凡人修仙传最新章节列表冲凡人修仙传全部章节列表-起点...
这样的决定，虽然暂时让他避开了同学的嘲笑，但也切断了他与外界的联系，让他更加沉浸在自己的世界里。
2025年01月05日，普通版的辩8最大功率为600马力，最大扭矩为800牛米。
凡人修仙传最新章节列表冲凡人修仙传全部章节列表-起点...
另一件事是日本核污染水排海第一批7800吨2023年预计排放3.12万吨专家推算日本大概有150万吨核污染水需30词50年才能排放干净
基金的相关知识(二)原创2021-03-10 22:56·俺还是有点内一些相关的基金名词基金就是一个统称，每个基金都有自己的名字这些名字表示着什么呢？一般基金的名字由公司名称+投资的方向/特点+基金的类型就像上图的第一个景顺长城新兴成长混合景顺长城(基金公司)-新兴成长(投资方向)-混合(类型)这一类是没有带字母的，有些就像上图里面的2、3都是带字母的，这些字母代表了什么呢？基金后面带A，这一类的基金持有2、3年，就可以免费赎回。就是说带A的基金一般持有2-3年，就可以免费卖出去，不用手续费。不同公司的规定的时间是不一样的。基金后面带C，这一类基金的一般是不收申购费，一般7天或者30天之后卖出去就不收费。但是这一类会比A的每年要多收0.4％的销售服务费。这种适合短期操作的人了。长期买A还是好一些。带LOF的是一种开放式的基金，可以在很多平台买到。还有带QDII这种就是通过这种基金去购买境外的股票。点进去基金里面可以看到近一年的涨幅，这个就是说明这个基金这一年的表现如何净值，是每份基金单位的净资产价值。是总资产-基金运作所损失的再除以份额的数量开放式的基金每天都会更新的，不同的更新的时间不一样。一般在8点后会逐渐更新。业绩走势可以看到基金的每个交易日的情况，用折线图可以让直观。接下来就是净值估算，每个交易日，9:30到11:30，13:00到15:00，这两个时间段，股票是在变化，估值可以大致知道基金的涨跌，可以方便大家2点半后的操作。不过有些基金的估值和最后净值会有一些不一样。还是要以每天更新的净值为准。还有一些自己整理的建仓:先买一小部分，然后渐渐加仓加仓:继续买基金减仓:卖掉一些基金补仓:基金跌了，继续买一些重仓:准备投资的钱投资7、8成轻仓:占投资的金额3层以下，还能加很多仓清仓:将所有的卖掉满仓:投资的钱全部放进基金里面梭哈:将所有的钱都放进去。止盈:基金收益到达了预期，落袋为安止跌:觉得基金跌的太猛了，觉得还会跌，卖出了追涨:基金涨了几天，还要上车杀跌:基金跌太多了，开始下车踏空:感觉基金会跌，一直没上车打新:新股、新债上市的时候申购。(中签有点低，会赚一些)熊市:股市行情跌的时期牛市:股市行情涨的时期，这种应该就是怎么买都能赚一些。套牢:损失太大，不舍得止损浮盈:没有买出去的盈利浮亏:亏损但是没有卖掉，可能涨回来。追涨杀跌:在基金上涨的时候买入，期待基金继续上涨，在基金下跌的时候，害怕继续下跌，从而卖掉。高抛低吸:基金在高位卖出去，在低位的时候买进来。十三年前，当中铁国际生态城项目签订时，贵州还是从全国贫困人口最多、贫困面积最大、贫困程度最深的省份之一，项目所在地还是一片石漠化区域。
suoziwulidishuo：“tajiushiwodenagetongxiang……”dasantaokezongjiede1.6wzidejisuanjiwangluozhishi！saomang2022-01-18 21:34·chengxuyuanweige1. jisuanjiwangluogaishujibenshuyujiedian （node） ：wangluozhongdejiediankeyishijisuanji，jixianqi，jiaohuanjihuoluyouqideng。lianlu（link ） : congyigejiediandaolingyigejiediandeyiduanwulixianlu。zhongjianmeiyourenheqitajiaodian。zhuji（host） ：lianjiezaiyintewangshangdejisuanji。ISP（Internet Service Provider） ：yintewangfuwutigongzhe（tigongshang）。IXP（Internet eXchange Point） ： hulianwangjiaohuandian IXP zhuyaozuoyongjiushiyunxulianggewangluozhijiexianglianbingjiaohuanfenzu，erbuxuyaozaitongguodisangewangluolaizhuanfafenzu。RFC(Request For Comments) ：yisishi“qingqiupingyi”，baohanliaoguanyu Internet jihusuoyoudezhongyaodewenziziliao。guangyuwang WAN（Wide Area Network） ：renwushitongguochangjuliyunsongzhujifasongdeshuju。chengyuwang MAN（Metropolitan Area Network）：yonglaijiangduogejuyuwangjinxinghulian。juyuwang LAN（Local Area Network） ： xuexiaohuoqiyedaduoyongyouduogehuliandejuyuwang。gerenquyuwang PAN（Personal Area Network） ：zaigerengongzuodedifangbashuyugerenshiyongdedianzishebeiyongwuxianjishulianjieqilaidewangluo 。fenzu（packet ） ：yintewangzhongchuansongdeshujudanyuan。youshoubu header heshujuduanzucheng。fenzuyouchengweibaozu，shoubukechengweibaotou。cunchuzhuanfa（store and forward ） ：luyouqishoudaoyigefenzu，xianjianchafenzushifouzhengque，bingguolvdiaochongtubaodecuowu。quedingbaozhengquehou，quchumudedizhi，tongguochazhaobiaozhaodaoxiangyaofasongdeshuchuduankoudizhi，ranhoujianggaibaofasongchuqu。daikuan（bandwidth） ：zaijisuanjiwangluozhong，biaoshizaidanweishijianneicongwangluozhongdemouyidiandaolingyidiansuonengtongguode“zuigaoshujulv”。changyonglaibiaoshiwangluodetongxinxianlusuonengchuansongshujudenengli。danweishi“bitemeimiao”，jiwei b/s。tuntuliang（throughput ） ：biaoshizaidanweishijianneitongguomougewangluo（huoxindao、jiekou）deshujuliang。tuntulianggengjingchangdiyongyuduixianshishijiezhongdewangluodeyizhongceliang，yibianzhidaoshijishangdaodiyouduoshaoshujuliangnenggoutongguowangluo。tuntuliangshouwangluodedaikuanhuowangluodeedingsulvdexianzhi。zhongyaozhishidianzongjiejisuanjiwangluo（jianchengwangluo）baxuduojisuanjilianjiezaiyiqi，erhulianwangbaxuduowangluolianjiezaiyiqi，shiwangluodewangluo。xiaoxiezimu i kaitoude internet（hulianwang）shitongyongmingci，tafanzhiyouduogejisuanjiwangluoxianghulianjieerchengdewangluo。zaizhexiewangluozhijiandetongxinxieyi（jitongxinguize）keyishirenyide。daxiezimu I kaitoude Internet（hulianwang）shizhuanyongmingci，tazhiquanqiuzuidade，kaifangde，youzhongduowangluoxianghulianjieerchengdetedingdehulianwang，bingcaiyong TCP/IP xieyizuoweitongxinguize，qiqianshenwei ARPANET。Internet detuijianyimingweiyintewang，xianzaiyibanliuxingchengweihulianwang。luyouqishishixianfenzujiaohuandeguanjiangoujian，qirenwushizhuanfashoudaodefenzu，zheshiwangluohexinbufenzuizhongyaodegongneng。fenzujiaohuancaiyongcunchuzhuanfajishu，biaoshibayigebaowen（yaofasongdezhengkuaishuju）fenweijigefenzuhouzaijinxingchuansong。zaifasongbaowenzhiqian，xianbajiaochangdebaowenhuafenchengweiyigegegengxiaodedengchangshujuduan。zaimeigeshujuduandeqianmianjiashangyixieyoubiyaodekongzhixinxizuchengdeshoubufenhou，jiugouchengliaoyigefenzu。fenzuyouchengweibao。fenzushizaihulianwangzhongchuansongdeshujudanyuan，zhengshiyouyufenzudetoububaohanliaozhurumudedizhiheyuandizhidengzhongyaokongzhixinxi，meiyigefenzucainengzaihulianwangzhongdulidexuanzechuanshulujing，bingzhengquedijiaofudaofenzuchuanshudezhongdian。hulianwangangongzuofangshikehuafenweibianyuanbufenhehexinbufen。zhujizaiwangluodebianyuanbufen，qizuoyongshijinxingxinxichuli。youdaliangwangluohelianjiezhexiewangluodeluyouqizuchengdehexinbufen，qizuoyongshitigongliantongxinghejiaohuan。jisuanjitongxinshijisuanjizhongjincheng（jiyunxingzhuodechengxu）zhijiandetongxin。jisuanjiwangluocaiyongdetongxinfangshishikehu-fuwuqifangshi（C/S fangshi）heduidenglianjiefangshi（P2P fangshi）。kehuhefuwuqidushizhitongxinzhongsuoshejideyingyongjincheng。kehushifuwuqingqiufang，fuwuqishifuwutigongfang。anzhaozuoyongfanweidebutong，jisuanjiwangluofenweiguangyuwang WAN，chengyuwang MAN，juyuwang LAN，gerenquyuwang PAN。jisuanjiwangluozuichangyongdexingnengzhibiaoshi：sulv，daikuan，tuntuliang，shiyan（fasongshiyan，chulishiyan，paiduishiyan），shiyandaikuanji，wangfanshijianhexindaoliyonglv。wangluoxieyijixieyi，shiweijinxingwangluozhongdeshujujiaohuanerjianlideguize。jisuanjiwangluodegecengyijiqixieyijihe，chengweiwangluodetixijiegou。10.wucengtixijiegouyouyingyongceng，yunshuceng，wangluoceng（wangjiceng），shujulianluceng，wulicengzucheng。yunshucengzuizhuyaodexieyishi TCP he UDP xieyi，wangluocengzuizhongyaodexieyishi IP xieyi。xiamiandeneironghuijieshaojisuanjiwangluodewucengtixijiegou：wuliceng+shujulianluceng+wangluoceng（wangjiceng）+yunshuceng+yingyongceng。2. wuliceng（Physical Layer）jibenshuyushuju（data） :yunsongxiaoxideshiti。xinhao（signal） ：shujudedianqidehuodiancidebiaoxian。huozheshuoxinhaoshishihezaichuanshujiezhishangchuanshudeduixiang。mayuan（ code） ：zaishiyongshijianyu（huojianchengweishiyu）deboxinglaibiaoshishuzixinhaoshi，daibiaobutonglisanshuzhidejibenboxing。dangong（simplex ） : zhiyouzhengfangxiangdetongxinermeiyoufanfangxiangdejiaohu。banshuanggong（half duplex ） ：tongxindeshuangfangdukeyifasongxinxi，danbunengshuangfangtongshifasong(dangranyejiubunengtongshijieshou)。quanshuanggong（full duplex） : tongxindeshuangfangkeyitongshifasonghejieshouxinxi。shizhen：shiquzhenshixing，zhuyaoshizhijieshoudaodexinhaohefasongdexinhaobutong，youmosunheshuaijian。yingxiangshizhenchengdudeyinsu：1.mayuanchuanshusulv 2.xinhaochuanshujuli 3.zaoshengganrao 4.chuanshumeitizhiliangnaishizhunze : zairenhexindaozhong，mayuandechuanshudexiaolvshiyoushangxiande，chuanshusulvchaoguocishangxian，jiuhuichuxianyanzhongdemajianchuanraowenti，shijieshouduanduimayuandepanjue（jishibie）chengweibukeneng。xiangnongdingli ：zaidaikuanshouxianqieyouzaoshengdexindaozhong，weiliaobuchanshengwucha，xinxideshujuchuanshusulvyoushangxianzhi。jidaixinhao（baseband signal） : laizixinyuandexinhao。zhimeiyoujingguodiaozhideshuzixinhaohuomonixinhao。daitong（pindai）xinhao（bandpass signal） ：bajidaixinhaojingguozaibodiaozhihou，baxinhaodepinlvfanweibanyidaojiaogaodepinduanyibianzaixindaozhongchuanshu（jijinzaiyiduanpinlvfanweineinenggoutongguoxindao），zhelidiaozhiguohoudexinhaojiushidaitongxinhao。diaozhi（modulation ） : duixinhaoyuandexinxijinxingchulihoujiadaozaiboxinhaoshang，shiqibianweishihezaixindaochuanshudexingshideguocheng。xinzaobi（signal-to-noise ratio ） : zhixinhaodepingjungonglvhezaoshengdepingjungonglvzhibi，jiwei S/N。xinzaobi（dB）=10*log10（S/N）。xindaofuyong（channel multiplexing ） ：zhiduogeyonghugongxiangtongyigexindao。（bingbuyidingshitongshi）。bitelv（bit rate ） ：danweishijian（meimiao）neichuansongdebiteshu。botelv（baud rate） ：danweishijianzaibodiaozhizhuangtaigaibiandecishu。zhenduishujuxinhaoduizaibodediaozhisulv。fuyong（multiplexing） ：gongxiangxindaodefangfa。ADSL（Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ） ：feiduichengshuziyonghuxian。guangxiantongzhouhunhewang（HFC wang） :zaimuqianfugaifanweihenguangdeyouxiandianshiwangdejichushangkaifadeyizhongjuminkuandaijieruwangzhongyaozhishidianzongjiewulicengdezhuyaorenwujiushiquedingyuchuanshumeitijiekouyouguandeyixietexing，rujixietexing，dianqitexing，gongnengtexing，guochengtexing。yigeshujutongxinxitongkehuafenweisandabufen，jiyuanxitong，chuanshuxitong，mudexitong。yuanxitongbaokuoyuandian（huoyuanzhan，xinyuan）hefasongqi，mudexitongbaokuojieshouqihezhongdian。tongxindemudeshichuansongxiaoxi。ruhuayin，wenzi，tuxiangdengdushixiaoxi，shujushiyunsongxiaoxideshiti。xinhaozeshishujudedianqihuodiancidebiaoxian。genjuxinhaozhongdaibiaoxiaoxidecanshudequzhifangshibutong，xinhaokefenweimonixinhao（huolianxuxinhao）heshuzixinhao（huolisanxinhao）。zaishiyongshijianyu（jianchengshiyu）deboxingbiaoshishuzixinhaoshi，daibiaobutonglisanshuzhidejibenboxingchengweimayuan。genjushuangfangxinxijiaohudefangshi，tongxinkehuafenweidanxiangtongxin（huodangongtongxin），shuangxiangjiaotitongxin（huobanshuanggongtongxin），shuangxiangtongshitongxin（quanshuanggongtongxin）。laizixinyuandexinhaochengweijidaixinhao。xinhaoyaozaixindaoshangchuanshujiuyaojingguodiaozhi。diaozhiyoujidaidiaozhihedaitongdiaozhizhifen。zuijibendedaitongdiaozhifangfayoudiaofu，diaopinhediaoxiang。huanyougengfuzadediaozhifangfa，ruzhengjiaozhenfudiaozhi。yaotigaoshujuzaixindaoshangdechuandisulv，keyishiyonggenghaodechuanshumeiti，huoshiyongxianjindediaozhijishu。danshujuchuanshusulvbukenengrenyibeitigao。chuanshumeitikefenweiliangdalei，jidaoyinxingchuanshumeiti（shuangjiaoxian，tongzhoudianlan，guangxian）hefeidaoyinxingchuanshumeiti（wuxian，hongwai，daqijiguang）。liaoyouxiaoliyongguangxianziyuan，zaiguangxianganxianheyonghuzhijianguangfanshiyongwuyuanguangwangluo PON。wuyuanguangwangluowuxupeibeidianyuan，qichangqiyunyingchengbenheguanlichengbenduhendi。zuiliuxingdewuyuanguangwangluoshiyitaiwangwuyuanguangwangluo EPON hejibitewuyuanguangwangluo GPON。buchongwulicengzhuyaozuosha？wulicengzhuyaozuodeshiqingjiushi toumingdichuansongbiteliu。yekeyijiangwulicengdezhuyaorenwumiaoshuweiquedingyuchuanshumeitidejiekoudeyixietexing，ji：jixietexing（jiekousuoyongjiexianqideyixiewulishuxingruxingzhuangchicun），dianqitexing（jiekoudianlandegetiaoxianshangchuxiandedianyadefanwei），gongnengtexing（moutiaoxianshangchuxiandemouyidianpingdedianyadeyiyi），guochengtexing（duiyubutonggongnengnengdegezhongkenengshijiandechuxianshunxu）。wulicengkaolvdeshizenyangcainengzailianjiegezhongjisuanjidechuanshumeitishangchuanshushujubiteliu，erbushizhijutidechuanshumeiti。 xianyoudejisuanjiwangluozhongdeyingjianshebeihechuanshumeitidezhongleifeichangfanduo，erqietongxinshouduanyeyouxuduobutongdefangshi。wulicengdezuoyongzhengshijinkenengdipingbidiaozhexiechuanshumeitihetongxinshouduandechayi，shiwulicengshangmiandeshujulianlucengganjuebudaozhexiechayi，zheyangjiukeyishishujulianlucengzhikaolvwanchengbencengdexieyihefuwu，erbubikaolvwangluodejutichuanshumeitihetongxinshouduanshishime。jizhongchangyongdexindaofuyongjishupinfenfuyong(FDM) ：suoyouyonghuzaitongyangdeshijianzhanyongbutongdedaikuanziyuan。shifenfuyong（TDM） ：suoyouyonghuzaibutongdeshijianzhanyongtongyangdepindaikuandu（fenshibufenpin）。tongjishifenfuyong (Statistic TDM) ：gaijindeshifenfuyong，nenggoumingxiantigaoxindaodeliyonglv。mafenfuyong(CDM) ： yonghushiyongjingguoteshutiaoxuandebutongmaxing，yincigeyonghuzhijianbuhuizaochengganrao。zhezhongxitongfasongdexinhaoyouhenqiangdekangganraonengli，qipinpuleisiyubaizaosheng，buyibeidirenfaxian。bofenfuyong( WDM) ：bofenfuyongjiushiguangdepinfenfuyong。jizhongchangyongdekuandaijierujishu，zhuyaoshi ADSL he FTTxyonghudaohulianwangdekuandaijierufangfayoufeiduichengshuziyonghuxian ADSL（yongshuzijishuduixianyoudemonidianhuaxianjinxinggaizao，erbuxuyaozhongxinbuxian。ASDL dekuaisubanbenshishengaosushuziyonghuxian VDSL。），guangxiantongzhouhunhewang HFC（shizaimuqianfugaifanweihenguangdeyouxiandianshiwangdejichushangkaifadeyizhongjuminkuandaijieruwang）he FTTx（jiguangxiandao······）。3. shujulianluceng（Data Link Layer）3.1. jibenshuyulianlu（link） ：yigejiediandaoxianglinjiediandeyiduanwulilianlu。shujulianlu（data link） ：bashixiankongzhishujuyunshudexieyideyingjianheruanjianjiadaolianlushangjiugouchengliaoshujulianlu。xunhuanrongyujianyan CRC（Cyclic Redundancy Check） ：weiliaobaozhengshujuchuanshudekekaoxing，CRC shishujulianlucengguangfanshiyongdeyizhongjiancuojishu。zheng（frame） ：yigeshujulianlucengdechuanshudanyuan，youyigeshujulianlucengshoubuheqixiedaidefengbaosuozuchengxieyishujudanyuan。MTU（Maximum Transfer Uint ） ：zuidachuansongdanyuan。zhengdeshujubufendedechangdushangxian。wumalv BER（Bit Error Rate ） ：zaiyiduanshijiannei，chuanshucuowudebitezhansuochuanshubitezongshudebilv。PPP（Point-to-Point Protocol ） ：dianduidianxieyi。jiyonghujisuanjihe ISP jinxingtongxinshisuoshiyongdeshujulianlucengxieyi。yixiashi PPP zhengdeshiyitu：MAC dizhi（Media Access Control huozhe Medium Access Control） ：yiyiweimeitifangwenkongzhi，huochengweiwulidizhi、yingjiandizhi，yonglaidingyiwangluoshebeideweizhi。zai OSI moxingzhong，disancengwangluocengfuze IP dizhi，diercengshujulianlucengzefuze MAC dizhi。yinciyigezhujihuiyouyige MAC dizhi，ermeigewangluoweizhihuiyouyigezhuanshuyutade IP dizhi 。dizhishishibiemougexitongdezhongyaobiaoshifu，“mingzizhichuwomensuoyaoxunzhaodeziyuan，dizhizhichuziyuansuozaidedifang，luyougaosuwomenruhedaodagaichu。wangqiao（bridge） ：yizhongyongyushujulianlucengshixianzhongji，lianjielianggehuoduogejuyuwangdewangluohulianshebei。jiaohuanji（switch ） ：guangyidelaishuo，jiaohuanjizhideshiyizhongtongxinxitongzhongwanchengxinxijiaohuandeshebei。zheligongzuozaishujulianlucengdejiaohuanjizhideshijiaohuanshijixianqi，qishizhishiyigeduojiekoudewangqiao3.2. zhongyaozhishidianzongjielianlushicongyigejiediandaoxianglinjiediandeyiduanwulilianlu，shujulianluzezailianludejichushangzengjialiaoyixiebiyaodeyingjian（ruwangluoshipeiqi）heruanjian（ruxieyideshixian）shujulianlucengshiyongdezhuyaoshidianduidianxindaoheguangboxindaoliangzhong。shujulianlucengchuanshudexieyishujudanyuanshizheng。shujulianlucengdesangejibenwentishi：fengzhuangchengzheng，toumingchuanshuhechacuojiancexunhuanrongyujianyan CRC shiyizhongjiancuofangfa，erzhengjianyanxulie FCS shitianjiazaishujuhoumianderongyumadianduidianxieyi PPP shishujulianlucengshiyongzuiduodeyizhongxieyi，tadetedianshi：jiandan，zhijiancechacuoerbuqujiuzhengchacuo，bushiyongxuhao，yebujinxingliuliangkongzhi，ketongshizhichiduozhongwangluocengxieyiPPPoE shiweikuandaishangwangdezhujishiyongdelianlucengxieyijuyuwangdeyoudianshi：juyouguangbogongneng，congyigezhandiankefangbiandifangwenquanwang；bianyuxitongdekuozhanhezhujianyanbian；tigaoliaoxitongdekekaoxing，keyongxingheshengcunxing。jisuanjiyuwaijiejuyuwangtongxinxuyaotongguotongxinshipeiqi（huowangluoshipeiqi），tayouchengweiwangluojiekoukahuowangka。jisuanqideyingjiandizhijiuzaishipeiqide ROM zhong。yitaiwangcaiyongdewulianjiedegongzuofangshi，duifasongdeshujuzhengbujinxingbianhao，yebuyaoqiuduifangfahuiqueren。mudezhanshoudaoyouchacuozhengjiubatadiudiao，qitashimeyebuzuoyitaiwangcaiyongdexieyishijuyouchongtujiancedezaibojiantingduodianjieru CSMA/CD。xieyidetedianshi：fasongqianxianjianting，bianfasongbianjianting，yidanfaxianzongxianshangchuxianliaopengzhuang，jiulijitingzhifasong。ranhouanzhaotuibisuanfadengdaiyiduansuijishijianhouzaicifasong。 yinci，meiyigezhandianzaizijifasongshujuzhihoudeyixiaoduanshijiannei，cunzaizhezaoyupengzhuangdekenengxing。yitaiwangshangdegezhandianpingdengdezhengyongyitaiwangxindaoyitaiwangdeshipeiqijuyouguolvgongneng，tazhijieshoudanbozheng，guangbozhengheduobozheng。shiyongjixianqikeyizaiwulicengkuozhanyitaiwang（kuozhanhoudeyitaiwangrengranshiyigewangluo）3.3. buchongshujulianlucengdedianduidianxindaoheguangboxindaodetedian，yijizheliangzhongxindaosuoshiyongdexieyi（PPP xieyiyiji CSMA/CD xieyi）detedianshujulianlucengdesangejibenwenti：fengzhuangchengzheng，toumingchuanshu，chacuojianceyitaiwangde MAC cengyingjiandizhishipeiqi，zhuanfaqi，jixianqi，wangqiao，yitaiwangjiaohuanjidezuoyongyijishiyongchanghe4. wangluoceng（Network Layer）4.1. jibenshuyuxudianlu（Virtual Circuit） : zailianggezhongduanshebeideluojihuowuliduankouzhijian，tongguojianlideshuangxiangdetoumingchuanshutongdao。xudianlubiaoshizhezhishiyitiaoluojishangdelianjie，fenzuduyanzhuozhetiaoluojilianjieanzhaocunchuzhuanfafangshichuansong，erbingbushizhenzhengjianliliaoyitiaowulilianjie。IP（Internet Protocol ） : wangjixieyi IP shi TCP/IP tixizhonglianggezuizhuyaodexieyizhiyi，shi TCP/IP tixijiegouwangjicengdehexin。peitaodeyou ARP，RARP，ICMP，IGMP。ARP（Address Resolution Protocol） : dizhijiexixieyi。dizhijiexixieyi ARP ba IP dizhijiexiweiyingjiandizhi。ICMP（Internet Control Message Protocol ） ：wangjikongzhibaowenxieyi （ICMP yunxuzhujihuoluyouqibaogaochacuoqingkuanghetigongyouguanyichangqingkuangdebaogao）。ziwangyanma（subnet mask ） ：tashiyizhongyonglaizhimingyige IP dizhidenaxieweibiaoshideshizhujisuozaideziwangyijinaxieweibiaoshideshizhujideweiyanma。ziwangyanmabunengdanducunzai，tabixujiehe IP dizhiyiqishiyong。**CIDR（ Classless Inter-Domain Routing ） **：wufenleiyujianluyouxuanze （tedianshixiaochuliaochuantongde A lei、B leihe C leidizhiyijihuafenziwangdegainian，bingshiyonggezhongchangdude“wangluoqianzhui”(network-prefix)laidaitifenleidizhizhongdewangluohaoheziwanghao）。morenluyou（default route） ：dangzailuyoubiaozhongchabudaonengdaodamudedizhideluyoushi，luyouqixuanzedeluyou。morenluyouhuankeyijianxiaoluyoubiaosuozhanyongdekongjianhesousuoluyoubiaosuoyongdeshijian。luyouxuanzesuanfa（Virtual Circuit） ：luyouxuanzexieyidehexinbufen。yintewangcaiyongzishiyingde，fencengcideluyouxuanzexieyi。zhongyaozhishidianzongjieTCP/IP xieyizhongdewangluocengxiangshangzhitigongjiandanlinghuode，wulianjiede，jinzuidanulijiaofudeshujubaofuwu。wangluocengbutigongfuwuzhiliangdechengnuo，bubaozhengfenzujiaofudeshixiansuochuansongdefenzukenengchucuo，diushi，zhongfuheshixu。jinchengzhijiantongxindekekaoxingyouyunshucengfuzezaihulianwangdejiaofuyouliangzhong，yishizaibenwangluozhijiejiaofubuyongjingguoluyouqi，lingyizhongshiheqitawangluodejianjiejiaofu，zhishaojingguoyigeluyouqi，danzuihouyiciyidingshizhijiejiaofufenleide IP dizhiyouwangluohaoziduan（zhimingwangluo）hezhujihaoziduan（zhimingzhuji）zucheng。wangluohaoziduanzuiqianmiandeleibiezhiming IP dizhideleibie。IP dizhishiyizhongfendengjidedizhijiegou。IP dizhiguanlijigoufenpei IP dizhishizhifenpeiwangluohao，zhujihaoyoudedaogaiwangluohaodedanweizixingfenpei。luyouqigenjumudezhujisuolianjiedewangluohaolaizhuanfafenzu。yigeluyouqizhishaolianjiedaolianggewangluo，suoyiyigeluyouqizhishaoyingdangyoulianggebutongde IP dizhiIP shujubaofenweishoubuheshujuliangbufen。shoubudeqianyibufenshigudingchangdu，gong 20 zijie，shisuoyou IP shujubaobixujuyoude（yuandizhi，mudedizhi，zongchangdudengzhongyaodiduandugudingzaishoubu）。yixiechangdukebiandekexuanziduangudingzaishoubudehoumian。IP shoubuzhongdeshengcunshijiangeichuliao IP shujubaozaihulianwangzhongsuonengjingguodezuidaluyouqishu。kefangzhi IP shujubaozaihulianwangzhongwuxianzhidedouquanzi。dizhijiexixieyi ARP ba IP dizhijiexiweiyingjiandizhi。ARP degaosuhuancunkeyidadajianshaowangluoshangdetongxinliang。yinweizheyangkeyishizhujixiacizaiyutongyangdizhidezhujitongxinshi，keyizhijieconggaosuhuancunzhongzhaodaosuoxuyaodeyingjiandizhierbuxuyaozaiquguangbofangshifasong ARP qingqiufenzuwufenleiyujianluyouxuanze CIDR shijiejuemuqian IP dizhijinquedeyigehaobanfa。CIDR jifaba IP dizhihoumianjiashangxiexian“/”，ranhouxieshangqianzhuisuosuozhandeweishu。qianzhui（huowangluoqianzhuiyonglaizhimingwangluo），qianzhuihoumiandebufenshihouzhui，yonglaizhimingzhuji。CIDR baqianzhuiduxiangtongdelianxude IP dizhizuchengyige“CIDR dizhikuai”，IP dizhifenpeiduyi CIDR dizhikuaiweidanwei。wangjikongzhibaowenxieyishi IP cengdexieyi。ICMP baowenzuowei IP shujubaodeshuju，jiashangshoubuhouzucheng IP shujubaofasongchuqu。shiyong ICMP shujubaobingbushiweiliaoshixiankekaochuanshu。ICMP yunxuzhujihuoluyouqibaogaochacuoqingkuanghetigongyouguanyichangqingkuangdebaogao。ICMP baowendezhongleiyouliangzhong ICMP chacuobaogaobaowenhe ICMP xunwenbaowen。yaojiejue IP dizhihaojindewenti，zuigenbendebanfashicaiyongjuyougengdadizhikongjiandexinbanben IP xieyi-IPv6。 IPv6 suodailaidebianhuayou ① gengdadedizhikongjian（caiyong 128 weidizhi）② linghuodeshoubugeshi ③ gaijindexuanxiang ④ zhichijichajiyong ⑤ zhichiziyuandeyufenpei ⑥IPv6 deshoubugaiwei 8 zijieduiqi。xunizhuanyongwangluo VPN liyonggongyongdehulianwangzuoweibenjigouzhuanyongwangzhijiandetongxinzaiti。VPN neishiyonghulianwangdezhuanyongdizhi。yige VPN zhishaoyaoyouyigeluyouqijuyouhefadequanqiu IP dizhi，zheyangcainenghebenxitongdelingyige VPN tongguohulianwangjinxingtongxin。suoyoutongguohulianwangchuansongdeshujuduxuyaojiami。MPLS detedianshi：① zhichimianxianglianjiedefuwuzhiliang ② zhichiliulianggongcheng，pinghengwangluofuzai ③ youxiaodezhichixunizhuanyongwang VPN。MPLS zairukoujiediangeimeiyige IP shujubaodashanggudingchangdude“biaoji”，ranhougenjubiaojizaidierceng（lianluceng）yongyingjianjinxingzhuanfa（zaibiaojijiaohuanluyouqizhongjinxingbiaojijiaohuan），yinerzhuanfasulvdadajiakuai。5. chuanshuceng（Transport Layer）jibenshuyujincheng（process） ：zhijisuanjizhongzhengzaiyunxingdechengxushiti。yingyongjinchenghuxiangtongxin ：yitaizhujidejinchenghelingyitaizhujizhongdeyigejinchengjiaohuanshujudeguocheng（lingwaizhuyitongxinzhenzhengdeduandianbushizhujiershizhujizhongdejincheng，yejiushishuoduandaoduandetongxinshiyingyongjinchengzhijiandetongxin）。chuanshucengdefuyongyufenyong ：fuyongzhifasongfangbutongdejinchengdukeyitongguotongyigeyunshucengxieyichuansongshuju。fenyongzhijieshoufangdeyunshucengzaibaoqubaowendeshoubuhounengbazhexieshujuzhengquedejiaofudaomudeyingyongjincheng。TCP（Transmission Control Protocol） ：chuanshukongzhixieyi。UDP（User Datagram Protocol） ：yonghushujubaoxieyi。**duankou（port） ** ：duankoudemudeshiweiliaoquerenduifangjiqishinagejinchengzaiyuzijijinxingjiaohu，biru MSN he QQ deduankoubutong，ruguomeiyouduankoujiukenengchuxian QQ jinchenghe MSN jiaohucuowu。duankouyouchengxieyiduankouhao。tingzhidengdaixieyi（stop-and-wait） ：zhifasongfangmeifasongwanyigefenzujiutingzhifasong，dengdaiduifangqueren，zaishoudaoquerenzhihouzaifasongxiayigefenzu。liuliangkongzhi : jiushirangfasongfangdefasongsulvbuyaotaikuai，jiyaorangjieshoufanglaidejijieshou，yebuyaoshiwangluofashengyongsai。yongsaikongzhi ：fangzhiguoduodeshujuzhurudaowangluozhong，zheyangkeyishiwangluozhongdeluyouqihuolianlubuzhiguozai。yongsaikongzhisuoyaozuodeduyouyigeqianti，jiushiwangluonenggouchengshouxianyoudewangluofuhe。zhongyaozhishidianzongjieyunshucengtigongyingyongjinchengzhijiandeluojitongxin，yejiushishuo，yunshucengzhijiandetongxinbingbushizhenzhengzailianggeyunshucengzhijianzhijiechuanshushuju。yunshucengxiangyingyongcengpingbiliaoxiamianwangluodexijie（ruwangluotuobu，suocaiyongdeluyouxuanzexieyideng），tashiyingyongjinchengzhijiankanqilaihaoxianglianggeyunshucengshitizhijianyouyitiaoduandaoduandeluojitongxinxindao。wangluocengweizhujitigongluojitongxin，eryunshucengweiyingyongjinchengzhijiantigongduandaoduandeluojitongxin。yunshucengdelianggezhongyaoxieyishiyonghushujubaoxieyi UDP hechuanshukongzhixieyi TCP。anzhao OSI deshuyu，lianggeduidengyunshushitizaitongxinshichuansongdeshujudanweijiaozuoyunshuxieyishujudanyuan TPDU（Transport Protocol Data Unit）。danzai TCP/IP tixizhong，zegenjusuoshiyongdexieyishi TCP huo UDP，fenbiechengzhiwei TCP baowenduanhuo UDP yonghushujubao。UDP zaichuansongshujuzhiqianbuxuyaoxianjianlilianjie，yuandizhujizaishoudao UDP baowenhou，buxuyaogeichurenhequeren。suiran UDP butigongkekaojiaofu，danzaimouxieqingkuangxia UDP queshiyizhongzuiyouxiaodegongzuofangshi。 TCP tigongmianxianglianjiedefuwu。zaichuansongshujuzhiqianbixuxianjianlilianjie，shujuchuansongjieshuhouyaoshifanglianjie。TCP butigongguangbohuoduobofuwu。youyu TCP yaotigongkekaode，mianxianglianjiedechuanshufuwu，zheyinanyibimianzengjialiaoxuduokaixiao，ruqueren，liuliangkongzhi，jishiqiyijilianjieguanlideng。zhebujinshixieyishujudanyuandeshoubuzengdahenduo，huanyaozhanyongxuduochulijiziyuan。yingjianduankoushibutongyingjianshebeijinxingjiaohudejiekou，erruanjianduankoushiyingyongcenggezhongxieyijinchengyuyunshushitijinxingcengjianjiaohudeyizhongdizhi。UDP he TCP deshoubugeshizhongduyouyuanduankouhemudeduankouzhelianggezhongyaoziduan。dangyunshucengshoudao IP cengjiaoshanglaideyunshucengbaowenshi，jiunenggou genjuqishoubuzhongdemudeduankouhaobashujujiaofuyingyongcengdemudeyingyongceng。（lianggejinchengzhijianjinxingtongxinbuguangyaozhidaoduifang IP dizhierqieyaozhidaoduifangdeduankouhao(weiliaozhaodaoduifangjisuanjizhongdeyingyongjincheng)）yunshucengyongyige 16 weiduankouhaobiaozhiyigeduankou。duankouhaozhiyoubendiyiyi，tazhishiweiliaobiaozhijisuanjiyingyongcengzhongdegegejinchengzaiheyunshucengjiaohushidecengjianjiekou。zaihulianwangdebutongjisuanjizhong，xiangtongdeduankouhaoshimeiyouguanliande。xieyiduankouhaojianchengduankou。suirantongxindezhongdianshiyingyongjincheng，danzhiyaobasuofasongdebaowenjiaodaomudezhujidemougeheshiduankou，shengxiadegongzuo（zuihoujiaofumudejincheng）jiuyou TCP he UDP laiwancheng。yunshucengdeduankouhaofenweifuwuqiduanshiyongdeduankouhao（0~1023 zhipaigeishuzhiduankou，1024~49151 shidengjiduankouhao）hekehuduanzanshishiyongdeduankouhao（49152~65535）UDP dezhuyaotedianshi ① wulianjie ② jinzuidanulijiaofu ③ mianxiangbaowen ④ wuyongsaikongzhi ⑤ zhichiyiduiyi，yiduiduo，duoduiyiheduoduiduodejiaohutongxin ⑥ shoubukaixiaoxiao（zhiyousigeziduan：yuanduankou，mudeduankou，changduhejianyanhe）TCP dezhuyaotedianshi ① mianxianglianjie ② meiyitiao TCP lianjiezhinengshiyiduiyide ③ tigongkekaojiaofu ④ tigongquanshuanggongtongxin ⑤ mianxiangzijieliuTCP yongzhujide IP dizhijiashangzhujishangdeduankouhaozuowei TCP lianjiededuandian。zheyangdeduandianjiujiaozuotaojiezi（socket）huochakou。taojieziyong（IP dizhi：duankouhao）laibiaoshi。meiyitiao TCP lianjieweiyibeitongxinliangduandelianggeduandiansuoqueding。tingzhidengdaixieyishiweiliaoshixiankekaochuanshude，tadejibenyuanlijiushimeifawanyigefenzujiutingzhifasong，dengdaiduifangqueren。zaishoudaoquerenhouzaifaxiayigefenzu。weiliaotigaochuanshuxiaolv，fasongfangkeyibushiyongdixiaolvdetingzhidengdaixieyi，ershicaiyongliushuixianchuanshu。liushuixianchuanshujiushifasongfangkelianxufasongduogefenzu，bubimeifawanyigefenzujiutingxialaidengdaiduifangqueren。zheyangkeshixindaoshangyizhiyoushujubujianduandezaichuansong。zhezhongchuanshufangshikeyimingxiantigaoxindaoliyonglv。tingzhidengdaixieyizhongchaoshizhongchuanshizhizhiyaochaoguoyiduanshijianrengranmeiyoushoudaoqueren，jiuzhongchuanqianmianfasongguodefenzu（renweigangcaifasongguodefenzudiushiliao）。yincimeifasongwanyigefenzuxuyaoshezhiyigechaoshijishiqi，qizhongzhuanshijianyingbishujuzaifenzuchuanshudepingjunwangfanshijiangengchangyixie。zhezhongzidongzhongchuanfangshichangchengweizidongzhongchuanqingqiu ARQ。lingwaizaitingzhidengdaixieyizhongruoshoudaozhongfufenzu，jiudiuqigaifenzu，dantongshihuanyaofasongqueren。lianxu ARQ xieyiketigaoxindaoliyonglv。fasongweichiyigefasongchuangkou，fanweiyufasongchuangkouneidefenzukelianxufasongchuqu，erbuxuyaodengdaiduifangqueren。jieshoufangyibancaiyongleijiqueren，duianxudaodadezuihouyigefenzufasongqueren，biaomingdaozhegefenzuweizhidesuoyoufenzuduyijingzhengqueshoudaoliao。TCP baowenduandeqian 20 gezijieshigudingde，houmianyou 4n zijieshigenjuxuyaozengjiadexuanxiang。yinci，TCP shoubudezuixiaochangdushi 20 zijie。TCP shiyonghuadongchuangkoujizhi。fasongchuangkoulimiandexuhaobiaoshiyunxufasongdexuhao。fasongchuangkouhouyandehoumianbufenbiaoshiyifasongqieyishoudaoqueren，erfasongchuangkouqianyandeqianmianbufenbiaoshibuyunxufasong。fasongchuangkouhouyandebianhuaqingkuangyouliangzhongkeneng，jibudong（meiyoushoudaoxindequeren）heqianyi（shoudaoliaoxindequeren）。fasongchuangkoudeqianyantongchangshibuduanxiangqianyidongde。yibanlaishuo，womenzongshixiwangshujuchuanshugengkuaiyixie。danruguofasongfangbashujufasongdeguokuai，jieshoufangjiukenenglaibujijieshou，zhejiuhuizaochengshujudediushi。suoweiliuliangkongzhijiushirangfasongfangdefasongsulvbuyaotaikuai，yaorangjieshoufanglaidejijieshou。zaimouduanshijian，ruoduiwangluozhongmouyiziyuandexuqiuchaoguoliaogaiziyuansuonengtigongdekeyongbufen，wangluodexingnengjiuyaobianhuai。zhezhongqingkuangjiujiaoyongsai。yongsaikongzhijiushiweiliaofangzhiguoduodeshujuzhurudaowangluozhong，zheyangjiukeyishiwangluozhongdeluyouqihuolianlubuzhiguozai。yongsaikongzhisuoyaozuodeduyouyigeqianti，jiushiwangluonenggouchengshouxianyoudewangluofuhe。yongsaikongzhishiyigequanjuxingdeguocheng，shejidaosuoyoudezhuji，suoyoudeluyouqi，yijiyujiangdiwangluochuanshuxingnengyouguandesuoyouyinsu。xiangfan，liuliangkongzhiwangwangshidianduidiantongxinliangdekongzhi，shigeduandaoduandewenti。liuliangkongzhisuoyaozuodaodejiushiyizhifasongduanfasongshujudesulv，yibianshijieshouduanlaidejijieshou。weiliaojinxingyongsaikongzhi，TCP fasongfangyaoweichiyigeyongsaichuangkou cwnd dezhuangtaibianliang。yongsaikongzhichuangkoudedaxiaoqujueyuwangluodeyongsaichengdu，bingqiedongtaibianhua。fasongfangrangzijidefasongchuangkouquweiyongsaichuangkouhejieshoufangdejieshouchuangkouzhongjiaoxiaodeyige。TCP deyongsaikongzhicaiyongliaosizhongsuanfa，jimankaishi，yongsaibimian，kuaizhongchuanhekuaihuifu。zaiwangluocengyekeyishiluyouqicaiyongshidangdefenzudiuqicelue（ruzhudongduilieguanli AQM），yijianshaowangluoyongsaidefasheng。yunshulianjiedesangejieduan，ji：lianjiejianli，shujuchuansonghelianjieshifang。zhudongfaqi TCP lianjiejianlideyingyongjinchengjiaozuokehu，erbeidongdengdailianjiejianlideyingyongjinchengjiaozuofuwuqi。TCP lianjiecaiyongsanbaowenwoshoujizhi。fuwuqiyaoquerenyonghudelianjieqingqiu，ranhoukehuyaoduifuwuqidequerenjinxingqueren。TCP delianjieshifangcaiyongsibaowenwoshoujizhi。renheyifangdukeyizaishujuchuansongjieshuhoufachulianjieshifangdetongzhi，daiduifangquerenhoujinrubanguanbizhuangtai。danglingyifangyemeiyoushujuzaifasongshi，zefasonglianjieshifangtongzhi，duifangquerenhoujiuwanquanguanbiliao TCP lianjiebuchong（zhongyao）yixiazhishidianxuyaozhongdianguanzhu：duankouhetaojiezideyiyiUDP he TCP dequbieyijiliangzhedeyingyongchangjingzaibukekaodewangluoshangshixiankekaochuanshudegongzuoyuanli，tingzhidengdaixieyihe ARQ xieyiTCP dehuadongchuangkou，liuliangkongzhi，yongsaikongzhihelianjieguanliTCP desanciwoshou，sicihuishoujizhi6. yingyongceng（Application Layer）jibenshuyuyumingxitong（DNS） ：yumingxitong（DNS，Domain Name System）jiangrenleikedudeyuming (liru，http://www.) zhuanhuanweijiqikedude IP dizhi (liru，220.181.38.148)。womenkeyijiangqilijieweizhuanweihulianwangshejidedianhuabao。wenjianchuanshuxieyi（FTP） ：FTP shi File TransferProtocol（wenjianchuanshuxieyi）deyingwenjiancheng，erzhongwenjianchengwei“wenchuanxieyi”。yongyu Internet shangdekongzhiwenjiandeshuangxiangchuanshu。tongshi，tayeshiyigeyingyongchengxu（Application）。jiyubutongdecaozuoxitongyoubutongde FTP yingyongchengxu，ersuoyouzhexieyingyongchengxuduzunshoutongyizhongxieyiyichuanshuwenjian。zai FTP deshiyongdangzhong，yonghujingchangyudaolianggegainian："xiazai"（Download）he"shangchuan"（Upload）。 "xiazai"wenjianjiushicongyuanchengzhujikaobeiwenjianzhizijidejisuanjishang；"shangchuan"wenjianjiushijiangwenjiancongzijidejisuanjizhongkaobeizhiyuanchengzhujishang。yong Internet yuyanlaishuo，yonghuketongguokehujichengxuxiang（cong）yuanchengzhujishangchuan（xiazai）wenjian。jiandanwenjianchuanshuxieyi（TFTP） ：TFTP（Trivial File Transfer Protocol,jiandanwenjianchuanshuxieyi）shi TCP/IP xieyizuzhongdeyigeyonglaizaikehujiyufuwuqizhijianjinxingjiandanwenjianchuanshudexieyi，tigongbufuza、kaixiaobudadewenjianchuanshufuwu。duankouhaowei 69。yuanchengzhongduanxieyi（TELENET） ：Telnet xieyishi TCP/IP xieyizuzhongdeyiyuan，shi Internet yuanchengdenglufuwudebiaozhunxieyihezhuyaofangshi。taweiyonghutigongliaozaibendijisuanjishangwanchengyuanchengzhujigongzuodenengli。zaizhongduanshiyongzhedediannaoshangshiyong telnet chengxu，yongtalianjiedaofuwuqi。zhongduanshiyongzhekeyizai telnet chengxuzhongshurumingling，zhexieminglinghuizaifuwuqishangyunxing，jiuxiangzhijiezaifuwuqidekongzhitaishangshuruyiyang。keyizaibendijiunengkongzhifuwuqi。yaokaishiyige telnet huihua，bixushuruyonghuminghemimalaidenglufuwuqi。Telnet shichangyongdeyuanchengkongzhi Web fuwuqidefangfa。wanweiwang（WWW） ：WWW shihuanqiuxinxiwangdesuoxie，（yizuo“Web”、“WWW”、“'W3'”，yingwenquanchengwei“World Wide Web”），zhongwenmingziwei“wanweiwang”，"huanqiuwang"deng，changjianchengwei Web。fenwei Web kehuduanhe Web fuwuqichengxu。WWW keyirang Web kehuduan（changyongzuolanqi）fangwenzuolan Web fuwuqishangdeyemian。shiyigeyouxuduohuxianglianjiedechaowenbenzuchengdexitong，tongguohulianwangfangwen。zaizhegexitongzhong，meigeyouyongdeshiwu，chengweiyiyang“ziyuan”；bingqieyouyigequanju“tongyiziyuanbiaoshifu”（URI）biaoshi；zhexieziyuantongguochaowenbenchuanshuxieyi（Hypertext Transfer Protocol）chuansonggeiyonghu，erhouzhetongguodianjilianjielaihuodeziyuan。wanweiwanglianmeng（yingyu：World Wide Web Consortium，jiancheng W3C），youcheng W3C lishihui。1994 nian 10 yuezaimashengligongxueyuan（MIT）jisuanjikexueshiyanshichengli。wanweiwanglianmengdechuangjianzheshiwanweiwangdefamingzhedimu·bonasi-li。wanweiwangbingbudengtonghulianwang，wanweiwangzhishihulianwangsuonengtigongdefuwuqizhongzhiyi，shikaozhuohulianwangyunxingdeyixiangfuwu。wanweiwangdedazhigongzuogongcheng：tongyiziyuandingweifu（URL） ：tongyiziyuandingweifushiduikeyiconghulianwangshangdedaodeziyuandeweizhihefangwenfangfadeyizhongjianjiedebiaoshi，shihulianwangshangbiaozhunziyuandedizhi。hulianwangshangdemeigewenjianduyouyigeweiyide URL，tabaohandexinxizhichuwenjiandeweizhiyijizuolanqiyinggaizenmechulita。chaowenbenchuanshuxieyi（HTTP） ：chaowenbenchuanshuxieyi（HTTP，HyperText Transfer Protocol)shihulianwangshangyingyongzuiweiguangfandeyizhongwangluoxieyi。suoyoude WWW wenjiandubixuzunshouzhegebiaozhun。sheji HTTP zuichudemudeshiweiliaotigongyizhongfabuhejieshou HTML yemiandefangfa。1960 nianmeiguoren Ted Nelson gousiliaoyizhongtongguojisuanjichuliwenbenxinxidefangfa，bingchengzhiweichaowenben（hypertext）,zhechengweiliao HTTP chaowenbenchuanshuxieyibiaozhunjiagoudefazhangenji。HTTP xieyidebenzhijiushiyizhongzuolanqiyufuwuqizhijianyuedinghaodetongxingeshi。HTTP deyuanliruxiatusuoshi：dailifuwuqi（Proxy Server） ： dailifuwuqi（Proxy Server）shiyizhongwangluoshiti，tayouchengweiwanweiwanggaosuhuancun。 dailifuwuqibazuijindeyixieqingqiuhexiangyingzancunzaibendicipanzhong。dangxinqingqiudaodashi，ruodailifuwuqifaxianzhegeqingqiuyuzanshicunfangdedeqingqiuxiangtong，jiufanhuizancundexiangying，erbuxuyaoan URL dedizhizaiciquhulianwangfangwengaiziyuan。dailifuwuqikezaikehuduanhuofuwuqigongzuo，yekeyizaizhongjianxitonggongzuo。jiandanyoujianchuanshuxieyi(SMTP) : SMTP（Simple Mail Transfer Protocol）jijiandanyoujianchuanshuxieyi,tashiyizuyongyuyouyuandizhidaomudedizhichuansongyoujiandeguize，youtalaikongzhixinjiandezhongzhuanfangshi。 SMTP xieyishuyu TCP/IP xieyicu，tabangzhumeitaijisuanjizaifasonghuozhongzhuanxinjianshizhaodaoxiayigemudedi。 tongguo SMTP xieyisuozhidingdefuwuqi,jiukeyiba E-mail jidaoshouxinrendefuwuqishangliao，zhenggeguochengzhiyaojifenzhong。SMTP fuwuqizeshizunxun SMTP xieyidefasongyoujianfuwuqi，yonglaifasonghuozhongzhuanfachudedianziyoujian。sousuoyinqing :sousuoyinqing（Search Engine）shizhigenjuyidingdecelue、yunyongtedingdejisuanjichengxuconghulianwangshangsoujixinxi，zaiduixinxijinxingzuzhihechulihou，weiyonghutigongjiansuofuwu，jiangyonghujiansuoxiangguandexinxizhanshigeiyonghudexitong。sousuoyinqingbaokuoquanwensuoyin、mulusuoyin、yuansousuoyinqing、chuizhisousuoyinqing、jiheshisousuoyinqing、menhusousuoyinqingyumianfeilianjieliebiaodeng。chuizhisousuoyinqing ：chuizhisousuoyinqingshizhenduimouyigexingyedezhuanyesousuoyinqing，shisousuoyinqingdexifenheyanshen，shiduiwangyekuzhongdemouleizhuanmendexinxijinxingyicizhenghe，dingxiangfenziduanchouquchuxuyaodeshujujinxingchulihouzaiyimouzhongxingshifanhuigeiyonghu。chuizhisousuoshixiangduitongyongsousuoyinqingdexinxiliangda、chaxunbuzhunque、shendubugoudengtichulaidexindesousuoyinqingfuwumoshi，tongguozhenduimouyitedinglingyu、mouyitedingrenqunhuomouyitedingxuqiutigongdeyouyidingjiazhidexinxihexiangguanfuwu。qitedianjiushi“zhuan、jing、shen”，qiejuyouxingyesecai，xiangbijiaotongyongsousuoyinqingdehailiangxinxiwuxuhua，chuizhisousuoyinqingzexiandegengjiazhuanzhu、jutiheshenru。quanwensuoyin :quanwensuoyinjishushimuqiansousuoyinqingdeguanjianjishu。shixiangzai 1M daxiaodewenjianzhongsousuoyigeci，kenengxuyaojimiao，zai 100M dewenjianzhongkenengxuyaojishimiao，ruguozaigengdadewenjianzhongsousuonamejiuxuyaogengdadexitongkaixiao，zheyangdekaixiaoshibuxianshide。suoyizaizheyangdemaodunxiachuxianliaoquanwensuoyinjishu，youshihouyourenjiaodaopaiwendangjishu。mulusuoyin ：mulusuoyin（ search index/directory)，gumingsiyijiushijiangwangzhanfenmenbieleidicunfangzaixiangyingdemuluzhong，yinciyonghuzaichaxunxinxishi，kexuanzeguanjiancisousuo，yekeanfenleimuluzhucengchazhao。zhongyaozhishidianzongjiewenjianchuanshuxieyi（FTP）shiyong TCP kekaodeyunshufuwu。FTP shiyongkehufuwuqifangshi。yige FTP fuwuqijinchengkeyitongshiweiduogeyonghutigongfuwu。zaijinjinxingwenjianchuanshushi，FTP dekehuhefuwuqizhijianyaoxianjianlilianggebingxingde TCP lianjie:kongzhilianjieheshujulianjie。shijiyongyuchuanshuwenjiandeshishujulianjie。wanweiwangkehuchengxuyufuwuqizhijianjinxingjiaohushiyongdexieyishichaowenbenchuanshuxieyi HTTP。HTTP shiyong TCP lianjiejinxingkekaochuanshu。dan HTTP benshenshiwulianjie、wuzhuangtaide。HTTP/1.1 xieyishiyongliaochixulianjie（fenweifeiliushuixianfangshiheliushuixianfangshi）dianziyoujianbayoujianfasongdaoshoujianrenshiyongdeyoujianfuwuqi，bingfangzaiqizhongdeshoujianrenyouxiangzhong，shoujianrenkesuishishangwangdaozijishiyongdeyoujianfuwuqiduqu，xiangdangyudianziyouxiang。yigedianziyoujianxitongyousangezhongyaozuchenggoujian：yonghudaili、youjianfuwuqi、youjianxieyi（baokuoyoujianfasongxieyi，ru SMTP，heyoujianduquxieyi，ru POP3 he IMAP）。yonghudailiheyoujianfuwuqiduyaoyunxingzhexiexieyi。buchong（zhongyao）yixiazhishidianxuyaozhongdianguanzhu：yingyongcengdechangjianxieyi（zhongdianguanzhu HTTP xieyi）yumingxitong-congyumingjiexichu IP dizhifangwenyigewangzhandazhideguochengxitongdiaoyongheyingyongbianchengjiekougainian
虽(厂耻颈)然(搁补苍)红(贬辞苍驳)姐(闯颈别)帮(叠补苍驳)了(尝颈补辞)我(奥辞)们(惭别苍)不(叠耻)少(厂丑补辞)，但(顿补苍)是(厂丑颈)小(齿颈补辞)姑(骋耻)毕(叠颈)竟(闯颈苍驳)没(惭别颈)怎(窜别苍)么(惭别)上(厂丑补苍驳)过(骋耻辞)学(齿耻别)，也(驰别)就(闯颈耻)止(窜丑颈)步(叠耻)于(驰耻)一(驰颈)个(骋别)小(齿颈补辞)小(齿颈补辞)的(顿别)主(窜丑耻)管(骋耻补苍)。
谤耻驳耻辞蝉丑颈锄补颈测补辞肠丑颈，苍补箩颈耻锄颈箩颈辩耻迟颈补苍濒颈锄丑耻补诲颈补苍丑耻颈箩颈补，锄丑耻蝉丑耻、锄丑耻迟辞耻锄补颈肠丑颈产补。诲补苍驳谤补苍虫颈补苍驳肠丑颈虫颈补苍测颈诲颈补苍测别飞耻蝉耻辞飞别颈，测别虫耻苍颈箩颈耻蝉丑颈苍补测颈驳别飞补苍濒颈迟颈补辞测颈诲别虫颈苍驳测耻苍别谤。苍颈蝉丑耻辞苍别，产补辞锄颈尘别苍？蝉耻苍锄丑耻辞测别产耻谤辞苍驳测颈，锄补颈尘补颈箩颈补蝉丑别苍驳丑耻辞诲别丑补辞丑补辞诲别，箩颈补辞濒颈补辞尘补颈箩颈补蝉丑颈箩颈苍颈补苍诲别蹿耻尘耻，迟耻谤补苍产别颈驳补辞锄丑颈苍补产耻蝉丑颈锄颈箩颈诲别蹿耻尘耻，辩颈苍蝉丑别苍驳蹿耻尘耻濒颈苍驳测辞耻迟补谤别苍，测辞耻诲别锄丑辞苍驳虫颈苍丑耻颈诲补辞测耻补苍蝉丑别苍驳箩颈补迟颈苍驳。诲补箩颈补产耻蝉丑颈诲补苍驳蝉丑颈谤别苍，箩耻别诲别尘别颈蝉丑颈尘别，锄丑补辞诲补辞辩颈苍蝉丑别苍驳蹿耻尘耻箩颈耻濒颈蝉耻辞诲补苍驳谤补苍诲颈丑耻颈驳耻颈，诲补苍诲耻颈测耻产别颈驳耻补颈丑补颈锄颈濒补颈箩颈补苍驳，锄丑别驳耻辞肠丑别苍驳办别苍诲颈苍驳蝉丑颈迟辞苍驳办耻诲别，产颈箩颈苍驳谤别苍蝉丑颈测辞耻驳补苍辩颈苍驳诲别，丑耻补苍蝉丑颈虫颈补苍驳肠丑耻濒颈补辞蝉丑颈箩颈苍颈补苍。
“牛(狈颈耻)市(厂丑颈)旗(蚕颈)手(厂丑辞耻)”批(笔颈)量(尝颈补苍驳)涨(窜丑补苍驳)停(罢颈苍驳)
1~3月，六家国有大行共计实现营业收入9450.92亿元，归母净利润3590.37亿元。银保监会4月26日公布的数据显示，一季度，商业银行累计实现净利润6679亿元，同比增长1.3%。相比去年同期，银行业盈利增速下降6.1个百分点。他们共同照顾的一位病号叫杨化亭，与他们非亲非故，原本只是普通同事而已。今年2月7日，本身患有基础疾病的杨华亭突发脑梗瘫痪在床，其老家远在陕西，因家庭情况特殊，无人在医院看护。尤其在 ICU 抢救期间，医院多次下达病危通知书，生死关头，一群残疾人同事自发到医院轮流照料。他所供职的公司华职云场得知情况后，陆续拨款 10余万全力救治，最终让杨化亭转危为安。凡人修仙传最新章节列表冲凡人修仙传全部章节列表-起点...
我认为的最让人遗憾的历史人物有叁位心中无法割舍此叁位均是在事业巅峰陨落且前期已经证明了自己的能力并且他们的事业基本没有重大掣肘都是因身体而陨落否则定会改变历史走向：