)息(Xi)都(Du)必(Bi)须(Xu)通(Tong)过(Guo)翻(Fan)译(Yi)对(Dui)等(Deng)词(Ci)才(Cai)能(Neng)获(Huo)得(De), 其(Qi)二(Er)语(Yu)概(Gai)念(Nian)意(Yi)义(Yi)共(Gong)享(Xiang)一(Yi)语(Yu)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)表(Biao)征(Zheng)。而(Er)随(Sui)着(Zhuo)二(Er)语(Yu)水(Shui)平(Ping)的(De)提(Ti)高(Gao), 二(Er)语(Yu)的(De)词(Ci)形(Xing)和(He)一(Yi)语(Yu)的(De)语(Yu)义(Yi)句(Ju)法(Fa)知(Zhi)识(Shi)间(Jian)的(De)连(Lian)接(Jie)得(De)到(Dao)不(Bu)断(Duan)的(De)加(Jia)强(Qiang), 但(Dan)由(You)于(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)形(Xing)态(Tai)因(Yin)语(Yu)言(Yan)而(Er)异(Yi), 二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)又(You)接(Jie)触(Chu)不(Bu)到(Dao)大(Da)量(Liang)的(De)高(Gao)度(Du)语(Yu)境(Jing)化(Hua)的(De)目(Mu)标(Biao)语(Yu)输(Shu)入(Ru), 且(Qie)因(Yin)为(Wei)可(Ke)以(Yi)借(Jie)助(Zhu)于(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)轻(Qing)松(Song)获(Huo)取(Qu)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)义(Yi)等(Deng)信(Xin)息(Xi),所(Suo)以(Yi)绝(Jue)大(Da)多(Duo)数(Shu)的(De)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)词(Ci)汇(Hui)发(Fa)展(Zhan)只(Zhi)停(Ting)留(Liu)在(Zai)第(Di)二(Er)阶(Jie)段(Duan),即(Ji)部(Bu)分(Fen)共(Gong)享(Xiang)母(Mu)语(Yu)概(Gai)念(Nian)意(Yi)义(Yi)的(De)一(Yi)语(Yu)媒(Mei)介(Jie)阶(Jie)段(Duan),而(Er)无(Wu)法(Fa)达(Da)到(Dao)Jiang所(Suo)描(Miao)绘(Hui)的(De)最(Zui)终(Zhong)阶(Jie)段(Duan):二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)自(Zi)动(Dong)运(Yun)用(Yong)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)能(Neng)力(Li),区(Qu)分(Fen)一(Yi)语(Yu)和(He)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)概(Gai)念(Nian)意(Yi)义(Yi)的(De)相(Xiang)同(Tong)和(He)差(Cha)异(Yi)。Jiang的(De)模(Mo)型(Xing)不(Bu)仅(Jin)描(Miao)绘(Hui)了(Liao)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)构(Gou)成(Cheng)元(Yuan)素(Su)和(He)发(Fa)展(Zhan)过(Guo)程(Cheng), 更(Geng)重(Zhong)要(Yao)的(De)是(Shi)它(Ta)细(Xi)致(Zhi)解(Jie)释(Shi)了(Liao)母(Mu)语(Yu)在(Zai)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)习(Xi)得(De)中(Zhong)无(Wu)法(Fa)逃(Tao)避(Bi)的(De)参(Can)与(Yu)作(Zuo)用(Yong), 预(Yu)测(Ce)了(Liao)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)很(Hen)难(Nan)避(Bi)开(Kai)的(De)石(Shi)化(Hua)阶(Jie)段(Duan)。遗(Yi)憾(Han)的(De)是(Shi),Jiang的(De)模(Mo)型(Xing)仍(Reng)然(Ran)没(Mei)能(Neng)回(Hui)答(Da)构(Gou)成(Cheng)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)一(Yi)个(Ge)重(Zhong)要(Yao)元(Yuan)素(Su)——句(Ju)法(Fa)搭(Da)配(Pei)知(Zhi)识(Shi)到(Dao)底(Di)在(Zai)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)中(Zhong)如(Ru)何(He)表(Biao)征(Zheng),不(Bu)同(Tong)类(Lei)型(Xing)的(De)词(Ci)是(Shi)否(Fou)有(You)不(Bu)同(Tong)的(De)发(Fa)展(Zhan)特(Te)征(Zheng), 语(Yu)言(Yan)独(Du)有(You)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)知(Zhi)识(Shi)如(Ru)何(He)与(Yu)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)结(Jie)等(Deng)等(Deng)。八(Ba)、二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)实(Shi)证(Zheng)研(Yan)究(Jiu)早(Zao)在(Zai)上(Shang)世(Shi)纪(Ji)六(Liu)七(Qi)十(Shi)年(Nian)代(Dai), 一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)结(Jie)果(Guo)证(Zheng)实(Shi)了(Liao)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)模(Mo)式(Shi)有(You)一(Yi)定(Ding)的(De)发(Fa)展(Zhan)规(Gui)律(Lv),由(You)此(Ci)二(Er)语(Yu)研(Yan)究(Jiu)者(Zhe)开(Kai)始(Shi)探(Tan)索(Suo)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)构(Gou)建(Jian)形(Xing)式(Shi),试(Shi)图(Tu)了(Liao)解(Jie)其(Qi)是(Shi)否(Fou)和(He)一(Yi)语(Yu)一(Yi)样(Yang),有(You)相(Xiang)同(Tong)的(De)表(Biao)征(Zheng)特(Te)点(Dian)。相(Xiang)关(Guan)研(Yan)究(Jiu)从(Cong)1978年(Nian)开(Kai)始(Shi),但(Dan)没(Mei)有(You)引(Yin)起(Qi)太(Tai)多(Duo)的(De)关(Guan)注(Zhu),直(Zhi)到(Dao)几(Ji)乎(Hu)本(Ben)世(Shi)纪(Ji)初(Chu),二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)才(Cai)开(Kai)始(Shi)丰(Feng)富(Fu)起(Qi)来(Lai)(Meara, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984; Sǒderman, 1989, 1993; Singleton, 1990, 1999; Wolter, 2001, 2002, 2006; Namei, 2002, 2004; Wilks et al., 2005; Fitzpatrick, 2006, 2007; Zareva, 2007)。对(Dui)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)和(He)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)比(Bi)较(Jiao)结(Jie)果(Guo)形(Xing)成(Cheng)了(Liao)两(Liang)种(Zhong)不(Bu)同(Tong)的(De)观(Guan)点(Dian)。一(Yi)种(Zhong)认(Ren)为(Wei)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)从(Cong)根(Gen)本(Ben)上(Shang)不(Bu)同(Tong)于(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku), 主(Zhu)要(Yao)是(Shi)基(Ji)于(Yu)语(Yu)音(Yin)的(De)联(Lian)结(Jie)网(Wang)络(Luo)(Meara, 1978, 1984; Laufer, 1989; Channel, 1990; Read, 1993; Meara &Wolter, 2004)。早(Zao)在(Zai)1978年(Nian), Meara就(Jiu)提(Ti)出(Chu), 二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)本(Ben)质(Zhi)上(Shang)是(Shi)语(Yu)音(Yin)的(De),而(Er)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)是(Shi)基(Ji)于(Yu)语(Yu)义(Yi)的(De)。1982年(Nian), Meara对(Dui)他(Ta)所(Suo)负(Fu)责(Ze)的(De)Birkbeck词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)项(Xiang)目(Mu)结(Jie)果(Guo)进(Jin)行(Xing)了(Liao)分(Fen)析(Xi),总(Zong)结(Jie)了(Liao)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)四(Si)个(Ge)特(Te)征(Zheng),认(Ren)为(Wei)“有(You)充(Chong)分(Fen)的(De)理(Li)由(You)相(Xiang)信(Xin)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)的(De)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)与(Yu)母(Mu)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)有(You)显(Xian)著(Zhu)区(Qu)别(Bie)”(1984:231):1)二(Er)语(Yu)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)结(Jie)果(Guo)很(Hen)不(Bu)规(Gui)则(Ze), 不(Bu)同(Tong)于(Yu)母(Mu)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying)结(Jie)果(Guo)。2)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)联(Lian)结(Jie)程(Cheng)度(Du)远(Yuan)比(Bi)本(Ben)族(Zu)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)不(Bu)稳(Wen)定(Ding)。3)语(Yu)音(Yin)在(Zai)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)起(Qi)非(Fei)常(Chang)主(Zhu)要(Yao)的(De)作(Zuo)用(Yong)。二(Er)语(Yu)者(Zhe)经(Jing)常(Chang)误(Wu)解(Jie)了(Liao)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci), 给(Gei)出(Chu)毫(Hao)无(Wu)关(Guan)联(Lian)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)结(Jie)果(Guo)。4)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)的(De)语(Yu)义(Yi)联(Lian)结(Jie)和(He)本(Ben)族(Zu)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)有(You)本(Ben)质(Zhi)的(De)区(Qu)别(Bie)。Meara的(De)观(Guan)点(Dian)陆(Lu)续(Xu)得(De)到(Dao)其(Qi)他(Ta)研(Yan)究(Jiu)者(Zhe)的(De)认(Ren)同(Tong),他(Ta)们(Men)采(Cai)用(Yong)不(Bu)同(Tong)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)任(Ren)务(Wu)得(De)出(Chu)了(Liao)相(Xiang)似(Si)的(De)结(Jie)论(Lun)(Laufer, 1989; Channel, 1990; Read, 1993; Schmitt & Meara, 1997; Verhallen & Schoonen, 1993, 1998)。Meara和(He)Wolter (2004)还(Huan)设(She)计(Ji)了(Liao)一(Yi)种(Zhong)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)测(Ce)试(Shi)任(Ren)务(Wu)V-Link (Vocabulary Link),该(Gai)测(Ce)试(Shi)工(Gong)具(Ju)主(Zhu)要(Yao)由(You)20组(Zu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)练(Lian)习(Xi)构(Gou)成(Cheng),每(Mei)组(Zu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)包(Bao)含(Han)10个(Ge)与(Yu)受(Shou)测(Ce)词(Ci)语(Yu)义(Yi)关(Guan)联(Lian)和(He)无(Wu)关(Guan)的(De)词(Ci)对(Dui), 受(Shou)试(Shi)只(Zhi)需(Xu)在(Zai)电(Dian)脑(Nao)屏(Ping)幕(Mu)上(Shang)点(Dian)击(Ji)有(You)语(Yu)义(Yi)相(Xiang)关(Guan)的(De)词(Ci)项(Xiang), 正(Zheng)确(Que)与(Yu)否(Fou)可(Ke)以(Yi)通(Tong)过(Guo)点(Dian)击(Ji)底(Di)端(Duan)的(De)四(Si)级(Ji)关(Guan)联(Lian)强(Qiang)度(Du)量(Liang)表(Biao)来(Lai)验(Yan)证(Zheng)。Meara和(He)Wolter用(Yong)它(Ta)收(Shou)集(Ji)了(Liao)不(Bu)同(Tong)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)数(Shu)据(Ju),发(Fa)现(Xian)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)不(Bu)仅(Jin)要(Yao)比(Bi)一(Yi)语(Yu)的(De)小(Xiao)很(Hen)多(Duo), 其(Qi)词(Ci)汇(Hui)间(Jian)的(De)联(Lian)结(Jie)方(Fang)式(Shi)也(Ye)远(Yuan)比(Bi)一(Yi)语(Yu)的(De)简(Jian)单(Dan)很(Hen)多(Duo)。Schmitt和(He)Meara (1997)对(Dui)95名(Ming)日(Ri)本(Ben)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)进(Jin)行(Xing)的(De)20个(Ge)常(Chang)用(Yong)动(Dong)词(Ci)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)测(Ce)试(Shi)结(Jie)果(Guo)提(Ti)供(Gong)了(Liao)进(Jin)一(Yi)步(Bu)的(De)证(Zheng)实(Shi), 学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)母(Mu)语(Yu)化(Hua)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)只(Zhi)有(You)本(Ben)族(Zu)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)一(Yi)半(Ban), 而(Er)且(Qie)发(Fa)现(Xian)即(Ji)便(Bian)是(Shi)对(Dui)非(Fei)常(Chang)熟(Shu)悉(Xi)的(De)常(Chang)用(Yong)词(Ci)也(Ye)缺(Que)乏(Fa)足(Zu)够(Gou)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)知(Zhi)识(Shi)。Verhallen和(He)Schoonen (1993, 1998)研(Yan)究(Jiu)中(Zhong)的(De)荷(He)兰(Lan)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)同(Tong)样(Yang)如(Ru)此(Ci)。他(Ta)们(Men)只(Zhi)用(Yong)了(Liao)六(Liu)个(Ge)高(Gao)频(Pin)熟(Shu)词(Ci)对(Dui)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)跟(Gen)踪(Zong)研(Yan)究(Jiu), 发(Fa)现(Xian)即(Ji)使(Shi)在(Zai)语(Yu)言(Yan)浸(Jin)入(Ru)项(Xiang)目(Mu)中(Zhong)学(Xue)习(Xi)的(De)二(Er)语(Yu)儿(Er)童(Tong), 其(Qi)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)数(Shu)量(Liang)和(He)种(Zhong)类(Lei)都(Du)远(Yuan)远(Yuan)落(Luo)后(Hou)于(Yu)同(Tong)龄(Ling)的(De)一(Yi)语(Yu)者(Zhe)。虽(Sui)然(Ran)若(Ruo)干(Gan)研(Yan)究(Jiu)证(Zheng)实(Shi)了(Liao)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)不(Bu)同(Tong)于(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)联(Lian)想(Xiang)结(Jie)构(Gou), 但(Dan)这(Zhe)种(Zhong)以(Yi)Meara为(Wei)代(Dai)表(Biao)的(De)语(Yu)音(Yin)观(Guan)后(Hou)来(Lai)还(Huan)是(Shi)受(Shou)到(Dao)了(Liao)以(Yi)Singleton (1999)为(Wei)代(Dai)表(Biao)的(De)挑(Tiao)战(Zhan)。后(Hou)者(Zhe)通(Tong)过(Guo)对(Dui)都(Du)柏(Bai)林(Lin)三(San)一(Yi)学(Xue)院(Yuan)的(De)现(Xian)代(Dai)语(Yu)言(Yan)研(Yan)究(Jiu)项(Xiang)目(Mu)(Modern Languages Research Project,MRLP)中(Zhong)的(De)完(Wan)形(Xing)填(Tian)空(Kong)、词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)、故(Gu)事(Shi)讲(Jiang)述(Shu)以(Yi)及(Ji)翻(Fan)译(Yi)练(Lian)习(Xi)任(Ren)务(Wu)结(Jie)果(Guo)进(Jin)行(Xing)分(Fen)析(Xi), 认(Ren)为(Wei)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)表(Biao)征(Zheng)和(He)一(Yi)语(Yu)一(Yi)样(Yang), 都(Du)是(Shi)遵(Zun)循(Xun)语(Yu)义(Yi)联(Lian)结(Jie)的(De)方(Fang)式(Shi)构(Gou)建(Jian)的(De)。Singleton和(He)同(Tong)事(Shi)选(Xuan)取(Qu)了(Liao)Kent-Rosanoff (1910)中(Zhong)的(De)50个(Ge)词(Ci),对(Dui)母(Mu)语(Yu)为(Wei)法(Fa)语(Yu)的(De)高(Gao)水(Shui)平(Ping)英(Ying)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)进(Jin)行(Xing)了(Liao)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)测(Ce)试(Shi)。受(Shou)试(Shi)要(Yao)求(Qiu)在(Zai)30秒(Miao)内(Nei)对(Dui)显(Xian)示(Shi)在(Zai)投(Tou)影(Ying)仪(Yi)上(Shang)的(De)每(Mei)个(Ge)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci)写(Xie)出(Chu)尽(Jin)可(Ke)能(Neng)多(Duo)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying)词(Ci)。结(Jie)果(Guo)分(Fen)析(Xi)表(Biao)明(Ming), 仅(Jin)有(You)极(Ji)小(Xiao)部(Bu)分(Fen)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying)是(Shi)通(Tong)过(Guo)语(Yu)音(Yin)联(Lian)结(Jie)(A组(Zu)3.6%; B组(Zu)0.4%)。Singleton据(Ju)此(Ci)认(Ren)为(Wei),二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)模(Mo)式(Shi)和(He)一(Yi)语(Yu)没(Mei)有(You)不(Bu)同(Tong),都(Du)是(Shi)基(Ji)于(Yu)语(Yu)义(Yi)的(De)联(Lian)结(Jie)。问(Wen)题(Ti)在(Zai)于(Yu),Singleton所(Suo)采(Cai)用(Yong)的(De)词(Ci)正(Zheng)如(Ru)Meara(1982, 1983)对(Dui)Kent-Rosanoff词(Ci)条(Tiao)所(Suo)批(Pi)评(Ping)的(De)那(Na)样(Yang),都(Du)是(Shi)高(Gao)频(Pin)熟(Shu)词(Ci), 且(Qie)实(Shi)验(Yan)中(Zhong)的(De)受(Shou)试(Shi)都(Du)是(Shi)高(Gao)水(Shui)平(Ping)的(De)二(Er)语(Yu)者(Zhe), 做(Zuo)出(Chu)较(Jiao)多(Duo)的(De)语(Yu)义(Yi)反(Fan)应(Ying)也(Ye)在(Zai)预(Yu)料(Liao)之(Zhi)中(Zhong), 但(Dan)其(Qi)极(Ji)低(Di)的(De)语(Yu)音(Yin)反(Fan)应(Ying)比(Bi)例(Li)引(Yin)起(Qi)了(Liao)人(Ren)们(Men)对(Dui)其(Qi)反(Fan)应(Ying)类(Lei)型(Xing)分(Fen)类(Lei)方(Fang)法(Fa)的(De)质(Zhi)疑(Yi)。词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)最(Zui)容(Rong)易(Yi)引(Yin)发(Fa)不(Bu)同(Tong)结(Jie)果(Guo)的(De)重(Zhong)要(Yao)因(Yin)素(Su)有(You)两(Liang)个(Ge):一(Yi)是(Shi)所(Suo)选(Xuan)的(De)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci),二(Er)是(Shi)对(Dui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)类(Lei)型(Xing)的(De)分(Fen)类(Lei)方(Fang)法(Fa)。我(Wo)们(Men)已(Yi)经(Jing)发(Fa)现(Xian)Singleton所(Suo)用(Yong)的(De)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci)存(Cun)在(Zai)问(Wen)题(Ti),即(Ji)均(Jun)为(Wei)高(Gao)频(Pin)熟(Shu)词(Ci);他(Ta)所(Suo)采(Cai)用(Yong)的(De)对(Dui)语(Yu)音(Yin)反(Fan)应(Ying)的(De)分(Fen)类(Lei)又(You)仅(Jin)限(Xian)于(Yu)语(Yu)音(Yin)相(Xiang)关(Guan)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying)词(Ci), 把(Ba)那(Na)些(Xie)语(Yu)义(Yi)不(Bu)关(Guan)联(Lian)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying)词(Ci)、生(Sheng)造(Zao)词(Ci)等(Deng)排(Pai)除(Chu)在(Zai)外(Wai),这(Zhe)使(Shi)得(De)他(Ta)的(De)语(Yu)音(Yin)反(Fan)应(Ying)比(Bi)例(Li)变(Bian)得(De)很(Hen)低(Di)。由(You)此(Ci)发(Fa)现(Xian)其(Qi)结(Jie)论(Lun)的(De)根(Gen)基(Ji)并(Bing)不(Bu)稳(Wen)固(Gu), 当(Dang)然(Ran)得(De)出(Chu)的(De)结(Jie)论(Lun)也(Ye)难(Nan)以(Yi)令(Ling)人(Ren)信(Xin)服(Fu)。事(Shi)实(Shi)上(Shang),Singleton自(Zi)己(Ji)也(Ye)承(Cheng)认(Ren), 即(Ji)便(Bian)是(Shi)采(Cai)用(Yong)了(Liao)高(Gao)频(Pin)熟(Shu)词(Ci),只(Zhi)分(Fen)析(Xi)纯(Chun)语(Yu)音(Yin)关(Guan)联(Lian)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying),在(Zai)他(Ta)的(De)数(Shu)据(Ju)中(Zhong)至(Zhi)少(Shao)有(You)四(Si)名(Ming)受(Shou)试(Shi)仍(Reng)然(Ran)联(Lian)想(Xiang)出(Chu)了(Liao)很(Hen)高(Gao)比(Bi)例(Li)的(De)纯(Chun)语(Yu)音(Yin)反(Fan)应(Ying)词(Ci),最(Zui)高(Gao)达(Da)16.2%(1999), 如(Ru)果(Guo)加(Jia)上(Shang)其(Qi)他(Ta)反(Fan)应(Ying),二(Er)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)非(Fei)语(Yu)义(Yi)反(Fan)应(Ying)比(Bi)例(Li)会(Hui)更(Geng)高(Gao)。Singleton的(De)同(Tong)一(Yi)观(Guan)同(Tong)样(Yang)得(De)到(Dao)一(Yi)些(Xie)研(Yan)究(Jiu)的(De)支(Zhi)持(Chi)。Zerava (2007)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)就(Jiu)是(Shi)一(Yi)个(Ge)比(Bi)较(Jiao)极(Ji)端(Duan)的(De)例(Li)子(Zi)。她(Ta)严(Yan)格(Ge)遵(Zun)循(Xun)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)研(Yan)究(Jiu)初(Chu)期(Qi)对(Dui)横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)和(He)纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)的(De)定(Ding)义(Yi), 即(Ji)构(Gou)成(Cheng)横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)关(Guan)系(Xi)的(De)词(Ci)必(Bi)须(Xu)词(Ci)性(Xing)不(Bu)同(Tong),而(Er)纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)的(De)词(Ci)必(Bi)须(Xu)为(Wei)同(Tong)一(Yi)词(Ci)性(Xing)。问(Wen)题(Ti)在(Zai)于(Yu)实(Shi)际(Ji)分(Fen)类(Lei)时(Shi)会(Hui)碰(Peng)到(Dao)很(Hen)多(Duo)难(Nan)以(Yi)归(Gui)类(Lei)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying)。Zerava的(De)做(Zuo)法(Fa)是(Shi),对(Dui)这(Zhe)些(Xie)反(Fan)应(Ying)统(Tong)统(Tong)归(Gui)为(Wei)纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)关(Guan)系(Xi);而(Er)且(Qie)把(Ba)所(Suo)有(You)屈(Qu)折(Zhe)和(He)词(Ci)缀(Zhui)反(Fan)应(Ying)词(Ci)也(Ye)都(Du)归(Gui)为(Wei)纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)关(Guan)系(Xi),这(Zhe)就(Jiu)使(Shi)得(De)实(Shi)验(Yan)结(Jie)果(Guo)中(Zhong)的(De)纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)反(Fan)应(Ying)大(Da)大(Da)高(Gao)于(Yu)其(Qi)他(Ta)反(Fan)应(Ying), 语(Yu)音(Yin)反(Fan)应(Ying)的(De)结(Jie)果(Guo)为(Wei)0%。她(Ta)的(De)结(Jie)论(Lun)是(Shi),二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)和(He)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)不(Bu)同(Tong)只(Zhi)在(Zai)于(Yu)数(Shu)量(Liang)上(Shang)的(De)差(Cha)异(Yi), 并(Bing)不(Bu)是(Shi)质(Zhi)的(De)区(Qu)别(Bie)。也(Ye)有(You)研(Yan)究(Jiu)对(Dui)二(Er)语(Yu)与(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)同(Tong)一(Yi)观(Guan)采(Cai)取(Qu)了(Liao)相(Xiang)对(Dui)温(Wen)和(He)的(De)态(Tai)度(Du)(Ard & Gass, 1987; Sǒderman, 1989, 1993; Cunningham, 1990; Namei, 2004)。Sǒderman分(Fen)析(Xi)四(Si)组(Zu)不(Bu)同(Tong)英(Ying)语(Yu)水(Shui)平(Ping)的(De)芬(Fen)兰(Lan)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)的(De)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)结(Jie)果(Guo),发(Fa)现(Xian)随(Sui)着(Zhuo)二(Er)语(Yu)水(Shui)平(Ping)的(De)提(Ti)高(Gao),受(Shou)试(Shi)的(De)语(Yu)音(Yin)反(Fan)应(Ying)和(He)横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)反(Fan)应(Ying)比(Bi)例(Li)在(Zai)降(Jiang)低(Di),表(Biao)现(Xian)出(Chu)从(Cong)语(Yu)音(Yin)联(Lian)结(Jie)到(Dao)语(Yu)义(Yi)联(Lian)结(Jie)的(De)变(Bian)化(Hua), 从(Cong)横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)反(Fan)应(Ying)到(Dao)纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)反(Fan)应(Ying)的(De)增(Zeng)加(Jia), 这(Zhe)说(Shuo)明(Ming)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)并(Bing)不(Bu)像(Xiang)原(Yuan)有(You)的(De)理(Li)解(Jie)那(Na)样(Yang)完(Wan)全(Quan)不(Bu)同(Tong)于(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)。这(Zhe)个(Ge)结(Jie)果(Guo)也(Ye)被(Bei)Cunningham (1990)和(He)Namei (2004)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)得(De)到(Dao)证(Zheng)实(Shi)。但(Dan)同(Tong)时(Shi)Sǒderman也(Ye)发(Fa)现(Xian),语(Yu)音(Yin)在(Zai)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)中(Zhong)起(Qi)着(Zhuo)非(Fei)常(Chang)重(Zhong)要(Yao)的(De)作(Zuo)用(Yong), 即(Ji)便(Bian)是(Shi)高(Gao)水(Shui)平(Ping)的(De)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe), 其(Qi)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)中(Zhong)的(De)语(Yu)音(Yin)反(Fan)应(Ying)比(Bi)例(Li)也(Ye)相(Xiang)当(Dang)高(Gao), 这(Zhe)在(Zai)一(Yi)语(Yu)者(Zhe)的(De)结(Jie)果(Guo)中(Zhong)是(Shi)没(Mei)有(You)发(Fa)现(Xian)的(De)。Namei的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)结(Jie)果(Guo)与(Yu)此(Ci)相(Xiang)同(Tong)。她(Ta)对(Dui)100名(Ming)波(Bo)斯(Si)—瑞(Rui)典(Dian)双(Shuang)语(Yu)者(Zhe)和(He)各(Ge)100名(Ming)波(Bo)斯(Si)和(He)瑞(Rui)典(Dian)单(Dan)语(Yu)者(Zhe)进(Jin)行(Xing)联(Lian)想(Xiang)测(Ce)试(Shi),发(Fa)现(Xian)即(Ji)便(Bian)是(Shi)高(Gao)水(Shui)平(Ping)的(De)二(Er)语(Yu)者(Zhe),语(Yu)音(Yin)反(Fan)应(Ying)也(Ye)是(Shi)其(Qi)联(Lian)想(Xiang)的(De)基(Ji)本(Ben)特(Te)征(Zheng)。Namei依(Yi)据(Ju)受(Shou)试(Shi)对(Dui)词(Ci)的(De)不(Bu)同(Tong)熟(Shu)悉(Xi)度(Du)做(Zuo)出(Chu)的(De)不(Bu)同(Tong)反(Fan)应(Ying)结(Jie)果(Guo)提(Ti)出(Chu)了(Liao)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)构(Gou)建(Jian)特(Te)征(Zheng)模(Mo)型(Xing)(图(Tu)5):虽(Sui)然(Ran)Namei勾(Gou)勒(Le)出(Chu)了(Liao)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)在(Zai)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)的(De)基(Ji)本(Ben)发(Fa)展(Zhan)特(Te)征(Zheng), 由(You)于(Yu)对(Dui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)所(Suo)采(Cai)用(Yong)的(De)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci)的(De)词(Ci)性(Xing)或(Huo)词(Ci)类(Lei)在(Zai)研(Yan)究(Jiu)中(Zhong)并(Bing)没(Mei)有(You)明(Ming)确(Que)划(Hua)分(Fen), 对(Dui)相(Xiang)应(Ying)的(De)反(Fan)应(Ying)进(Jin)行(Xing)分(Fen)类(Lei)也(Ye)没(Mei)有(You)统(Tong)一(Yi)的(De)标(Biao)准(Zhun),因(Yin)此(Ci),这(Zhe)样(Yang)的(De)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)库(Ku)构(Gou)建(Jian)模(Mo)式(Shi)还(Huan)有(You)待(Dai)于(Yu)更(Geng)多(Duo)研(Yan)究(Jiu)结(Jie)果(Guo)的(De)证(Zheng)实(Shi)。九(Jiu)、词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)中(Zhong)未(Wei)能(Neng)解(Jie)决(Jue)的(De)问(Wen)题(Ti)和(He)争(Zheng)议(Yi)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)作(Zuo)为(Wei)一(Yi)种(Zhong)简(Jian)便(Bian)、快(Kuai)捷(Jie)、操(Cao)作(Zuo)性(Xing)强(Qiang)的(De)测(Ce)试(Shi)和(He)实(Shi)验(Yan)手(Shou)段(Duan), 在(Zai)心(Xin)理(Li)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)领(Ling)域(Yu)和(He)应(Ying)用(Yong)语(Yu)言(Yan)学(Xue)领(Ling)域(Yu)已(Yi)经(Jing)得(De)到(Dao)众(Zhong)多(Duo)的(De)关(Guan)注(Zhu)。通(Tong)过(Guo)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)得(De)到(Dao)的(De)结(Jie)果(Guo)可(Ke)以(Yi)分(Fen)析(Xi)和(He)揭(Jie)示(Shi)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)汇(Hui)的(De)联(Lian)结(Jie)特(Te)点(Dian),从(Cong)而(Er)诊(Zhen)断(Duan)出(Chu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)习(Xi)得(De)中(Zhong)存(Cun)在(Zai)的(De)问(Wen)题(Ti),更(Geng)好(Hao)地(Di)指(Zhi)导(Dao)外(Wai)语(Yu)教(Jiao)学(Xue),也(Ye)为(Wei)教(Jiao)材(Cai)的(De)编(Bian)写(Xie)及(Ji)词(Ci)典(Dian)的(De)编(Bian)撰(Zhuan)提(Ti)供(Gong)有(You)价(Jia)值(Zhi)的(De)反(Fan)馈(Kui)信(Xin)息(Xi)。不(Bu)可(Ke)否(Fou)认(Ren), 目(Mu)前(Qian)的(De)相(Xiang)关(Guan)研(Yan)究(Jiu)在(Zai)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)习(Xi)得(De)领(Ling)域(Yu)仍(Reng)在(Zai)起(Qi)步(Bu)阶(Jie)段(Duan), 存(Cun)在(Zai)的(De)问(Wen)题(Ti)以(Yi)及(Ji)对(Dui)研(Yan)究(Jiu)结(Jie)果(Guo)的(De)争(Zheng)议(Yi)也(Ye)不(Bu)少(Shao)。主(Zhu)要(Yao)有(You)以(Yi)下(Xia)几(Ji)个(Ge)方(Fang)面(Mian):1)对(Dui)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)构(Gou)建(Jian)模(Mo)式(Shi)存(Cun)在(Zai)争(Zheng)议(Yi)。是(Shi)与(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)不(Bu)同(Tong)的(De)语(Yu)音(Yin)联(Lian)结(Jie)模(Mo)式(Shi)为(Wei)主(Zhu), 还(Huan)是(Shi)与(Yu)一(Yi)语(Yu)相(Xiang)同(Tong)的(De)语(Yu)义(Yi)联(Lian)结(Jie)模(Mo)式(Shi)为(Wei)主(Zhu),各(Ge)执(Zhi)一(Yi)端(Duan)。2)对(Dui)纵(Zong)聚(Ju)合(He)和(He)横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)反(Fan)应(Ying)的(De)变(Bian)化(Hua)是(Shi)否(Fou)也(Ye)可(Ke)以(Yi)和(He)在(Zai)一(Yi)语(Yu)中(Zhong)的(De)发(Fa)现(Xian)一(Yi)样(Yang),作(Zuo)为(Wei)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)发(Fa)展(Zhan)标(Biao)志(Zhi),目(Mu)前(Qian)仍(Reng)不(Bu)清(Qing)楚(Chu)。3)二(Er)语(Yu)词(Ci)汇(Hui)理(Li)论(Lun)模(Mo)型(Xing)还(Huan)不(Bu)能(Neng)完(Wan)全(Quan)解(Jie)释(Shi)词(Ci)类(Lei)效(Xiao)应(Ying)对(Dui)二(Er)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)的(De)构(Gou)建(Jian)模(Mo)式(Shi)的(De)影(Ying)响(Xiang),也(Ye)没(Mei)有(You)解(Jie)释(Shi)语(Yu)言(Yan)独(Du)有(You)的(De)搭(Da)配(Pei)或(Huo)横(Heng)组(Zu)合(He)关(Guan)系(Xi)在(Zai)二(Er)语(Yu)学(Xue)习(Xi)者(Zhe)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)中(Zhong)的(De)构(Gou)建(Jian)和(He)表(Biao)征(Zheng)特(Te)征(Zheng)。4)词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)测(Ce)试(Shi)在(Zai)方(Fang)法(Fa)上(Shang)还(Huan)没(Mei)有(You)解(Jie)决(Jue)选(Xuan)择(Ze)刺(Ci)激(Ji)词(Ci)和(He)联(Lian)想(Xiang)反(Fan)应(Ying)分(Fen)类(Lei)的(De)标(Biao)准(Zhun)混(Hun)乱(Luan)的(De)问(Wen)题(Ti)。十(Shi)、结(Jie)语(Yu)心(Xin)理(Li)词(Ci)库(Ku)是(Shi)有(You)关(Guan)词(Ci)的(De)信(Xin)息(Xi)在(Zai)大(Da)脑(Nao)中(Zhong)的(De)表(Biao)征(Zheng)(Murphy , 2003)。但(Dan)这(Zhe)些(Xie)信(Xin)息(Xi)到(Dao)底(Di)是(Shi)什(Shi)么(Me),又(You)是(Shi)以(Yi)什(Shi)么(Me)样(Yang)的(De)方(Fang)式(Shi)结(Jie)合(He)在(Zai)一(Yi)起(Qi), 绝(Jue)不(Bu)是(Shi)一(Yi)个(Ge)能(Neng)简(Jian)单(Dan)回(Hui)答(Da)的(De)问(Wen)题(Ti)。词(Ci)汇(Hui)联(Lian)想(Xiang)虽(Sui)然(Ran)简(Jian)便(Bian)易(Yi)行(Xing), 但(Dan)作(Zuo)为(Wei)一(Yi)种(Zhong)科(Ke)学(Xue)的(De)研(Yan)究(Jiu)方(Fang)法(Fa), 仍(Reng)然(Ran)需(Xu)要(Yao)进(Jin)一(Yi)步(Bu)完(Wan)善(Shan)和(He)修(Xiu)正(Zheng)。尽(Jin)管(Guan)如(Ru)此(Ci), 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Second Language Research 23/2Word Associations and Mental Lexicon: A Review of Lexical Network Structure ResearchPing ZhangAbstract: This paper reviews the studies on the relationship between depth of lexical knowledge (lexical network structure) and word associations in mental lexicons. It further reviews the development and patterns of word association test, a classical research method widely employed in psycholinguistics. Comparisons were conducted from the perspectives of L1 and L2 theoretical and empirical research that, the organization of L1 mental lexicon follows the route of vocabulary acquisition: from sound-meaning mapping to syntactic knowledge expansion to semantic network construction. L2 mental lexicon however, bears much controversy not only in independent storing, conceptual mediating, and the role of L1 knowledge, but also in the same or similar developmental patterns with L1 mental lexicon. Defects in word association test as a research method were as well pointed out in the end to lead the way for future research.（本(Ben)文(Wen)首(Shou)次(Ci)发(Fa)表(Biao)在(Zai)《外(Wai)语(Yu)教(Jiao)学(Xue)理(Li)论(Lun)与(Yu)实(Shi)践(Jian)》2009年(Nian)第(Di)3期(Qi)）

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